CHAPTER – III

METHODOLOGY

As every research demands a systematic method and procedure likewise this

chapter adopts the following procedures including information regarding research design,
source of data, sampling method, selection of subjects, collection of data, criterion Measures
etc. A research become successful accompanied and supported by some reliable and authentic
data. The statistical analysis of the gathered data provides a well-knit picture of a complete
and successful hypothesis as pre-selected by the researcher. The chapter had been divided
into the following headings:

Source of data

Selection of the subjects

Design of the study

Criterion measures

Method Tester’s reliability and reliability of test

Instrument reliability

Administration of the test

Collection of the data

Classification and Tabulation of Data

Sources of data

The data pertaining to this study was collected by administrating the

appropriate tests described below on the inter-collegiate players of Amravati University, who
were participated at least inter-collegiate tournaments where healed in Amravati University,
Amravati.

Selection of the subject

150 male Volleyball players and 150 male Handball players, who had participated
in inter collegiate tournaments, were preferred as area under discussion for this study. The
age of the subject matter was ranging from 18 years to 25 years.

Design of the study

The design of the study was random group design, as 150 players from Volleyball
and 150 players from Handball of inter-collegiate tournaments were select randomly for the
purpose of the study.

Criterion measures

The criterion measures to test the hypothesis of the study were below:

1. Physical Fitness:

To measure the physical fitness AAPHER Physical Fitness Test was conducted
with its six test items as follow:

i. Pull Ups
ii. Sit Ups
iii. Shuttle Run
iv. Standing Broad Jump
v. 50 yard Dash
vi. 600 yard Run and Walk
2. Agility : SEMO Agility Test
3. Reaction Time : Nelson Foot Reaction Test
4. Strength : Leg Strength (Vertical Jump)
5. Flexibility : Trunk Flexibility (Modified Sit and Reach Test)

TESTER’S RELIABILITY AND RELIABILITY OF TEST

To ensure that the investigator was well versed with the techniques of conducting
the tests, the investigator along with his assistant will have a number of practice sessions in
testing procedure under the guidance of his supervisor Dr. Sunil Kumar, Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar College of Amravati. All the tests related with selected agility, reaction time,
strength and flexibility measures were taken by the investigation with the help of students of
Volleyball and Handball players.

The tester's reliability was evaluated together with reliability of tests. To conclude
the steadfastness of the examination the performance of hundred subjects selected at random
on selected parameters were recorded twice under identical condition by the scholar. A
Pearson’s product movement correlation and Split-Half Method was computed between the
two measures of each variable.

In this study when a test is conducted to same group of subjects two time the
correlation of scores of two organizations used as reliability of the tests. Test-retest method is
used when there is need of determining the reliability of skill and physical performance tests.

Split-Half Method:

In this study this method of determining reliability is divided in to two equal part
scores from two parts are compared. The correlation represents the reliability coefficient of
only half test therefore the reliability of the whole test the spearman browns formula used.

2rhh
Formula: rxx = 1+ rhh

The important thing is that how test is divided in to two parts is explained as
follows.
 The split half method used to determine reliability when there is no possibility to
repeat a test or construct parallel form of test and the other advantage of this test is that all
dada required for computing reliability is obtained at one sitting.

To calculate reliability 100 players selected and pull-ups, test sit-ups test, 50-yard
dash test, shuttle run test, standing broad jump test, 600 yard run/walk test, agility test,
reaction time test, vertical Jump test and modified sit and reach test is conducted in two parts
pre test and post test presented in Table I.

TABLE-I
INTRA CLASS CORRELATION FOR ESTABLISHING
TEST –RETEST RELIABILITY

Sr. Pearson Product

No. Variables Moment Correlation Reliability

1. Pull-Ups Test 0.88* 0.94

2. Sit-Ups Test 0.96* 0.98

3. 50-Yard Dash Test 0.95* 0.97

4. Shuttle Run Test 0.80* 0.89

5. Standing Broad Jump Test 0.86* 0.92

6. 600 Yard Run/Walk Test 0.95* 0.98

7. Agility Test 0.93* 0.96

8. Reaction Time Test 0.80* 0.89

9. Vertical Jump Test 0.92* 0.96

10. Modified Sit And Reach Test 0.96* 0.98

INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY

In this study researcher found reliability of instrument by using test and retest on
100 players. From the results of the test it is prove that the instrument used in study was
reliable.
ADMINISTRATION OF THE TEST

Before administration of test a meeting of all the subjects and tester was held at
field ground. The requirement of testing procedure was explained to them in detailed, so that
there would be no doubt in their mind regarding the efforts and strain, they have to endure in
addition to their participation in the daily schedule of the club and college activities. No
motivational techniques were used in this study.

AAHPER youth fitness test:

The researcher will use the following apparatus and equipments for collection of
data during the test:

(a) Stop Watch: To record the time of shuttle men, 50 yard dash, 600 yard men
walk and time of flexed arm hang.

(b) Measuring Tape: To measure the distance of standing broad jump and the
length of shuttle run, 50 yards dash and 600 yard run walk distance.

(c) Bank board: To help the subjects return in shuttle run.

(d) Lime powder: To mark times for starting and ending for the lanes.

(e) Clapper: To start the runners.

Procedure of Conducting the Test:

AAHPER Youth Fitness Test consisting of (1) Pull-ups; (2) Sit-ups; (3) Shuttle
run; (4) Standing broad jump; (5) 50-yard dash and (6) 600-yard run-walk. The New Norms
Were Published In 1965. The Test Is Essentially A Performance Test. The test items involve
the basic elements of power, strength, speed, agility, endurance, purports to measure “total”
ability and not to measure in themselves any of the basic under time “total ability”. On the
basis of validity and high reliability of the items contained in AAHPER youth fitness test, the
researcher decided to adopt the test.
Item No-I Pull-Ups:

Aim: To measure arm & shoulder strength.

Equipment: Adjustable horizontal bars, Mg powder & stop watch.

Procedure: The bar is adjusted to such a height that the subject can hang free of
the floor. The boy should grasp the bar with his palm facing away from his body (overhand
grip). He should then raise his body until his chin is over the bar and then lower it again to
the starting position with the arms fully extended.

Scoring: One point is scored each time the subject completes a pull up. Part score
don’t count and only one chance is given.

To measure arm & shoulder strength

Item No-2: Sit-ups.

Aim: To measure the abdominal muscle strength and endurance.

Equipment: A mat and stopwatch.

Procedure: the child lies flat on the back with knees bent and feet on the floor
with the heels not more than one foot from the buttocks. The knee angle should be not less
then 90 degrees. The fingers are interlocked and placed behind the neck with the elbows
touching the floor. A partner holds the feet securely. The subject then curls up to a sitting
position and touches the elbows to the knees. The same is to repeat as many times as possible
in the time allotted.

Scoring: One point is awarded for each correct sit-up. The score is the maximum
number of sit-ups scored in 60 seconds.

To measure the abdominal muscle strength and endurance

Item No.-3: Shuttle Run:

Aim: To measure speed and agility.

Equipment: 2 wooden blocks (2 by 2 by 4 inches) and a stopwatch.

Procedure: Two lines parallel to each other are placed on the ground 30 feet
apart. The subject stands at one end of the lines with 2 blocks at the other line. On the signal
go he runs to the block, takes one and returns to the starting line. He then returns to the
second block, which is carried across the starting line on the way back. Two trials are
permitted.

Scoring: The score is the elapsed time recorded in seconds and tenth of seconds
for better of the 2 trials.

To measure speed and agility

Item No.-4: Standing Broad Jump:

Aim: To measure the explosive leg strength.

Equipment: Measuring tape and a mat or an outdoor jumping pit.

Procedure: The subject stands behind a takeoff line with his feet several inches
apart. Before jumping the subject dips at the knees and swings the arms backward. He then
jumps forward by simultaneously extending the knees and swinging the arms forward. 3 trials
are permitted. Measurement is from the closest heel mark to the takeoff line.

Scoring: The score is the distance between the takeoff line and the nearest point
where any part of the subject’s body touches the floor. It is measured in feet and inches to the
nearest inch. Best of the 3 trials score is granted as the final score.

To measure the explosive leg strength

Item NO.-5: 50-Yard Dash:

Aim: To measure speed.

Equipment: An area on a track, a 50-yard course, Stopwatch, Clapper etc.

Procedure: After a short warm up period the subject takes a position behind the
starting line. The starter uses the command “Get ready” and “Go”. The latter is accompanied
by a downward sweep of the arm as a signal to the timer. The subject will run across the
finish line. One trial is permitted.

Scoring: The score is the elapsed time to the nearest 10th of a second between the
starting and the instant the subject crosses the finishing line.

To measure speed
Item NO.-6: 600-Yard Run-Walk:

Aim: To measure cardio respiratory endurance.

Equipment: A track or a square 50 yards on each side of a playground and

stopwatch along with marking powder.

Procedure: Subject may run individually or in a group of dozen or more. While

run in groups the subjects should be pair into partners. While one subject runs the partner
listens for the timer to call out the partner’s time when he crosses the finish line and relays
this time to the scorer. Subjects may interspaced running with periods of walking and should
be encourage pacing themselves. When a group is running the timer can call out times as
each subject crosses the finish line.

Scoring: The score is the elapsed time in minutes and seconds.

To measure cardio respiratory endurance

Agility: Semo Agility Test

Purpose:

To measure the agility of the subject in maneuvering his body in forward,

backward and sideward direction

Equipment:

Plastic or Wooden cones (9 x 9) inch in width and 12 inch in height and stop
watch, lime powder etc.

Description:

After a demonstration given by a trained helper, the tester asked the subject to
stand just outside the marked rectangle at the starting point (s) with his back towards the free
throw line, the subject waited for signal ready, steady, Go. At the word ‘Go’ the tester started
the stop watch while the subject started side stepping to his right at his fastest speed until he
reached outer corner of the second cone from where the subject started back pedalling
(running backwards) from the outer corner of the second cone to the inner corner of the cone
number 3, from where he came out of the test rectangle and took forward running sprint from
cone 3 to cone 1 just outside the 19’ marked line. As soon as the subject reached the cone no.
1 he was to take a side turn and again run back pedalling to reach the inner corner of cone
no.4 at the free throw line where he had to change the direction to perform another sprint
from the outer corner of the test rectangle at cone no. 4 to cone no. 2 where to he was to
perform a side step to his left to reach the finish line as rapidly as possible with his best
effort. As soon as he steps outside the finish line with his both feet, the tester stops the
stopwatch.

Scoring:

Each subject was given two trials and time of each trial was noted accurate upto
0.1 second. The lesser value of the time out of the two trials was the score of the subject.
 Semo agility test

Reaction Time

Nelson’s Foot Reaction Time Test

Purpose:

To measure the foot reaction time of the subjects.

Equipment:

Reaction time scale, Table or Bench, Wall space etc.

Description:

The subjects were asked to sit on a table which was about one inch away from the
wall with his shoe off. The subjects positioned his foot so that the ball of the foot was held
about one inch from the wall with the heel resting on the table top about two inches from the
table edge. The tester held the reaction time stick near the wall so that it hangs between the
wall and subjects foot with the base line of the times opposite to the end of the beg toe. The
subject was asked to look at the concentration zone and to react as soon as the time stick was
dropped by pressing the times stick against the wall with the ball of the subject foot. Each
subject was given twenty trials.

Scoring:

The reaction time of each trial was recorded from the line just above the end of the
big toe when the foot pressed the stick to the wall. Out of 20 trials the average of the middle
ten trials ignoring the five fastest and five slowest trials were taken as the score of this test.

To get the reaction time following formula was computed independently.

Strength

Vertical Jump

Purpose:

To measures vertical jump ability (explosive strength) of the subjects.

Equipment:

Vertical Jump Area, Measuring tape, Chalk and Rag cloths.

Description:

Before making an effort to jump, the subjects were asked to stand near the wall
and to raise his hand without lifting his hill to maximum and the measurement were recorded
in centimeter as normal reach, then subjects were asked to swing his arms downward and
backward taking a crunch position with knees bent approximately at a right angle. Then the
subject matter is asked to jump as far above the ground as potential. Three jumps are given to
each subject. The best out of three were recorded to the nearest centimeters.

Scoring:

The measured highest touch and normal were recorded in nearest centimeters. The

score were recorded by subtracting the two measurements.

 VERTICAL JUMP

Flexibility

Modified Sit and Reach test

Purpose:

To measure trunk flexion (hip and back flexion) and ability to stretch thigh muscle
of the subject.

Equipment:

Bench, Yard stick, Table etc.

Description:

The subjects were asked to assume a sitting position on floor with knees fully
extended and the feet touching against the bench. Subjects were asked to flex his trunk four
times with arms fully extended and hands on the top of each other. In his last attempt subjects
were asked to hold his position for one second so as to take measurement.
Scoring:

Tester placed the yard stick with 15 Cm. marks at near edge of bench.
Measurement approaching the mark not being able to reach toes was scored negative while
those beyond 15 cm. marks will be scored positive. The score was measured to nearest
centimeters.

SIT AND REACH TEST

COLLECTION OF THE DATA

The data pertaining to this study was collected by administrating the above
mentioned test on 150 male Volleyball players and 150 male Handball players, who had
participated in intercollegiate level players. The measurements were taken in field area.

CLASSIFICATION AND TABULATION OF DATA

The obtain data were classified, tabulated and analyzed statistically by required
methods of “t” ratio for the purpose of interpretation.