GTH Chemical October Qdays

GATE Test House Chemical Engineering
18 October 2014
Every day we will upload one question from one of the subjects at 8:00 AM, and solution with theory behind it will be
provided by 8:00 PM of same day. In case of any technical doubt you can write us: expertadvice@gatetesthouse.com
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Question: If & represents the maximum coefficient of performance of Refrigerator and Heat Pump
respectively then which of the following is true?
a.) = −
b.) >
c.) <
d.) =
Answer: HTR ( )
Option (c)
Q1
To obtain maximum COP, System should work on Carnot principle
Heat W
Mathematical statement of Carnot principle: Pump
=
Q2
Apply Energy conservation across system (Heat pump or Refrigerator)
LTR ( )
Q1= Q2+W
COP of heat pump is defined as
= = …………………………… (1)
COP of refrigerator is defined as
= = …………………………… (2)
As >
Divide − on both sides
>
From Equation 1 & 2
>
Point to Notice:
1.) Refrigerator has a primary purpose to remove heat, that is Q2

2.) Heat Pump has a primary purpose of heat output, that is Q1
3.) Max COP is obtained, if system works on Carnot principle
4.) Min Work is required to transfer Q2 amount of energy from low temperature T2 to High temperature T1. if
system works on Carnot principle
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18 October 2014
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5.) Refrigerator capacity measures in terms of TON and one TON is defined as heat absorption at the rate of
12000 BTU/hr.
6.) 1 BTU = 1.055 KJ
EXTRA EDGE
The Carnot Principles
With the practice of using reversible processes, Sadi Carnot in 1824 advanced the study of the second law by
disclosing a principle consisting of the following propositions.
1. No engine can be more efficient than a reversible engine operating between the same high
temperature and low temperature reservoirs. Here the term heat reservoir is taken to mean either a
heat source or a heat sink.
2. The efficiencies of all reversible engines operating between the same constant temperature reservoirs
are the same.
3. The efficiency of a reversible engine depends only upon the temperatures of the heat source and heat
receiver.
Quick points to remember:
 The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the efficiency of a reversible one
operating between the same two reservoirs. ηirrev < ηrev

 The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two reservoirs are the
same. ( ηrev)A= (ηrev)B

 Above both points can be demonstrated using the second law .Therefore, the Carnot heat engine
defines the maximum efficiency any practical heat engine can reach up to.
 η
Thermal efficiency =Wnet/Qhigh=1-(Qlow/Qhigh) =f (Tlow,Thigh) and it can be shown that η=1-
(Qlow/Qhigh)=1-( Tlow/Thigh). This is called the Carnot efficiency.
For a typical steam power plant operating between Thigh =800 K (boiler) and Tlow =300 K (cooling tower),
the maximum achievable efficiency is 62.5%.

19 October 2014
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Question: In what condition a submerged body will be in stable equilibrium?
a.) B lies above G

b.) B lies below G
c.) B and G coincide each other
d.) None of these
Here,
B: Centre of buoyancy
G: Centre of Gravity
Answer:
Correct option (a)
Explanation:
Stability of Submerged Bodies in Fluid
 The equilibrium of a body submerged in a liquid requires that the weight of the body acting through
its centre of gravity should be collinear with equal hydrostatic lift acting through the centre of
buoyancy.
 In general, if the body is not homogeneous in its distribution of mass over the entire volume, the
location of centre of gravity G does not coincide with the centre of volume, i.e., the centre of
buoyancy B.
 Depending upon the relative locations of G and B, a floating or submerged body attains three
different states of equilibrium-
Let us suppose that a body is given a small angular displacement and then released. Then it will be said to be
in
 Stable Equilibrium: If the body returns to its original position by retaining the originally vertical axis
as vertical.
 Unstable Equilibrium: If the body does not return to its original position but moves further from it.
 Neutral Equilibrium: If the body neither returns to its original position nor increases its displacement
further, it will simply adopt its new position.
Stable Equilibrium
Consider a submerged body in equilibrium whose centre of gravity is located below the centre of
buoyancy (see fig). If the body is tilted slightly in any direction, the buoyant force and the weight
always produce a restoring couple trying to return the body to its original position.
19 October 2014
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Unstable Equilibrium
On the other hand, if point G is above point B, any disturbance from the equilibrium position will
create a destroying couple which will turn the body away from its original position(see fig).
Neutral Equilibrium
When the centre of gravity G and centre of buoyancy B coincides, the body will always assume the
same position in which it is placed and hence it is in neutral equilibrium (see fig).
19 October 2014
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Conclusion:
Therefore, it can be concluded that a submerged body will be in stable, unstable or neutral equilibrium
if its centre of gravity is below, above or coincident with the centre of buoyancy respectively
20 October 2014
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Question: During Joule-Thomson expansion of the gases which of the following is true?
a) Entropy remains constant

b) Enthalpy remains constant
c) Temperature remains constant
d) Both a) and b)
Answer: Enthalpy remains constant (Option (b))
Explanation & Concept Related to joule Thomson Effect (Throttling Process):
The porous plug experiment was designed to measure temperature changes when a fluid flows steadily
through a porous plug which is inserted in a thermally insulated, horizontal pipe. The apparatus used by
Joule and Thomson is shown in Figure.
Figure
A gas at pressure and temperature flows continuously through a porous plug in a tube and emerges into
a space which is maintained at a constant pressure . The device is thermally insulated and kept horizontal.
Consider the dotted portion as control volume.
This results in
Therefore, whenever a fluid expands from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure through a
porous plug, partially opened valve or some obstruction, without exchanging any energy as heat and work
with the surrounding (neglecting, the changes in PE and KE), the enthalpy of the fluid remains constant, and
the fluid is said to have undergone a throttling process. If the downstream pressure is held at several
different values successively and at each of these is measured, we shall obtain a situation explained by
Figure below.

20 October 2014
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Figure
Each plotted point represents a state for which the enthalpy is equal to . If we join all these points we shall
be able to obtain a constant enthalpy line (figure below).
Figure
Such a plot of P versus yields may also be called isenthalpic curve. The slope of the isenthalpic curve is
called the Joule-Thomson coefficient and given by
The experiments are conducted with different and in order to find out the isenthalpic curves. A family
of isenthalpic curves is shown in Figure below which is typical of all real gases.

20 October 2014
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Figure
The point at which is called the inversion point. The locus of all the inversion points is the
inversion curve.
In the region left of the inversion curve, . In the throttling process the downstream pressure is
always less than the upstream pressure . Therefore, whenever a real gas is subjected to throttling, the
temperature of the gas decreases if the initial state lies in the region to the left of the isenthalpic curve. This
is explained by a process from to in Figure above
To the right of the inversion curve, . If the initial state of gas lies in the region to the right of the
inversion curve, the temperature of the gas increases upon throttling. For almost all the gases, at ordinary
range of pressures and temperature, and the maximum inversion temperature is above the room
temperature. The exceptions are hydrogen, helium and neon. For hydrogen, the maximum inversion
temperature is 200 K and for helium the maximum inversion temperature is 24 K. If hydrogen is throttled at
room temperature, the temperature of the gas increases. To produce low temperature by throttling, the initial
temperature of hydrogen should be below 200 K. This is usually accomplished by cooling with liquid
nitrogen. Similarly, in the production of liquid helium by throttling, the initial temperature of helium should
be below 24 K. Hence it is cooled by liquid hydrogen prior to throttling.
Suppose an ideal gas is throttled. Since throttling process is isenthalpic, and for an ideal gas enthalpy is a
function of temperature only, the temperature of an ideal gas does not change during a throttling process.
Hence for an ideal gas.
Plot for Joule Thomson coefficient with temperature for different gases are shown in the below figure.

20 October 2014
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24 October 2014
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Question: Boundary layer separation is caused by:
a.) Reduction of pressure below vapour pressure

b.) Reduction of pressure gradient to Zero
c.) An adverse pressure gradient
d.) Reduction of boundary layer thickness to Zero
ANSWER: An adverse pressure gradient (Option (c))
Explanation:
Separation of Boundary Layer
 It has been observed that the flow is reversed at the vicinity of the wall under certain conditions.
 The phenomenon is termed as separation of boundary layer.
 Separation takes place due to excessive momentum loss near the wall in a boundary layer trying
to move downstream against increasing pressure, i.e., , which is called adverse pressure
gradient.
 Figure 1.0 shows the flow past a circular cylinder, in an infinite medium.
1. Up to , the flow area is like a constricted passage and the flow behavior is like
that of a nozzle.
2. Beyond the flow area is diverged, therefore, the flow behavior is much similar
to a diffuser
This dictates the inviscid pressure distribution on the cylinder which is shown by a firm line in Fig.
1.0
Here
: Pressure in the free stream
: Velocity in the free stream and
: is the local pressure on the cylinder.

24 October 2014
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Fig. 1.0 Flow separation and formation of wake behind a circular cylinder
 Consider the forces in the flow field.

In the inviscid region,
1. Until the pressure force and the force due to streetwise acceleration i.e. inertia
forces are acting in the same direction (pressure gradient being negative/favorable)
2. Beyond , the pressure gradient is positive or adverse. Due to the adverse
pressure gradient the pressure force and the force due to acceleration will be opposing
each other in the inviscid zone of this part.
 So long as no viscous effect is considered, the situation does not cause any sensation.
In the viscid region (near the solid boundary),
1. Up to , the viscous force opposes the combined pressure force and the force due
to acceleration. Fluid particles overcome this viscous resistance due to continuous
conversion of pressure force into kinetic energy.
2. Beyond , within the viscous zone, the flow structure becomes different. It is seen
that the force due to acceleration is opposed by both the viscous force and pressure force.

24 October 2014
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 Depending upon the magnitude of adverse pressure gradient, somewhere around , the fluid
particles, in the boundary layer are separated from the wall and driven in the upstream direction.
However, the far field external stream pushes back these separated layers together with it and
develops a broad pulsating wake behind the cylinder.
 The mathematical explanation of flow-separation : The point of separation may be defined as the
limit between forward and reverse flow in the layer very close to the wall, i.e., at the point of
separation
This means that the shear stress at the wall, . But at this point, the adverse pressure continues
to exist and at the downstream of this point the flow acts in a reverse direction resulting in a back
flow.
 We can also explain flow separation using the argument about the second derivative of velocity u at
the wall. From the dimensional form of the momentum at the wall, where u = v = 0, we can write
 Consider the situation due to a favourable pressure gradient where we have,
1. .
2. As we proceed towards the free stream, the velocity u approaches asymptotically,
so decreases at a continuously lesser rate in y direction.
3. This means that remains less than zero near the edge of the boundary layer.
4. The curvature of a velocity profile is always negative as shown in Fig. 2.0 a.
 Consider the case of adverse pressure gradient,
1. At the boundary, the curvature of the profile must be positive (since ).
2. Near the interface of boundary layer and free stream the previous argument regarding
and still holds good and the curvature is negative.
3. Thus we observe that for an adverse pressure gradient, there must exist a point for which
. This point is known as point of inflection of the velocity profile in the
boundary layer as shown in Fig 2.0 b.
4. However, point of separation means at the wall.

24 October 2014
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5. at the wall since separation can only occur due to adverse pressure gradient.
But we have already seen that at the edge of the boundary layer, . It is therefore;
clear that if there is a point of separation, there must exist a point of inflection in the
velocity profile.
Fig.2.0 (a) & (b) Velocity distribution within a boundary layer
(a) Favorable pressure gradient,
(b) adverse pressure gradient,
1. Let us reconsider the flow past a circular cylinder and continue our discussion on the wake behind a
cylinder. Somewhere near (in experiments it has been observed to be at ). The
boundary layer detaches itself from the wall.
2. Meanwhile, pressure in the wake remains close to separation-point-pressure since the eddies
(formed as a consequence of the retarded layers being carried together with the upper layer through

24 October 2014
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the action of shear) cannot convert rotational kinetic energy into pressure head. The actual pressure
distribution is shown by the dotted line in Fig 2.0.
3. Since the wake zone pressure is less than that of the forward stagnation point (pressure at point
A in Fig 2.0), the cylinder experiences a drag force which is basically attributed to the pressure
difference.
The drag force, brought about by the pressure difference is known as form drag whereas the
shear stress at the wall gives rise to skin friction drag. Generally, these two drag forces together
are responsible for resultant drag on a body

25 October 2014
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Question: A plate (2m x 2m ), 0.25 mm distant away from a fixed plate, moves at 40 cm/s and needs a force of
1 N. Calculate the dynamic viscosity of the fluid in between the plates.
a) 1.56x10-4 N.s/m2
b) 0.0156 Dyne.s/cm2 u 0.25mm
c) 0.00156 cP
d) All of the above
Upper plate moving
Hint: 1. Stress force: (Force/Area) with velocity 40cm/s
2. Newtonian fluid
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Given data: Change of velocity,
Distance between the plates,
Contact area A = 2x2 = 4 m2
Force required, F = 1 N
Shear stress = F/A = 0.25N/m2 (Hint 1.)
And, (Hint 2. Newtonian fluid)
Dynamics viscosity = (0.25N/m2)x(0.025cm)/(40cm/s)

= 1.56x10-4 N.s/m2
Why Not other options: 1 N.s/m2 =10 dyne.s/cm²

1 N.s/m2 = 1000 centipoise
GTH Expert’s Advice: There might be confusion of different dimensions of dynamics viscosity, so please
remember conversions factors from one dimension to others for quick answer. It will definitely save your time. Even
though students can easily calculate these values by doing dimensional analysis t in examination hall but that will kill
some useful time.
Extra Edge:
Newton’ Viscosity Law: Sir Isaac Newton conducted many experimental studies on various fluids to determine
relationship between shear stress and the shear strain rate. The experimental finding showed that a linear relation
between them is applicable for common fluids such as water, oil, and air. The relation is

25 October 2014
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Substituting the relation gives in equation
Introducing the constant of proportionality
where is called absolute or dynamic viscosity. Dimensions and units for are and ,
respectively. [In the absolute metric system basic unit of co-efficient of viscosity is called poise]
Kinematic viscosity v
Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density
Units: Dimension:

27 October 2014
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Question: The extent of a reaction is:
a) Different for reactants and products

b) Dimensionless
c) Dependent on the stoichiometric coefficients
d) All of the above
Answer: option is (d).
Explanation: The extent of reaction (ξ) is a method of quantifying how many "times" a reaction has occurred. The
extent of a reaction has units of ‘amount’ (moles) and numerically, it is chosen such that the stoichiometric coefficient
times ξ is equal to the quantity of species reacted.
A reaction can be written in terms of its stoichiometric coefficients as:
c1R1+c2R2↔c3P3+c4P4
ci is the stoichiometric coefficient of component i
To distinguish the stoichiometric relationships between reactants and products, we define a sign convention:
For products ci > 0 For reactants ci < 0 For inerts ci = 0
Our component balances can be written using this notation as well. The production consumption terms will be in terms
of the extent and the coefficient on ξ is always the stoichiometric coefficient and the sign convention. The mole
balance for any component now has the general form:
ni = ni0 + ciξ
to give moles in the process outlet stream (or at the ending time for a batch process) in terms of the stoichiometric
coefficients, the extent of reaction, and the inlet moles.
GTH Expert’s advice: In problems related with conversion, selectivity, equilibrium, etc., it is often
advantageous to set up the whole problem in terms of the extent of reaction. If you do this, you shrink all your
production and consumption terms to a single unknown variable -- the extent. You can then solve for the extent and
use it to get the desired answers

28 October 2014
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Question: Find out thickness of masonry wall?? If Masonry wall of known thermal conductivity has a heat rate
which is 80% of that through a composite wall of prescribed thermal conductivity and thickness.
a) 375 mm
b) 475 mm
c) 280 mm
d) 275 mm
HINTS: (1) Both walls at same surface temperatures, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) Steady-state conditions,
(4) Constant properties
Answer: Option is (a)
For steady-state conditions, the conduction heat flux through a one-dimensional wall follows from Fourier’s law q =
k.(∆T/L)
where ∆T represents the difference in surface temperatures. Since ∆T is the same for both walls, it follows that
L1 = L2 (k1/k2)(q2/q1)
Since q1= 0.8q2
L1 = 100mm x (0.75 Wm-1k-1/0.25 Wm-1k-1) x(1/0.8)
L1 = 375 mm
GTH’s Comments: Not knowing the temperature difference across the walls, we cannot find the value of the
heat rate.
Fourier's law is an empirical law based on observation. It states that the rate of heat flow, dQ/dt, through a
homogeneous solid is directly proportional to the area, A, of the section at right angles to the direction of heat flow,
and to the temperature difference along the path of heat flow, dT/dx
dQ/dt = -kA(dT/dx),
k is called thermal conductivity of material.
The thermal conductivity of a substance is defined as the heat flow per unit area per unit time when the
temperature decreases by one degree in unit distance. The SI unit of thermal conductivity is W/(m.K)

29 October 2014
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Question: If the temperature of saturated water is increased infinitesimally at constant entropy, the
resulting state of water will be
a) Liquid
b) Liquid-vapour coexistence
c) Saturated Vapour
d) Solid
Answer: option is (b)

GATE Test House Electronics & Communication Engineering
31 October 2014
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Question: Let A be the 2*2 matrix and its eigenvalues are -1 and +1, then the eigenvalue +I are
1. 2 and 2
2. 1 and 3
3. -1 and -3
4. None of the above
Answer: The correct option is (a)
Explanation: We know that,
1. If the matrix A and some operation on A have same eigenvectors then the eigenvalues of operated A are the
eigenvalues with same operation. For example: A and have the same eigenvectors. Hence the eigenvalue
of A would be where λ is the eigenvalue of A. Note that k could be negative also.
2. After adding the identity matrix to a matrix, the eigenvectors does not change.
Therefore the eigenvalues of +I are 1*1+1 and -1*-1+1, i.e., 2 and 2.

GTH Chemical October Qdays

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GATE Test House Chemical Engineering

COP of heat pump is defined as

COP of refrigerator is defined as

Divide − on both sides

From Equation 1 & 2

1.) Refrigerator has a primary purpose to remove heat, that is Q2

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Quick points to remember:

operating between the same two reservoirs. ηirrev < ηrev

same. ( ηrev)A= (ηrev)B

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Question: In what condition a submerged body will be in stable equilibrium?

a.) B lies above G

Correct option (a)

Stability of Submerged Bodies in Fluid

a) Entropy remains constant

Answer: Enthalpy remains constant (Option (b))

Explanation & Concept Related to joule Thomson Effect (Throttling Process):

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Question: Boundary layer separation is caused by:

a.) Reduction of pressure below vapour pressure

ANSWER: An adverse pressure gradient (Option (c))

Separation of Boundary Layer

: Pressure in the free stream

: Velocity in the free stream and

: is the local pressure on the cylinder.

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 Consider the forces in the flow field.

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 Consider the situation due to a favourable pressure gradient where we have,

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Fig.2.0 (a) & (b) Velocity distribution within a boundary layer

(a) Favorable pressure gradient,

(b) adverse pressure gradient,

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And, (Hint 2. Newtonian fluid)

Dynamics viscosity = (0.25N/m2)x(0.025cm)/(40cm/s)

Why Not other options: 1 N.s/m2 =10 dyne.s/cm²

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Substituting the relation gives in equation

Introducing the constant of proportionality

Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density

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Question: The extent of a reaction is:

a) Different for reactants and products

Answer: option is (d).

A reaction can be written in terms of its stoichiometric coefficients as:

ci is the stoichiometric coefficient of component i

For products ci > 0 For reactants ci < 0 For inerts ci = 0

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Answer: Option is (a)

Since q1= 0.8q2

L1 = 100mm x (0.75 Wm-1k-1/0.25 Wm-1k-1) x(1/0.8)

k is called thermal conductivity of material.

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Answer: option is (b)

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Answer: The correct option is (a)

Explanation: We know that,

Therefore the eigenvalues of +I are 11+1 and -1-1+1, i.e., 2 and 2.