Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Transformer Protection
Instruction Manual
Preface
Before using this product, please read this chapter carefully.
This chapter describes the safety precautions recommended when using the equipment. Before
installing and using the equipment, this chapter must be thoroughly read and understood.
DANGER means that death, severe personal injury, or considerable equipment damage will
occur if safety precautions are disregarded.
WARNING means the death, severe personal, or considerable equipment damage could occur
if safety precautions are disregarded.
CAUTION means the light personal injury or equipment damage may occur if safety
precautions are disregarded. This particularly applies to damage to the device and to
resulting damage of the protected equipment.
WARNING!
The firmware may be upgraded to add new features or enhance/modify existing features, please
make sure that the version of this manual is compatible with the product in your hand.
WARNING!
During operation of electrical equipment, certain parts of these devices are under high voltage.
Severe personal injury or significant equipment damage could result from improper behavior.
Only qualified personnel should work on this equipment or in the vicinity of this equipment. These
personnel must be familiar with all warnings and service procedures described in this manual, as
well as safety regulations.
In particular, the general facility and safety regulations for work with high-voltage equipment must
be observed. Noncompliance may result in death, injury, or significant equipment damage.
DANGER!
Never allow the current transformer (CT) secondary circuit connected to this equipment to be
opened while the primary system is live. Opening the CT circuit will produce a dangerously high
voltage.
WARNING!
l Exposed terminals
Do not touch the exposed terminals of this equipment while the power is on, as the high voltage
generated is dangerous
l Residual voltage
Hazardous voltage can be present in the DC circuit just after switching off the DC power supply. It
takes a few seconds for the voltage to discharge.
CAUTION!
l Earth
l Operating environment
The equipment must only be used within the range of ambient environment detailed in the
specification and in an environment free of abnormal vibration.
l Ratings
Before applying AC voltage and current or the DC power supply to the equipment, check that they
conform to the equipment ratings.
Do not attach and remove printed circuit boards when DC power to the equipment is on, as this
may cause the equipment to malfunction.
l External circuit
When connecting the output contacts of the equipment to an external circuit, carefully check the
supply voltage used in order to prevent the connected circuit from overheating.
l Connection cable
Copyright
Version: RCS-978E V3.03 T060407 NANJING NARI-RELAYS ELECTRIC CO., LTD.
Manual: V1.0 99 Shengtai Rd. Jiangning, Nanjing 211100,China
P/N: EN_YJBH1002.0091.1101 Tel: 86-25-52127776, Fax: 86-25-52127841
Website: www.nari-relays.com
Copyright © NR 2006. All rights reserved Email: international@nari-relays.com
Table of Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... iii
Chapter 1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Application ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Protective Functions........................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Typical application of RCS-978E protection equipment .............................................. 2
1.4 Features............................................................................................................................. 3
Chapter 2 Technical Data........................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 3 Operation Theory.................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Configuration Principle for High Rated Transformer ................................................. 11
3.1.1 Duplicated main and backup protection .................................................................... 11
3.1.2 Using fault detector for security of tripping ................................................................ 11
3.2 Fault Detector ................................................................................................................. 12
3.2.1 Fault detector of differential currents ......................................................................... 12
3.2.2 Fault detector of DPFC differential current................................................................ 12
3.2.3 Fault detector of residual differential protection, etc.................................................. 13
3.2.4 Fault detector of phase current.................................................................................. 13
3.2.5 Fault detector of calculated residual overcurrent ...................................................... 13
3.2.6 Fault detector of external residual current (if available) ............................................ 14
3.2.7 Fault detector of residual overvoltage (if available)................................................... 14
3.2.8 Fault detector of DPFC phase-to-phase overcurrent (if available)............................ 14
3.2.9 Fault detector of negative sequence current (if available) ........................................ 14
3.3 Current Differential Element.......................................................................................... 15
3.3.1 Current differential calculation ................................................................................... 15
3.3.2 Influence factors and countermeasures .................................................................... 18
3.4 DPFC Current Differential Element............................................................................... 22
3.4.1 Operation characteristic of DPFC.............................................................................. 22
3.4.2 Influence and countermeasure of DPFC differential protection ................................ 23
3.5 Residual Differential Protection, etc. ........................................................................... 23
3.5.1 Characteristic of residual differential protection ........................................................ 23
3.5.2 Influences and countermeasures of residual protection............................................ 24
3.5.3 Characteristic of common-and-serial-windings differential protection....................... 25
3.5.4 Alarm or blocking of CT circuit failure........................................................................ 26
3.6 Directional Overcurrent Protection Controlled by Composite Voltage .................... 26
3.6.1 Summary of application ............................................................................................. 26
3.6.2 Directional overcurrent protection.............................................................................. 27
3.6.3 Overcurrent protection with composite voltage element control ............................... 28
3.6.4 Effects of VT fail on composite voltage element and directional relay ...................... 28
3.6.5 Effects of local side VT disabled on composite voltage and direction ...................... 29
3.7 Residual Overcurrent Protection.................................................................................. 29
3.7.1 Summary of application ............................................................................................. 29
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Application
The RCS-978E is designed for transformers operating at 220kV or above voltage levels. It suits for
three winding schemes or autotransformer schemes (at most 4 three-phase CT inputs, 1 for high
voltage side, 1 for middle voltage side, 2 for low voltage side; 3 three-phase VT inputs, for each
side). Main protection and backup protection share data gathered from CT and VT.
l Auxiliary functions
Fig. 1.3.1 shows at most four three-phase CT inputs could be configured into the current
differential elements in the RCS-978E relay.
bus 1 bus 2
* 1
*2
1 One equipment consists of all the
protections showed inthe diagram.
TV1-2 And all AC current/voltage circuits are
bypass bus
connectedonce.
>50N,51N
1 2
2 The 2nd protection function can be
* TA1 * achieved by 2nd CTs and 2nd
equipment. So it can provide
duplicated main andbackup
TV1-1 protection tothe transformer.
> 87T
>67P,50P,51P >50/87T
>50N,51N > 7/87T
bypass bus
220 kV
>50N,51N
* * 110 kV
TA6 TA7
> gap zeroseq.overcurrent
(or overvoltage)protection
* * TA8 > 67P, 50P,51P 2
TA9 > 50N,51N 2
*
*
>gapzero seq.overcurrent
(or overvoltage)protection
> 59N
bus 1
> 67P,50P,51P bus 2
>67P,50P,51P
2 >59G 2
TA3 * *
TA4
1 1
* *
TV3 TV4
bus 1 bus 2
Fig. 1.3.2 shows another typical application with four CT inputs for autotransformer. One CT
input is at HV side, one is at MV side, and two are at LV side. Two branches at LV side are all
connected to single bus.
Ø 67P,50P,51P Ø 87T
Ø 50/87T
Ø 50N,51N Ø 7/87T
BYPASS BUS
Ø 50P,51P
(SIDE 1)
* 110 kV
(SIDE 2)
* * TA5
Ø 50P,51P
TA10
* Ø 50N,51N
2 2
*
*
Ø 87NT TA2
Ø 87T
Ø 50N,51N 1 1
10 kV *
*
Ø 50P,51P
TV2- TV2-
1 2
Ø 50P,51P
Ø 59G
BUS1
BUS2
Ø 50P,51P Ø 50P,51P
2 2
TA3 * Ø 59G TA4 *
1 1
* *
TV3 TV4 (SIDE4)
(SIDE3)
BUS1 BUS2
1.4 Features
The hardware comprises a 32-bit microprocessor and two digital signal processors (DSP). Three
CPUs can operate in parallel. The 32-bit microprocessor performs logic calculation and two DSPs
perform the protection calculation. High performance hardware ensures real time calculation of all
protection relays within a sampling interval.
On the premise of 24 samples per cycle, all data measurement, calculation and logic
discrimination could be done within one sampling period. The event recording and protection logic
There is a set of independent fault detectors in the MON module in the RCS-978 relay. Its
operation supervises the tripping outputs. They will connect positive pole of power supply to output
relays when operate. There are different fault detectors in the CPU module used for various
protective functions. The relay could drive a tripping output only when the fault detectors in the
CPU module and the fault dectors in the MON module operate simultaneously. This kind of
independent supervision of tripping outputs using fault detectors can avoid any maloperation
possibly caused by any hardware component fails. This highly increases the security.
Duplicated main and backup protection integrated in one set of protection equipment.
l Program modularization
Modulizational design of software makes function design of protection more flexible and
convenient.
Characteristic of percentage differential with restraint from origin is used and criteria for current
transformer saturation are accompanied.
△→Y transfer method is used to shift phase angle of secondary current at each side of the
transformer, thus the faulty and healthy phase can reserve its characteristic after phase shifting
and the restraint of inrush current can be phase-segregated.
Two criteria, second harmonic and waveform are available for inrush current discrimination. Any
one of them or both of them can be selected.
DPFC percentage differential protection is not influenced by the load current and is sensitive to
small internal fault current within the transformer. Its performance against current transformer
saturation is also good.
Residual current at each side of transformer is calculated internally. The secondary residual
current of CT is balanced by software adjustment. Polarity of CT can be examined easily. Positive
sequence current restraint is adopted to eliminate influence on residual percentage differential
protection that is caused by imbalance current between three phases and by CT saturation.
Distinguishing of open and short circuit of current transformer is more reliable due to combination
of voltage and current value method adopted.
Most requirements to backup protection of all sides of the transformer are provided. Each stage of
The tripping output circuit can be configured by tripping output logic setting and suitable to any
mode of tripping.
The built-in reliable power swing blocking logic can properly supervise the distance protection
during a power swing. The power swing blocking logic can make the relay stand still for an
external fault during a power swing and pickup for an internal fault.
It is very easy to test and maintain the protection equipment, especially if the dedicated test device
for RCS series protection equipment HELP-90 TESTER is used.
Four RS-485 ports electrically isolated are equipped. Two of them can be provided as optical
fiber interface optionally, the communication protocol is compatible with IEC 60870-5-103 or
IEC61850 (optional). One port is used for second/minute pulse input of clock synchronization,
and the last one is for printer and/or tester. Network shared printer can be used for printing.
In addition, one EIA (RS)232 is provided for commission on front panel of the relay.
Perfect event message processing is used. Latest 32 groups of fault data and event sequence, 8
groups of fault oscillograms, 32 changes of status and 32 self-diagnose results can be recorded.
This recorder is an optional function provided by the equipment itself and independent of
disturbance recorder in substation. It is compatible with international COMTRADE format,
independent from protective functions in hardware and they do not influence each other.
One EIA (RS) 232 is provided for commission on front panel of the relay. Based on PC software
Windows 9X/Me/2000/NT/XP, this protection equipment will be used more conveniently.
Ratings
Frequency 50 Hz / 60Hz
DC power supply 220 V, 110 V, -20%–+15%
AC voltage, Un 100 V /√3, 100V
AC current, In 5 A, 1 A
Power consumption at rated value
AC current < 1 VA / phase ( In = 5 A)
< 0.5 VA / phase ( In = 1 A)
AC voltage < 0.5 VA / phase
DC power quiescent < 50 W
energized < 70 W
Overload capability of AC current
3 x In continuously
20 x In 10 s
100 x In 1s
250 x In 1 cycle
Overload capability of AC voltage
1.5 x Un continuously
Operating time
Unrestraint differential protection ≤15 ms (1.5×setting value)
Steady state percentage differential protection ≤30 ms (2×setting value)
DPFC percentage differential protection ≤30 ms (2×setting value)
Residual percentage differential protection ≤30 ms (2×setting value)
0.2 In
Setting range
Unrestraint differential protection 2Ie – 14 Ie
Restraint factor of steady state percentage protection
0.2 – 0.75
Second harmonics restraint factor 0.05 – 0.35
Third harmonics restraint factor 0.05 – 0.35
Differential current for CT alarm 0.1 Ie – 1.5 Ie
Restraint factor for residual percentage differential current protection
0.2 – 0.75
Restraint factor for residual percentage differential protection per side
0.2 – 0.75
Current setting for backup protection 0.25 A – 150 A (In = 5 A )
0.05A – 30 A (In = 1 A )
Impedance setting for backup protection 0Ω – 100Ω
Voltage setting for backup protection 2 V – 100 V
Residual voltage setting for backup protection 2 V – 150 V
Overexcitation factor setting 1.0 – 1.7
Time setting of overexcitation protection 0.1 – 6000 s
Tolerance of settings
Current setting ≤ ±5%
Voltage setting ≤ ±5%
Impedance setting ≤ ±5%
Time setting ≤ 3% of setting + 40 ms
Overexcitation factor setting ≤ ±1%
Harmonic restraint factor setting ≤ ±5%
Restraint factor setting ≤ ±5%
DPFC current setting ≤ ±15%
Bound of operation range of directional unit ≤ ±3˚
Capacity of recorder
Fault recorder and fault events report
For initiation record, current and voltage waveforms within 2 cycles before and 6 cycles after
initiation will be recorded.
For tripping record, current and voltage waveforms within 2 cycles before and 6 cycles after
initiation, 2 cycles before and 6 cycles after tripping as well as those within 16 cycles during
disturbance will be recorded.
Abnormal alarms include self-diagnosed hardware failure, time-out of initiation of fault detector,
disagreement of initiation of two CPU on modules CPU and MONI, abnormal differential current,
abnormal residual differential current and differential current per side, CT and PT secondary
circuit failure, overload, residual overvoltage at any side, air cooling initiation, overexcitation
alarm, etc..
Communication
Serial port 4×RS-485, 2 of which can be optical ports
Port for clock synchronism 1
Port for debug 1×RS-232
Port for printer 1×RS-485
Protocol IEC 60870-5-103
Tripping contacts
Continuous making current DC 85A
Breaking current DC 220 V, 0.3 A, L/R < 40 ms
With the fast development of electronic technology, especially the extensive application of DSP
(Digital Signal Processor), CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) and FPGA (Field
Programmable Gate Array), it is possible to integrate main and backup protection of a main
transformer into one set of protection equipment.
Because transformer main protection don’t need communication channel as used in line pilot
protection, the backup protection can be configured simply based on enhanced main protection
by adopting above duplicate protection principle. Simple and safe overcurrent protection is a good
choice for transformer’s backup protection.
For important 220kV or above voltage level substation and high rated generator-transformer group,
duplicate independent groups of DC storage batteries for protection are provided. For some
substations and generator-transformer not quite important, although only one group of DC storage
batteries is provided considering economic factor, duplicate DC source for protection equipments
can be obtained by dividing the DC source into different DC bus bar by DC breaker. In the same
way, duplicate protection for transformer can share the same output circuit and get voltage from
different AC voltage bus bar whose voltages origin are same VT distributed by AC breaker. Of
course, it is better that independent sets of CTs are provided for the duplicated protection, one for
each. Duplicate protection configuration principle for transformer doesn’t enlarge the investment of
secondary circuit. In fact, on the contrary, the investment in protection equipment is reduced. At
least one protection will clear transformer’s inner fault, which eliminates the possibility of delay
clearance that exists before that only backup protection left when differential protection fails to
operate due to any reasons.
QDJ contact is controlled by general fault detectors calculated independently in MON module.
When the contact closes, the DC source of Tripping relay is provided. The function of gate G1 is to
receive tripping commands sent from CPU module. When a tripping command arrives at the gate
G1, the driving transistor will be activated, and the trip relay’s contact will close to trip the breaker.
+24 V QDJ
c o n tr o lle d b y
fa u lt d e te c to r +24 V
in M N G
m o d u le
trip c irc u it
re la y re s is to r
trip
c o n ta c t
trip p in g G1
1
com m ands >=1 1
tr ip p in g
fro m C P U 1 tra n s is to r
m o d u le "o r" g a te
The general fault detectors calculated in MON module and operation elements calculated in CPU
module use their independent data sampled by themselves, so the equipment will not operate by
mistake due to any of module’s data channel’s failure.
The function of fault detectors in the MON module is to provide a supervision to the tripping
outputs. In the RCS-978E, the general fault detectors include several independent fault detectors
and each detector supervises respectively for its own operational elements and don’t affect other
operational elements. That means the current differential protection can trip only when its
respectively sensitive current differential picks up as a fault detector.
Note: The setting value of fault detectors normally should be more sensitive than the setting of
corresponding protective elements and higher than the maximum load current.
In following contents about protection operation theory, some settings mentioned may not exist in
setting table for special applications. This instruction manual is valid only for the mentioned
application-specific version of the relay, so the settings are different from a standard version.
where ∆I dt is the floating threshold value which will arise automatically and gradually according
to increasing of the output of deviation component. In order to ensure that the
threshold value of voltage is slightly higher than the imbalance output, multiple 1.25
of the deviation component is reasonable.
• •
∆ I 1 …. ∆ I m are the DPFC current of each side of transformer respectively.
∆I d is the half-cycle integral value of differential current.
I dth is the fixed threshold.
This fault detector is not influenced by the direction of power flow and so it is very sensitive. The
setting is fixed and need not to be set on site. It is used to enable DPFC percentage differential
protection.
I dpφ max is the differential current of HV side , MV side and common winding of auto-
transformer.
This fault detector will operate if the residual differential current or maximum value of three-phase
differential current of common-and-serial-windings is higher than the setting [WD PickupCurr ] .
For details about setting, please refer to chapter 6. This fault detector is used to enable residual
percentage differential or common-and-serial-windings differential protection.
This fault detector will operate if maximum value of three-phases current is higher than its setting
value. It is used to enable overcurrent protection at faulty side.
This fault detector will operate if the residual current is higher than its setting value. It is used to
enable calculated residual current protection at relevant side.
This fault detector will operate if the residual current input directly is higher than its setting value.
It is used to enable residual overcurrent protection at relevant side when the logic setting [ROC
Zone n ZSCurr Option] (if available) is set as “0”.
This fault detector will operate if the residual voltage of broken-delta connection is higher than its
setting value. It is used to enable residual overvoltage protection at relevant side.
where ∆I t is the floating threshold value which will arise automatically and gradually according
to increasing of the output of deviation component. In order to ensure that the
threshold current is slightly higher than the imbalance value, multiple 1.25 of the
deviation component is reasonable.
This fault detector will operate if the negative sequence current is higher than 0.2 In. It is used to
enable the distance protection at relevant side.
By applying the Ampere-turn balance on different transformer connections, the RCS-978E relay
forms the current differential equation.
During the normal operation, the magnitude and angel of secondary currents at each side of
transformer are different due to different CT ratios and different CT connection modes. This kind
of current differentiations shall be eliminated under normal operation and compensated in fact by
a built-in compensation method.
I 1n
I 2n = (3-3-2)
n LH
where I1n is the rated primary current at the calculated side of transformer;
nLH is the ratio of CT at the calculated side of transformer.
l Calculation of correction coefficient of each side of transformer
I 2 n − min
K ph = × Kb , (3-3-3)
I 2n
I 2 n − max
where K b = min( , 4)
I 2 n − min
The currents used in the following analyze have been adjusted, that means the currents are the
products of the original current of each side and its own adjustment coefficient ( K ph ).
Because of the variety of transformer connection groups, these differential current calculation
routines are therefore as many as there are the connection groups. The RCS-978E relay
supports five CT inputs for the differential calculation. The relay provides five settable common
connection types, including Y12 / Y12 /Y12 / Y12/ Y12 / Y12, Y12 / Y12 / Y12 / Y12 /△11/△11,
Y12 / Y12 /△11/△11/△11/△11, Y12 / Y12 /△1/△1/△1/△1, Y12 / Y12 / Y12 / Y12 /△1/△1. If
your actual transformer connection group is not included in above five groups, please let us know
before you make the order.
By defining which particular connection group the protected transformer belongs to (e.g. Yd11,
which is a power transformer setting), the proper calculation routine will applied which describes
just the specified protected power transformer.
The secondary current phase shift compensation for all CTs are achieved by software, iΔ→Y
transform method is used for this purpose. Thus the inrush current and fault current can be
discriminated definitely, the operating speed of protection can be accelerated. For connection
Yo/Δ-11, the correction equations are as follows:
At side Y0:
•' • •
I A = (I A − I 0 )
•' • •
I B = (I B − I 0 ) (3-3-4)
•' • •
I C = ( I C − I 0 )
At side Δ:
•
' • •
I a = (I a − I c ) / 3
•
' • •
I b = ( I b − I a) / 3 (3-3-5)
'• • •
I c = (I c − I b ) / 3
• • •
where I a , I b , I c are the secondary currents of CT at side Δ;
• • •
I ' a , I ' b , I ' c are the corrected currents of each phase at side Δ;
• • •
I A , I B , I C are the secondary currents of CT at side Y0;
• • •
I ' A , I ' B , I ' C are the corrected current of each phase at side Y0.
For other connection type,the current can be calculated referring to the equations listed above.
The connection type can be selected by logic setting [Trans. Connection Mode] (refer to chapter
6 Power system parameters).
Object of unrestrained instantaneous differential protection for transformer is to accelerate the trip
speed in transformer’s inner fault. So the element do not need any block element, but the setting
should be greater than maximum inrush current.
The pickup of unrestrained differential elements in the RCS-978E shall trip all breakers at all sides
of a transformer when any unrestrained phase differential current is larger than its setting value.
Following analysis is based on the assumption that ratio and phase shift compensation have been
done.
The percentage differential protection is used to distinguish that the differential current is caused
by imbalance output or fault (internal fault and special external fault). Following criteria are used
for percentage differential protection:
operating current
operation area without
TA saturation
discrimination
saturation discrimination
operation area with TA
1.2 Ie
Icdqd
restraint current
0.5 Ie 0.8 Ie 6 Ie
Discrimination of percentage differential protection is carried on per phase and the equipment will
operate if the equation mentioned above is satisfied.
Protective function described in (3-3-6) will send tripping command after CT saturation, CT circuit
failure (optional) and inrush current have been excluded. It can ensure sensitivity of protection
and avoid unwanted operation when CT is saturated during external fault.
Protection function described in (3-3-7) will send tripping command only after CT circuit failure
(optional) and inrush current have been excluded. It eliminates influence of transient and steady
saturation of CT during external fault and ensures reliable operation even if CT is saturated during
internal fault by means of its percentage restraint characteristic.
In RCS-978 series protection equipment, the second and third harmonics of differential current
can be used to distinguish inrush current. Its criteria are:
I 2 nd > K 2 xb * I1st
(3-3-8)
I 3rd > K 3 xb * I1st
where I 2 nd and I 3rd is the second and third harmonics of all phase differential current.
I1st is the differential fundamental current of corresponding phase.
k 2 xb and k3 xb are the setting values of restraint coefficient of second and third harmonics
respectively, k 2 xb = 0.15 and k3 xb = 0.2 is recommended. In main protection setting
table, they are expressed as [2nd Harm. Stab. Factor] and [3rd Harm. Stab. Factor]
respectively.
When one of three-phases current is distinguished as inrush current, the percentage differential
protection of this and only this phase will be blocked, i.e. no “cross block” philosophy is used in this
relay.
The differential current is basically the fundamental sinusoidal wave during fault. When the
transformer is energized plentiful harmonics will appear, the waveform will be distorted, interrupted
and unsymmetrical. A special algorithm can be used for discrimination of the inrush current.
In this protection equipment, logic setting [Inrush Blk Diff] is provided for user to select the
restraint blocking principle. If the logic setting is set as “0”, discrimination by harmonics is
enabled; If it is set as “1”, discrimination by waveform distortion is enabled.
3.3.2.2 CT saturation
In order to prevent unwanted operation of steady state percentage differential protection caused
by transient or steady state saturation of CT during external fault, second and third harmonics of
secondary current of CT are used for the protection equipment to discriminate saturation of CT.
The expression is as following:
Iφ 2 > kφ 2 xb * Iφ 1
(3-3-11)
Iφ 3 > kφ 3 xb * Iφ 1
A percentage differential protection with high percentage and high setting is equipped with the
equipment to prevent delayed operation of percentage differential protection caused by CT
saturation and other coefficient s during serious internal fault. This protection is blocked only by
criterion of second harmonic of differential current or waveform discrimination. It can prevent
influence of steady state and transient CT saturation during external fault and can operate
correctly and quickly during internal fault even if CT is saturated. Operation criterion of this high
setting percentage differential protection is (3-3-8), and listed here again.
I d > 0.6[ I r − 0.8 I e ] + 1.2 I e
(3-3-12)
I r > 0.8 I e
The following figure shows operation characteristic of this protection. The operation area in
following figure is same to the shadow part of fig. 3.3.1.
unrestraint
Id operation area
Icdsd
operation
area 0.70
1.2Ie
0 Ir
Fig. 3.3.2 Operation characteristic of steady state high setting percentage differ-
rential protection
When fault occurs, the operation criterion will be discriminated phase by phase and percentage
differential protection will operate if the criterion is met.
Parameters of this protection are fixed when delivered and need not to be set by the user. This
function has been shown in (3-3-8).
When calculating restraint current, floating threshold technique is applied, the floating threshold
will go up quickly and down slowly along with the imbalance current with a time delay. In this
way, maloperations of differential protection resulting from CT transient and steady saturation
during external fault clearance are avoided.
The CT circuit failure falls into two categories: CT circuit failure without differential relay pickup and
that with differential relay pickup.
If the differential current in any phase is higher than its alarm setting I bj _ set [Diff. CT Superv.
Alarm] and lasts for longer than 10 s, differential current abnormal alarm will be sent without
blocking the protection. CT circuit failure alarm will be issued without blocking the protection. The
setting shall be higher than maximum differential current caused by adjustment of tap-changer or
by other conditions.
If any one of the following conditions appears after differential relay pickup, it will be considered as
a fault and the differential relay will be enabled. If neither following condition appears when
differential relay pickup, it will be considered as CT circuit failure.
− Any phase-to-phase DPFC voltage relay at any side of transformer picks up;
− Negative phase voltage at any side is higher than 6 V;
− Any phase current on any side 1ncreases;
− The maximum phase current is higher than 1.1 Ie, where Ie is the related current of
transformer.
By means of the logic setting [CT Superv. Blk Diff.], the differential current abnormality that
causes pickup of differential protection has the following consequences:
If this logic setting is set as “0”, the percentage differential protection, residual differential
protection and common-and-serial-windings differential protection will not be blocked by CT circuit
failure.
If this logic setting is set as “1”, the percentage differential protection expressed by (3-3-6),
residual differential protection and common-and-serial-windings differential protection will be
blocked but the percentage differential protection expressed by (3-3-7) will not be blocked by CT
circuit failure.
If this logic setting is set as “2”, the percentage differential protection, residual differential
protection and common-and-serial-windings differential protection will be blocked by CT circuit
failure.
Discrimination of CT circuit failure in differential scheme is very accurate and reliable due to
criteria mentioned above in which both values of voltage and current are considered for the
discrimination simultaneously.
Note: CT circuit failure, no matter whether the differential relay picks up or not, indicates abnormality
in differential schemes or settings. Both these abnormalities shall be paid attention on site. For
example, differential circuits open can not cause protection pickup in case of light load but
alarm will be issued. If this abnormality is fixed in time, unwanted differential operation when
the load increases or external fault occurs can be avoided.
When a transformer is overexcited, the exciting current will increase sharply which may result in
unwanted operation of differential protection. Therefore the overexcitation shall be discriminated
to block the current differential protection. The fifth harmonic of differential current is used as
criterion of overexcitation discrimination.
Based on the deviation of current, DPFC percentage differential protection provides a sensitive
protection for the transformer, especially under the heavy load condition comparing with the
steady state percentage restraint differential relay.
where ∆I r is the restraint current, it is the maximum current among the restraint current of three
phases, ∆I r = max{ ∆I1φ + ∆I 2φ + .... + ∆I mφ } ( φ = A, B, C )
• • •
∆I d is the DPFC differential current, ∆I d = ∆ I 1 + ∆ I 2 + .... + ∆ I m
∆I dt is the floating threshold value which will arise automatically and gradually according
to increasing of output of deviation component. In order to ensure that the threshold
value is slightly higher than the imbalance output, multiple 1.25 of the deviation
component is reasonable and the unwanted operation of relays will not occur during
power swing or power frequency deviating.
• •
∆ I 1φ … ∆ I mφ are DPFC phase currents on each side of transformer.
I dth is the fixed threshold value of current.
Ie is the secondary rated current of transformer.
Note: Calculation of restraint current of DPFC percentage differential protection is different from the
steady state percentage differential protection, it is difficult to test this function on site, so we
recommend qualitative function test only on site.
0.75
0.6
0.2 Ie
restraint current
2 Ie
The criteria are checked phase by phase. If the criterion mentioned above is met, the DPFC
percentage differential protection will operate. Tripping command will be issued by control of
This protective element has high ability to eliminate the effect of transient and steady saturation of
CT during the external fault because the restraint coefficient is set at a higher value.
Residual differential protection and common-and-serial-windings (discussed later) are mainly used
for autotransformer. They are based on differential of HV side current, MV side current and
common winding current of autotransformer. The differences between overall percentage
differential protection or common-and-serial-windings differential protection is that the former is
based on ampere-turn balance while the later is based on the First Kirchhoff’s Law(i.e. sum of all
current entering one electrical node is equal to zero).
Amplitudes of secondary current of CT at each side of transformer are different because current
ratio of various CT is different on these sides. This effect shall be eliminated for normal operation
of protection and it can be corrected in fact by software design of digital transformer protection
equipment. Here is the method of eliminating the effect used for residual differential protection in
RCS-978 series transformer protection equipment.
KTA
K ph = × Kb (3-5-1)
KTA _ max
KTA − max
where K b = min( , 4)
KTA − min
The currents used in the following analyze are based on the assumption that they have been
adjusted, that means the currents are the products of original current of each side and its own
adjustment coefficient ( K ph ).
Criteria is as follows:
I 0 r = max{ I 01 , I 02 , I 0 cw } (3-5-2)
• • •
I 0 d = I 01 + I 02 + I 0 cw
where I 01 , I 02 and I 0 cw are residual currents of side 1, side 2 and common winding
respectively;
I 0cdqd is the pick up value of residual percentage differential protection [REF Pickup Curr.].
I 0 d is the residual different current.
I 0 r is the restraint current.
K 0b1 is restraint coefficient.
Fig. 3.5.1 shows operated characteristic of residual differential protection.
operating current
kobl
Iocdqd
restraint current
0.5 In
Because the current balance is based on the First Kirchhoff’s Law, the inrush and sympathetic
inrush current has no influence to residual differential protection or common-and-serial-winding
differential protection.
Difference of transient characteristic and saturation of CT will result in erroneous residual current
in differential scheme during external three-phase short circuit fault. In order to eliminate effect of
it, positive sequence current restraint blocking criterion and CT saturation criterion are used.
I 0 > β 0 * I1 (3-5-3)
where I 1 , I 2 and I cw are currents in side 1, side 2 and common winding respectively;
I fcdqd is the pick up value of common-and-serial-windings differential protection, equal to
[REF Pickup Curr.];
I d is the differential current;
I r is the differential restraint current;
k fbl is the setting value of common-and-serial-windings differential percentage restraint
coefficient, expressed as [REF Stabilizing Factor], k fbl = 0.5 is recommended.
In is the rated secondary current of CT.
These criteria are phase-segregated; Magnitude ratio balance of the CT secondary current at
each side is adjusted by software.
If the pick up value I fcdqd > 0.5 I n , its knee point current will be set at I n automatically, the
operating equation is as follows:
I fd > I fcdqd I r ≤ In
I > K [I − I ] + I Ir > In
d fb1 r n fcdqd
I r = max{ I1 , I 2 , I cw } (3-5-5)
• • •
I d = I 1 + I 2 + I cw
operating current
kfbl
Ifcdqd
restraint current
0.5 In
Voltage
Settings are provided for composite voltage element for the user to choose certain sensitivity.
Besides overcurrent protection, inverse-time overcurrent protection is also provided in RCS-978
equipment to take advantage of the overload capabilities of transformer mostly. Detail parameters
setting method is provided in chapter 6.
Following functions of any stage of overcurrent relay can be selected by logic setting:
In order to coordinate with line protection, the same inverse-time overcurrent protection is
equipped in this relay. IEC curve A of normal IDMT (inverse definite minimum time) characteristic
defined in IEC 60255-3 is adopted in this protection. Fig. 3.6.1 shows the inverse time curve.
In the figure, t min is the definite minimum time and I szd is lower limit setting of the protection
[InvTime OC Curr.].
Ih
Iszd
tmin tmax
Fig. 3.6.1 Operation characteristic of IDMT overcurrent
0.14
t(I ) = TP (3-6-1)
Iϕ
( ) 0.02
−1
I SZD
Each stage of backup overcurrent protection can be set separately by corresponding logic setting
[OC Direction Option] to control its direction. If the [OC Direction Option] is set as “1”, its
direction points to transformer and reach angle is 45º. If the [OC Direction Option] is set as “0”,
its direction points to power system and reach angle is 225º. The operating characteristic is
shown in Fig. 3.10 where the hatched area is operation stage. Meanwhile logic setting [OC Zone
Blk by Direction] can be set for each stage of overcurrent protection to be controlled by direction
element. If [OC Zone Blk by Direction] is set as “1”, the overcurrent relay will be controlled by
directional element.
Ul Ul
φlm =45°
φlm=225°
Note: The direction mentioned above is based on the assumption that the positive polarity is at the
side of busbar. The details are shown in Fig. 1.2.1 or Fig. 1.2.2.
The composite voltage element is an element which will operate if phase-to-phase voltage is lower
than its setting value or negative sequence voltage is higher than its setting value. For composite
voltage element at one side of transformer, composite voltage of other side can be adopted as its
criteria. For example, for backup protection at side 1, some logic settings such as [OC Zone n
Blk by Volt on side2] is used to select whether the overcurrent protection to be blocked by
composite voltage at side 2 when the composite voltage element does not operate. If this logic
setting is set as “1”, overcurrent protection will be blocked by it. If this logic setting is set as “0”, the
overcurrent protection will not be blocked by it. Such logic settings are provided for every stage of
overcurrent protection.
No matter the logic setting is set as “0” or “1”, VT circuit failure on one side will not lead to the
operation of the composite voltage element at the same side to control overcurrent relay at other
sides.
− The composite voltage element of local side is disabled, but local protection can still be
controlled by composite voltage element of other side if corresponding logic setting is set as
“1”.
− The directional relay will not control this relay;
− The composite voltage element at local side will not control overcurrent relay at other sides
even if corresponding logic setting is set as “1”.
Residual overcurrent relay is mainly used as backup protection of earth fault for transformer with
neutral point earthed solidly. Following functions of any stage of this protection can be selected by
setting logic settings:
In order to coordinate with line residual overcurrent protection, the same inverse-time residual
overcurrent protection is equipped in this relay. IEC curve A of normal IDMT (inverse definite
minimum time) characteristic defined in IEC 60255-3 is adopted in this protection. Fig. 3.7.1
shows the inverse time curve. In the figure, t min is the definite minimum time and I szd is lower
limit setting of the protection [InvTime ROC Curr.].
Ih
Iszd
tmin tmax
Fig. 3.7.1 Operation characteristic of IDMT residual overcurrent protection
0.14
t ( I0 ) = TP
I 0 0.02
( ) −1
I SZD
where I SZD is lower limit setting of the protection [InvTime ROC Curr.];
Tp is delay of inverse time overcurrent protection [InvTime ROC Delay];
I 0 is residual current.
Inverse time residual overcurrent protection consists of three parts: low setting initiator, inverse
time part and upper limit definite time part. Please refer to chapter 6 for details of relevant
parameter setting. Inverse time part can simulate transformer-heating process including heat
accumulation and dissipation. When residual current reaches its low setting I szd , inverse time part
picks up and the heat is accumulated. When the stator current is lower than rated value, the
heat dissipation will be simulated accordingly.
Logic setting [ZSCurr Option for ZS Dir.] (if available) is used to select what residual current is
used by directional relay. If the logic setting is set as “1”, internally calculated sequence current is
used for this relay. If the logic setting is set as “0”, directly measured residual current is used.
Logic setting [ROC Direction Opt] is used to select the direction of every stage of residual
overcurrent protection. If this logic setting is set as “1”, the direction is transformer and reach
angle is 225º. If this logic setting is set as “0”, the direction is power system and reach angle is
75º. Fig. 3.12 shows operating characteristic of directional protection where the hatched area is
operation zone.
In addition, logic setting [ROC Zone n Blk by Direction] is used to select whether residual
overcurrent relay is controlled by directional relay. If this logic setting is set as “1”, residual
overcurrent protection will be controlled by directional relay.
Io
φ 3U 0 φ 3U0
lm=75° lm=255°
Io
Note: The residual voltage used by directional relay is definitely the calculated voltage. The
direction mentioned above is based on the assumption that positive polarity of CT being at the
side of busbar and positive polarity of CT at neutral point being at the side of transformer. The
details are shown in Fig. 1.2.1 or Fig. 1.2.2.
Logic setting [ROC Zone n ZSCurr Option] (if available) is used to select what residual current is
used by stage 1 and 2 of residual overcurrent relay. If the logic setting is set as “1”, internally
calculated residual current is used for these two stages. If it is set as “0”, directly measured
residual current is used.
As to stage 3 of residual overcurrent relay, it uses definitely the directly measured residual current.
Logic setting [ROC Zone n Blk by ZSVolt] (if available) is used to select whether residual
overcurrent relay will be controlled by residual voltage element. If the logic setting is set as “1”,
it will be controlled by residual voltage element.
Residual voltage element uses definitely the internally calculated residual voltage.
In order to prevent effects of sympathetic inrush current on residual overcurrent relay, harmonics
blocking function can be set for every stage of this relay, i.e., the overcurrent relay can be blocked
if harmonics reaches its setting. If logic setting [ROC Zone n Blk by Harm] is set as “1”, stage n of
residual overcurrent will be blocked by harmonics element.
3.7.2.6 Effects of VT failure on residual voltage element and residual directional relay
Logic setting [VT Supervision Criterion] is used to control performance of residual directional
relay and residual voltage element during VT circuit failure. If this logic setting is set as “1”, when
VT circuit failure at local side is detected, residual overcurrent relay will be blocked. If it is set as
“0”, when VT circuit failure at one side 1 is detected, residual overcurrent relay become a
overcurrent relay without directional element and voltage element control.
When VT on one side is under maintenance or bus-tie breaker is used for the transformer but its
VT has not been switched over to the protection equipment, in order to ensure correct operation of
residual directional overcurrent relay controlled by residual voltage, the binary input or logic setting
[VT Out of Service] on local side shall be set on. Effects on residual directional relay controlled by
residual voltage element at local side at this time are as follows:
n = U* / f* (3-8-1)
where U * and f * are per unit value of voltage and frequency respectively. During normal
operation, n = 1.
Two definite time delays and one inverse time delay for tripping and one stage for alarm are
equipped with overexcitation protection. Inverse time overexcitation protection realizes inverse
time characteristic by linear processing on given inverse time operation characteristic, obtaining
multiple of overexcitation by calculation, and getting corresponding operation delay by sectional
linear insertion. The heat accumulation and dissipation are simulated in this relay.
Up to ten groups of settings can be configured for the inverse time characteristics and this
protection can suit overexcitation requirements of different transformers.
n (t )dt
1 T 2
T ∫0
n= (3-8-2)
lower limit
t(s)
Obviously, the overexcitation calculation coefficient reflects overexcitation information from its
beginning up to present.
associated time delay t0-t9. The overexcitaion multiple settings n (= U/F) are within range of 1.1
– 1.7. Maximum time delay t is considered as long as 3000 s. Relation between settings of n
and t are:
n0 ≥ n1 ≥ n2 ≥ n3 ≥ n4 ≥ n5 ≥ n6 ≥ n7 ≥ n8 ≥ n9
t0 ≤ t1 ≤ t2 ≤ t3 ≤ t4 ≤ t5 ≤ t6 ≤ t7 ≤ t8 ≤ t9
The distance characteristic circle can be chosen from a mho relay, an offset mho or impedance
relay by setting.
Fig 3.9.1 shows operating characteristic of distance relay with reach angle 75º. In this figure, Zn
is the reverse impedance setting and Zp the forward impedance setting.
jx
Zp
ϕm
R
Zn
∆I > 1.25∆I t + I th
(3-9-2)
I 2 > 0.2 I n
where ∆I t is floating threshold which will increase as the DPFC increases. The multiple 1.25
ensures that the threshold is always higher than imbalance and the protection will not
mal-operate during power swing and frequency fluctuating.
When the fault detector picks up, if the positive sequence overcurrent element which setting is
higher than the maximum load current does not operate yet or it operates but lasts for less than 10
ms, the blocking will be removed immediately for 160 ms.
The blocking will be removed in case of unsymmetrical fault by unsymmetrical component element
with the following criterion:
I 0 + I 2 > m × I1 (3-9-3)
Value of m is a fixed constant which is chosen with sufficient margin so that the distance relay will
be blocked in the worst power swing with or without external fault. I 1 , I 2 and I 0 are positive,
negative and residual of current respectively.
This function ensures that internal unsymmetrical fault can be cleared during power swing and the
protection can be blocked during power swing with or without external fault.
If three-phase fault occurs 160ms later after pickup of fault detector or during power swing,
blocking cannot be removed by measures mentioned above. An additional symmetrical fault
element is equipped especially for this case.
U OS = U 1 × cos Φ1 (3-9-4)
From Fig. 3.9.2, if phase angle between electromotive force (EMF) of both ends E M and E N is
90°, the current will be perpendicular to the line connecting ends of E M and E N . This current
is in phase with voltage at the swing center.
During normal system operation or power swing, U 1 × cos Φ1 is exactly the positive sequence
voltage at the swing center.
During three-phase fault, suppose phase angle of the system is 90°, U 1 × cos Φ1 is voltage drop
on arc resistance. This voltage drop is generally less than 5%×Un. The actual line distance
angle is not 90°and could be compensated as shown in Fig. 3.9.3
In Fig. 3.9.3, OD or U is the measured voltage which is actually equal to positive sequence voltage
U 1, U 1 × cos Φ1 = OB, so OB is equivalent to voltage drop on the arc resistance when the
system impedance angle is 90°. The actual voltage drop on arc resistance is OA. OA and voltage
drop on the line AD could be added and then get the measured voltage U.
I
EM U EN
UOS
Φ1
U
D
O Φ1 A
I
θ B
C
When VT used by the distance protection is maintained or bus-tie circuit breaker is used and
relevant VT has not been switched over, in order to avoid unwanted operation of distance
protection, associated binary input or logic setting [VT Out of Service] shall be set on. Then the
distance protection will be disabled. An overcurrent protection stage can be enabled by logic
setting as mentioned above.
Ground air gap overcurrent and residual overvoltage protection with one stage and two time
delays are equipped with the equipment as backup protection for transformer fault with neutral
point earthed via air gap. Operation of such ground air gap overcurrent and residual overvoltage
relay will be extended for 20 ms and delay timer will start after the extension.
Considering that ground air gap overcurrent and residual overvoltage may appear alternatively
when air gap is broken down, it is better to OR the operation of ground air gap overcurrent and
residual overvoltage, thus the logic setting [’gap’ protection mode] is provided. If this logic setting
is set as “1”, residual overvoltage and overcurrent relay will be ORed. At this time, time setting
and logic setting of ground air gap overcurrent protection is also applied to residual overvoltage
protection。
Since LV side of transformer is usually unearthed, one stage residual overvoltage relay is
equipped with the equipment for protection of earth fault at LV side of the transformer.
− Positive sequence voltage is lower than 30 V and any phase current is higher than 0.04In or
the breaker is in closed position, where In is nominal secondary current of CT;
− The negative sequence voltage is higher than 8 V.
If either criterion is met and fault detector of protection has not picked up, VT circuit failure alarm
will be issued by 10s delay and the alarm will reset 10s later after the voltage return normal.
During the failure period, control function of direction or voltage to relevant protection is locked out
or temporarily disabled according to relevant logic settings as mentioned above.
When VT on a certain side is set as out of service, VT circuit failure detection on that side will be
disabled automatically.
For backup protection of each side following protective functions are provided:
UrstDfrOp
1
1 & 1
DfrLkEn
1
UrstDfrVtLkEn
1
& 1
unrestraint differential relay
1 tripping
UrstDfrStrOp
StdSttHiPrcDfrOp
1
1 & 1
DfrLkEn
1
StdSttVtLkEn
1
IrsDscEn
1
& 1
TAInsF
1 1
& 1
1
DfrStrOp
StdSttLoDfrOp
1
1 & 1
DfrLkEn
1 1
>=1 1
steady state percentage
StdSttDfrVtLkEn 1 differential relay tripping
TASatDscEn
1
1
1
& 1 1
IrsDscEn 1 & 1
1
1 1
TAInsF & 1
1
TAFVtLkEn
1
DfrOvxBk >=1 1
1
MtpOvx>1.4
DfrStrOp
IrsDsc
DPFCDfrOP 1
1 &
1 1
& 1
1 1 1
DFRLK
1
DPFCDfrVTLK 1
& 1
DPFCdfrTripping
TAInsF 1
1
DfrBkOvx >=1 1
1
MtpOvx>1.4
DPFCDfrStr
Extend500ms
In the figure:
Op – operated,
En – enabled,
DfrLk –binary input of enabling differential protection,
DPFCDfrVtLk – virtual binary input of enabling DPFC differential protection,
IrsDsc – inrush current discrimination,
CTInsF – CT circuit instantaneous failure,
DPFCDfrStr – differential current fault detector,
StdSttDfrVtLk – virtual binary input of enabling steady state differential protection,
DfrBkOvx – differential protection blocked by overexcitation,
MtpOvx – multiple of overexcitation
Setting of DPFC percentage differential protection is fixed and need not to be set on site.
This section comprises logic diagram of residual percentage differential protection and
common-and-serial- windings percentage differential protection.
ZSPrcDfrOp
1
1 & 1
ZSDfrLkEn
1
1
ZSPrcDfrVtLkEn 1 & 1 1
1 & 1 zero sequence
percentage differential
TAInsF 1 protection tripping
TAAbn/SatDscEn
ZSDfrCStrOp
In the figure:
Op – operated,
En – enabled,
ZSPrcDfr – residual percentage differential protection,
ZSDfrLk – binary input of enabling residual differential protection,
ZSPrcDfrVtLk – virtual binary input of enabling residual percentage differential protection,
CTInsF – CT circuit instantaneous fail,
CTAbn/SatDsc – CT circuit failure and saturation discrimination,
ZSDfrCStr – residual differential current fault detector.
SdPrcDfrOp
1
1 & 1
SdDfrLkEn
1
1
SdPrcDfrVtLkEn 1 & 1 1
1 & 1 side percentage
differential protection
TAInsF 1 tripping
TAAbn/SatDscEn
SdDfrCStrOp
In the figure:
Op – operated,
En – enabled,
SdPrcDfr – percentage common-and-serial-windings differential protection,
SdDfrLk – binary input of enabling common-and-serial-windings differential protection,
SdPrcDfrVtLk – virtual binary input of common-and-serial-windings percentage differential
protection,
CTInsF – CT circuit instantaneous fail,
CTAbn/SatDsc – CT circuit failure and saturation discrimination,
SdDfrCStr – common-and-serial-windings differential current fault detector.
0
BkDisUsmF >=1
0
0 >=1
BkDisSmF BkDis
0 0
OCEnOs 10ms 0
&
0 160
0
PrIni
0
BkDis >=1
0
ImpBkOs
0 0
ImpLk & &
0 0 0
ImpVtLk &
0 0 0 T
ImpOp trip command
0 0
TVF >=1
0
ThSdVDisLk
0
ThSdVVtLk
ImpStrIni
In the figure:
LcSdVDisLkEn >=1
LcSdVDisVtLkEn & local side composite
voltageelement operating
LoVOp >=1
&
NgSVOp & composite voltage
element
VTF >=1
&
PrPfmTVFEn
>=1
OthSdCmpVOp &
OCCtrOthSdCmpVEn
>=1
Fw F &
>=1 OCCtrCmpVEn
VTF
& directional
PrPfmVTF
relay
LcSdVDisLkEn >=1
LcSdVDisVtLkEn
&
>=1 t overcurrent relay
operating
OCCtrDr
OCOp
&
OCLkEn
OCVtLkEn
OCStrOp
Fig. 4.5.1 Logic diagram of directional overcurrent relay with composite voltage blocking
In the figure:
En – enabled,
Op – operated,
LcSdVDisLk – binary input of local side VT-out-of-service,
LcSdVDisVtLk – virtual binary input of local side voltage VT-out-of-service,
LoV – undervoltage element,
NgSV – negative sequence voltage element,
VTF – VT circuit failure,
PrPfmVTFEn
&
ZSDrEn &
VTF
>=1 zero sequence directional
PrPfmVTFEn & relay
LcSdVDisLkEn >=1
LcSdVDisVtLkEn &
>=1 & zero sequence
ZSOCCtrDrEn
t protection
tripping
ZSOCOp
&
ZSOCLkEn
ZSOCVtLkEn
HmEn >=1
ZSOCBkHmEn
ZSOCStrOp
In the figure:
En – enabled,
Op – operated,
ZSV – residual voltage element,
VTF – VT circuit failure,
PrPfmVTF – protection performance during VT circuit failure,
LcSdVDisLk – binary input of local side VT-out-of-service,
LcSdVDisVtLk – virtual binary input of local side VT-out-of-service
ZSOCCtrZSV – residual overcurrent relay controlled by residual voltage element,
ZSDrEn – residual directional element enabled,
ZSOC – residual overcurrent element,
ZSOCLk – binary input of enabling residual overcurrent protection,
ZSOCVtLk – virtual binary input of enabling residual overcurrent protection,
Hm - harmonics blocking element doesn’t operate,
零序方向满足 &
TV断线 >=1
TV断线保护投退原则投入
&
>=1
本侧电压退出硬压板投入 零序方向元件
本侧电压退出软压板投入 >=1
零序反时限保护经方向闭锁投入
零序反时限过流元件动作
&
& & >=1 &
零序过流保护硬压板投入 t 零序反时限过流保护跳闸
零序反时限保护软压板投入
& 100ms延时
t
零序反时限经过100ms延时软压板投入
零序反时限保护起动元件动作
In the figure:
En – enabled,
Op – operated,
PTF – VT circuit failure,
PrPfmPTF – protection performance during VT circuit failure,
LcSdVDisLk – binary in of local side voltage disabled,
LcSdVDisVtLk – virtual binary input of local side voltage disabled,
ZSDrEn – residual directional relay enabled,
ZSROC – residual overcurrent relay,
ZSOCLk – binary input of residual overcurrent protection,
ZSROCVtLk – virtual binary input of residual overcurrent protection,
ZSROCDELAY 100VTLK — virtual binary input of enabling additional 100 delay ms for
residual overcurrent
ZSOCStr – residual overcurrent fault detector.
RCS-978
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
HE ALTHY
ALARM
TRIP
GRP
ENT
ESC
SIGNAL RESET
NARI-RELAYSELECTRICCO.,LTD.
The LCD display screen is an interface telling users of relay operation conditions. For instance, the
LCD shall indicate tripping commands, tripping outputs, failure status, binary input status and
event records. The information displayed on LCD can help user to judge the status of equipment.
There are three LED indicators on the front panel, “HEALTHY”, “ALARM” and “TRIP”.
“HEALTHY” is a green LED. It turns on during the normal operation and turns off when the relay
does not work. Users can judge why the relay fails to work by the information displayed on LCD
and try to resume the relay. Detailed advices are given in Chapter 9.
“ALARM” is a yellow LED. It turns on during the abnormal conditions and turns off when the
normal condition comes back. If the CT circuit failure occurs, the LED will not turn off until the
relay returns to the normal condition with a manually reset.
“TRIP” is a red LED. It turns on when the relay sends any tripping outputs and turns off when the
relay is reset by a local button “SIG RESET” on the front panel or by a remote reset command after
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Fig. 5.1.3 Connector 1A of RCS-978E
1,30 blank
3--5 tripping contact 1 of CB on side 1
7--9 tripping contact 2 of CB on side 1
11--13 tripping contact 3 of CB on side 1
15--17 tripping contact 4 of CB on side 1
19--21 tripping contact 1 of CB on side 2
23--25 tripping contact 2 of CB on side 2
27--29 tripping contact 3 of CB on side 2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
2 6 10 14 18 22 26 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
+24V
2A30 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0V
Connector 2B: 30 pins male connector for status input (via 24 V opto-coupler)
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Connector 3A: 30 pins male connector for signal and alarm output
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Connector 3B: 30 pins male connector for alarm and other output
2 blank
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
A B A B A B TX RX EARTH
485 485 485 printer
PORT PORT PORT PORT
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
29 ground of chassis
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
A B A B A B TX RX EARTH
485 485 485 printer
PORT PORT PORT PORT
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
UL UN UL UN UL UN UL UN
UA UB U C UN UA UB U C UN UA UB U C UN UA UB U C UN
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 27 28 29 30
IG 0 N IG 0 IG0N IG 0
TO L P F
I AN IA I BN IB I CN IC I AN IA I BN IB I CN IC
TO LP F TO L PF
TO L PF
I AN IA I BN IB IC N IC
13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
opto- binary
AC cur rent DSP1 status
and voltage
LPF A/D DSP2 coupler input
CPLD
output
HMI CPU1 relay
LC D
C PU module
HMI- CPU QD J
c omm por ts and
port to printer
E+
MMI
D SP3 opto- binary
LPF A/D coupler status
D SP4 input
DC 220 V
+5 V
or 110 V
CPLD
DC/DC
± 12 V
+ 24 V
HMI C PU2
± 24 V to
optic-c oupler MNG module
Every 1/24 cycle of power system, the equipment can finish as many work as mentioned bellow:
AC current and voltage inputs are converted into low voltage signals firstly; These signals are
introduced into CPU module and MON module respectively, passing through low pass filter LPF
and A/D converter, entering DSP for digital signal processing. Calculation of main and backup
protection is performed in DSP2 and DSP1 respectively. Functions like logic processing, tripping
command sending, sequence of events recording, waveform recording, printing, communication
with the host and communication with HMI-CPU are performed in “CPU module”.
Working procedure of MON module is similar to that of CPU module. However, criteria of fault
detector are discriminated in this module and it connects power supply of output relay when fault
detector picks up and records oscillogram of fault of transformer. All data recorded can be output
and printed.
AC current and voltage are input and converted to low voltage signals in modules AC1 and AC2.
Two rated currents of AC current are option, 1 A or 5 A. It shall be stated definitely during
ordering and checked during commissioning.
Tripping commands, tripping signal output and binary input parts are comprised in three modules:
OUT, SIG1 and SIG2. 24 V opto-couplers are used here for binary input.
Briefly, the equipment is composed of ten modules to achieve the protection of transformer. The
modules are AC current input module (AC1), AC voltage and current input module 1 (AC2), AC
voltage and current input module 2 (AC3, only for 978HB), management/record module (MON),
protection CPU module (CPU), power supply module (DC), signal module 2 (SIG2), signal module
1 (SIG1), tripping contacts output (OUT) and human-machine interface (HMI).
5.2.4 Output
5.2.4.1 Tripping outputs
Trip (spare) 3 Trip CB on side 1 Trip CB of bus coupler on side 1
1 1 1
1A02 1A04 1A03 1A05 1B05 1B07
2 2
2 1A09 1B09 1B11
1A06 1A08 1A07
3
3 3 1B13 1B15
1A10 1A12 1A11 1A13
Trip bus coupler(BC) on side2
4
4 1A15 1A17 1B29 1B30
1A14 1A16
Trip (spare) 4 Trip CB on side 2 Trip bus sectioner(BS) on side3,4
1 1
1A18 1A20 1A19 1A21 1B25 1B27
2 2
1A22 1A24 1A23 1A25 tripping (spare) 1
3 1
1B14 1B16
Trip (spare) 5 1A27 1A29
1 4 2
1A26 1A28 1B01 1B03 1B18 1B20
2 tripping (spare) 2
1B02 1B04 Trip CB on side 3 1
3 1B17 1B19 1B22 1B24
1B06 1B08
2
Trip CB on side 4 1B26 1B28
4
1B10 1B12 1B21 1B23
Zone 1 of air cooling initiation Voltage regulation blocked Other ouput contacts(spare)1
1 1 1
3A28 3A30 3B29 3B30 3B09 3B11
2 2 2
3A27 3A29 3B25 3B27 3B13 3B15
Zone 2 of air cooling initiation Busbar dif ferential protection blocking
3 disabled by conposite voltage element
1
3B01 3B03 2B17 2B19
4 2
3B05 3B07 2B21 2B23
Chapter 6 Parameters
Note: Abbreviations listed here and hereinafter are used for communication, printing and displaying on
LCD.
Number of active protection setting groups for selection. Sixteen setting groups are provided, and
only one is active. Note that there is only one the equipment parameter and power system
parameter group, that is, when we modify equipment parameters or power system parameters, the
modification will affect all groups of protection settings.
2 Equipment Name:
Baud rate of serial ports 1 which shall be selected from the specified range.
Baud rate of serial ports 2 which shall be selected from the specified range.
Baud rate of printer. This shall be set as “1” for printing baud rate 4.8 kbit/s or “0” for 9.6 kbit/s.
This shall be set as “1” if automatic report printing is expected after operation of the equipment is
selected. Otherwise it shall be set as “0”. It is suggested that the user may set this parameter of a
protection equipment which is always connected directly with a printer as “1”, i.e., automatic
printing, and set this parameter of other protection equipments which are connected with the
printer by switching as “0”, i.e., not automatic printing. When the equipment is set as automatic
printing, only differential current and relevant waveform of differential current of all sides after
regulation will be printed. Other items like waveforms of original voltage and current of all sides
can be printed by selection on menu “report printing”.
The setting shall be set as “1” if a shared network printer is used or “0” if dedicated printer is used.
Network printer means several protection equipments share one printer through a printer
management unit and RS-485 port. Dedicated printer means the protection equipment
connected with a printer through RS-232 port directly.
This shall be set as “1” for protocol IEC 60870-5-103 or “0” for proprietary protocol LFP.
This shall be set as “1” if the equipment can be configured remotely. Otherwise it shall be set as
“0”.
This shall be set as “1” if the equipment is in maintenance status and then no message shall be
transmitted to the host. Otherwise it shall be set as “0”.
This shall be set as “1” to disable adaptive inrush threshold. ‘0’ is recommended.
Logic settings
29 main protection enabled Enable Diff. Protection 0, 1
30 backup protection on side 1 enabled Enable Side1 BakProt 0, 1
31 backup protection on side 2 enabled Enable Side2 BakProt 0, 1
32 backup protection on side 3 enabled Enable Side3 BakProt 0, 1
33 backup protection on side 4 enabled Enable Side4 BakProt 0, 1
backup protection of common winding
34 Enable ComWind BakProt 0, 1
enabled
Trans. Capa. IntPart is the integer part of transformer capacity in MVA. Transformer capacity is
equal to its integer part (1)×1 MVA plus its decimal part (2)×0.01 MVA. Maximum configurable
capacity is 999 MVA. For the differential protection relay, to get current magnitude compensation
ratio of each side of the transformer automatically, several basic parameters are needed, the basic
parameters are transformer capacity, nominal phase-to-phase voltage of each side and CT ratio of
each side.
Trans. Capa. DecPart is the decimal fraction part of transformer capacity in MVA.
3 Rated Frequency
The nominal frequency of power system in which the transformer protection equipment is used.
The secondary rated current mentioned here is the rated current at second side of various CT for
differential protection purpose. Second rated current of CT on various sides of differential
protection shall be the same value. If not, definite statement during ordering must be made.
That of CT on various sides of backup protection can be different with each other.
Secondary rated current of residual CT10 of common winding. Current ratio of this CT will be got
from this one and 14 setting. For not used residual CT on various sides, their secondary shall be
set as 1 A or 5 A.
Rated current of residual CT6 primary circuit on side 1. From this value and secondary current
of CT6 (5 setting), current ratio of CT6 can be got.
voltage tap is in middle position. For example, if the voltage on 220 kV side of a transformer with
OLTC when tap in its middle position is 230 kV, as to other kind of transformers, actual operation
line voltage shall be taken as this parameter, otherwise voltage balance coefficient may be wrong.
The 25 -- 27 is similar to this one.
Backup protection of common winding enabled. This is a general logic setting for all backup
protective functions of common winding of an autotransformer.
Note:
Many logic settings are used for configuration of protective functions. Setting “1” means
“enabled”, “valid” or “yes” while “0” means “disabled”, “invalid” or “no” with some
exceptions explained in details.
I cdqd = K rel ( K er + ∆U + ∆m ) I e
For practical engineering calculation, I cdqd =(0.2 - 0.5)I e is reasonable and imbalance current in
differential scheme during maximum load of transformer shall be measured.
Note: Calculation of differential current settings is based on the secondary rated current of the
transformer. If a setting value got from calculation is together with its unit Ampere, this setting
shall be divided by secondary rated current of this side of transformer, to get per unit value.
Settings of “Diff. Pickup Curr”, “Inst. Diff. Curr.”(12) and “Diff. CT Superv. Alarm” (13) are all
based on the transformer secondary rated current, and are all per unit value. If a setting got from
calculation is together with its unit Ampere, this setting shall be divided by its rated current Ie.
Setting calculation method of differential protection is provided here only for reference. For
details, please refer to relevant specification and setting calculation guidance.
differential scheme for common two windings and three windings transformer:
where I res . max is the maximum restraint current (secondary current) of various restraint currents
during short circuit fault at each side.
Based on pick up current of differential relay I cdqd , first knee point current I res.01 , maximum
restraint current I res . max and maximum restraint coefficient K res . max , the slope of section 1 of
operation characteristic curve of percentage differential relay, K bl 1 , will be calculated as following:
The sensitivity coefficient K sen shall be calculated according to two phases short circuit on outlet
of transformer protected by the differential relay in minimum operation mode. From the
calculated minimum short circuit current I k . min and relevant restraint current I res , corresponding
pick up current I op will be found in the operation characteristic curve of percentage differential
relay, then the sensitivity coefficient is:
K sen = I k . min / I op
K sen ≥ 1.2 is required.
operation current
Kbl1
Icdqd
restraint current
Ires.01 6 Ie
serious internal fault quickly and prevent operation delay caused by CT saturation. Its setting
value I cdsd (i.e. [Inst. Diff. Curr.])shall be higher than inrush current of transformer, generally
I cdsd = K ⋅ I e
where K is a multiple depending on capacity of the transformer and distance of the power
system.
K will be 3.0 - 6.0 for transformer with capacity 40 - 120 MVA and 2.0 - 5.0 for transformer with
capacity above 120 MVA. It is evident that the larger the transformer capacity or the power
system distance, the smaller the K .
Sensitivity coefficient of unrestrained differential protection shall be calculated according to the two
phases short circuit in normal operation condition at installed point of the relay. K sen ≥ 1.2 is
required.
Please note that calculation of unrestrained differential current settings is based on the secondary
rated current of the transformer. If a setting value got from calculation is together with its unit
Ampere, this setting shall be divided by secondary rated current of this side of transformer, to get
per unit value.
For practical engineering calculation, I ocdqd =(0.2 - 0.5)I e is reasonable and imbalance e current
in differential scheme during maximum load of transformer shall be measured.
Please note that calculation of residual differential current settings is based on the secondary
rated current of CT. If a setting value got from calculation is together with its unit Ampere, this
setting shall be divided by secondary rated current of this side of CT, to get per unit value.
Sensitivity of residual percentage differential protection shall be checked with the solid earthed
short circuit in its protected zone. K sen ≥ 2 is required. In solid earthed system, distribution of
residual current for single phase to ground fault depends on the configuration of residual network
of power system. Magnitude of the single-phase ground fault current depends on not only
residual distance of system but also positive and negative sequence distance or power system
operation mode. When power system is in maintenance status, in order to remain the residual
network unchanged and increase sensitivity for earth fault protection, the 220 kV power system is
generally compensated by properly changing earth mode of the transformer. Neutral point of
transformer of 400 kV power system is now generally earthed with small reactance. Therefore,
sensitivity of residual differential protection shall be checked in minimum operation mode for 220
kV power system and minimum operation mode or small maintenance mode for 400 kV power
system.
Note: For setting calculation of residual percentage differential protection, please refer to 9 setting,
calculation of steady state percentage differential protection. But here ∆U , maximum
deviation due to tap changing within voltage regulation range shall be taken as 0. Polarity of CT
for residual differential protection at each side shall be arranged as shown in fig. 1.2.1 or fig.
1.2.2. Positive polarity of CT is at busbar side on HV and MV sides and at neutral point for
common winding.
bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
protectionenabled
Trip (spare) 4
Trip (spare) 3
Trip (spare) 2
Trip (spare) 1
Trip (spare) 5
function
N/A
N/A
N/A
The bit corresponding to the breaker to be tripped shall be “1” and other bits shall be “0”. For
example, if differential protection is defined to trip bus couple breaker on side 1, the “0” bit and “5”
bit shall be “1” and other bits “0”. Then a hexadecimal number 0021H is formed as the tripping
output logic setting.
Spare tripping bit can be used to trip other breaker not specified yet.
Caution: When protection settings are set and the maximum value of ratio of calculated rated
current of each side to secondary current of CT on that side is less than 0.4, this will be
considered abnormal and wrong setting alarm will be issued.
When residual protection is enabled, if ratio of maximum and minimum current ratio of
CT related to residual differential current on every side is higher than 4, this will be
considered abnormal and wrong setting alarm will be issued.
Note: It is suggested to set implicit logic setting [differential protection blocked by overexcitation
factor enabled] as “1” by program DBG2000, i.e., this function is enabled.
Logic settings
Stage 1 of overcurrent protection controlled
67 OC Zone1 Blk by CompVolt 0,1
by composite voltage
Stage 2 of overcurrent protection controlled
68 OC Zone2 Blk by CompVolt 0,1
by composite voltage
Stage 3 of overcurrent protection controlled
69 OC Zone3 Blk by CompVolt 0,1
by composite voltage
Stage 1 of overcurrent protection controlled
70 OC Zone1 Blk by Direction 0,1
by direction.
Stage 2 of overcurrent protection controlled
71 OC Zone2 Blk by Direction 0,1
by direction.
Direction selection of stage 1 of overcurrent
72 OC Zone1 Direction Option 0,1
protection.
Direction selection of stage 2 of overcurrent
73 OC Zone2 Direction Option 0,1
protection.
Stage 1 of residual overcurrent protection
74 ROC Zone1 Blk by ZSVolt 0,1
controlled by residual voltage
Stage 2 of residual overcurrent protection
75 ROC Zone2 Blk by ZSVolt 0,1
controlled by residual voltage
Stage 1 of residual overcurrent protection
76 ROC Zone1 Blk by Direction 0,1
controlled by direction.
Stage 2 of residual overcurrent protection
77 ROC Zone2 Blk by Direction 0,1
controlled by direction.
Direction selection of stage 1 of residual
78 ROC Stage1 Direction Option 0,1
overcurrent protection.
Direction selection of stage 2 of residual
79 ROC Stage2 Direction Option 0,1
overcurrent protection.
Residual current option for residual
80 ZSCurr Option for ZS Dir. 0,1
direction.
Stage 1 of residual overcurrent protection
81 ROC Zone1 Blk by Harm. 0,1
controlled by harmonic.
Stage 2 of residual overcurrent protection
82 ROC Zone2 Blk by Harm. 0,1
controlled by harmonic.
83 Residual current option for stage1 of ROC. ROC Zone1 ZSCurr Option 0,1
84 Residual current option for stage2 of ROC. ROC Zone2 ZSCurr Option 0,1
85 Gap Protection Option. Gap Protection Option 0,1
86 Stage1 of overload alarm enabled. Enable OverLoad Zone1 0,1
87 Stage2 of overload alarm enabled. Enable OverLoad Zone2 0,1
88 Stage1 of cooling initiation enabled. Enable CoolerStart Zone1 0,1
89 Stage2 of cooling initiation enabled. Enable CoolerStart Zone2 0,1
90 Overload blocking OLTC enabled. Enable OverLoad Blk TapSwitch 0,1
Protection performance during VT circuit
91 VT Supervision Criterion 0,1
failure.
92 Voltage on local side out of service. VT Out of Service 0,1
Enable overcurrent protection controlled by
93 OC Blk by Side2 CompVolt 0,1
composite voltage on side 2
Enable overcurrent protection controlled by
94 OC Blk by Side3 CompVolt 0,1
composite voltage on side 3
Enable overcurrent protection controlled by
95 OC Blk by Side4 CompVolt 0,1
composite voltage on side 4
Inverse time overcurrent protection
96 InvTime OC Blk by Dir. 0,1
controlled by direction.
Inverse time overcurrent protection direction
97 InvTime OC Direction Opt 0,1
selection.
1 Pickup_Curr.
Current setting of phase current fault detector. This setting shall be the minimum setting value of
all overcurrent protection multiplied by a coefficient less than 1 (say, 0.95).
2 Pickup_ZS_Curr.
Current setting of calculated residual current fault detector. The setting is not Io but 3Io. This
setting shall be the minimum setting value of all overcurrent protection multiplied by a coefficient
less than 1 (say, 0.95).
Current setting of directly-measured residual current fault detector. The setting is not Io but 3Io.
This setting shall be the minimum setting value of all overcurrent protection multiplied by a
coefficient less than 1 (say, 0.95).
Current setting of directly-measured “GAP” residual current fault detector. The setting is not Io
but 3Io. This setting shall be the minimum setting value of all overcurrent protection multiplied by
a coefficient less than 1 (say, 0.95).
5 Pickup ZS Volt.
Negative sequence voltage setting of composite voltage control element. Setting and displayed
value of negative sequence voltage are U2.
8 OC Zone1 Curr.
9 OC Zone1 Delay1
10 OC Zone1 TripMatrix1
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 1 with time delay 1. It is as same as
the one of main protection. The tripping matrix mentioned below is same to this one.
11 OC Zone1 Delay2
12 OC Zone1 TripMatrix2
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 1 with time delay 2.
13 OC Zone2 Curr.
14 OC Zone2 Delay1
15 OC Zone2 TripMatrix1
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 2 with time delay 1.
16 OC Zone2 Delay2
17 OC Zone2 TripMatrix2
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 2 with time delay 2.
18 OC Zone3 Curr.
19 OC Zone3 Delay1
20 OC Zone3 TripMatrix1
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 3 with time delay 1.
21 OC Zone3 Delay2
22 OC Zone3 TripMatrix2
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 3 with time delay 2.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 1 with time delay 1.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 1 with time delay 2.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 2 with time delay 1.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 2 with time delay 2.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 2 with time delay 3.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 3 with time delay 1.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 3 with time delay 2.
51 InvTime OC Curr.
52 InvTime OC Delay
53 InvTime OC TripMatrix
Lower limit setting pickup value of inverse time residual overcurrent protection.
If this logic setting is set as “1”, residual overvoltage and residual overcurrent relay will hold
operation status of each other after operating. At this time, time setting and trip matrix of “Gap”
residual overcurrent protection is used not only for itself but also for “Gap” residual overvoltage
protection。
If this logic setting is set as “0”, residual overvoltage and residual overcurrent relay will operate
respectively .
91 VT Supervision Criterion
− “1”: when VT circuit failure at one side is detected, directional relay and composite voltage
element at the same side will be disabled but overcurrent relay on the same side can still be
controlled by composite voltage elements of other side if corresponding logic setting is set as
“1”.
− “0”: when VT circuit failure at one side is detected, the overcurrent relay will become an
overcurrent relay without directional element and composite voltage element control.
92 VT Out of Service
1 Pickup_Curr.
Current setting of phase current fault detector. This setting shall be the minimum setting value of
all overcurrent protection multiplied by a coefficient less than 1 (say, 0.95).
2 Pickup_ZS_Curr.
Current setting of calculated residual current fault detector. The setting is not Io but 3Io. This
setting shall be the minimum setting value of all overcurrent protection multiplied by a coefficient
less than 1 (say, 0.95).
Current setting of directly-measured residual current fault detector. The setting is not Io but 3Io.
This setting shall be the minimum setting value of all overcurrent protection multiplied by a
coefficient less than 1 (say, 0.95).
Current setting of directly-measured “GAP” residual current fault detector. The setting is not Io
but 3Io. This setting shall be the minimum setting value of all overcurrent protection multiplied by
a coefficient less than 1 (say, 0.95).
5 Pickup ZS Volt.
Negative sequence voltage setting of composite voltage control element. Setting and displayed
value of negative sequence voltage are U2.
8 OC Zone1 Curr.
9 OC Zone1 Delay1
10 OC Zone1 TripMatrix1
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 1 with time delay 1. It is as same as
the one of main protection. The tripping matrix mentioned below is same to this one.
11 OC Zone1 Delay 2
12 OC Zone1 TripMatrix2
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 1 with time delay 2.
13 OC Zone2 Curr.
14 OC Zone2 Delay1
15 OC Zone2 TripMatrix1
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 2 with time delay 1.
16 OC Zone2 Delay 2
17 OC Zone2 TripMatrix2
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 2 with time delay 2.
18 OC Zone3 Curr.
19 OC Zone3 Delay1
20 OC Zone3 TripMatrix1
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 3 with time delay 1.
21 OC Zone3 Delay 2
22 OC Zone3 TripMatrix2
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 3 with time delay 2.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 1 with time delay 1.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 1 with time delay 2.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 2 with time delay 1.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 2 with time delay 2.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 2 with time delay3.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 3 with time delay 1.
Tripping output logic setting of residual overcurrent stage 3 with time delay 2.
51 InvTime OC Curr.
52 InvTime OC Delay
53 InvTime OC TripMatrix
Lower limit setting pickup value of inverse time residual overcurrent protection.
If this logic setting is set as “1”, residual overvoltage and residual overcurrent relay will hold
operation status of each other after operating. At this time, time setting and trip matrix of “Gap”
residual overcurrent protection is used not only for itself but also for “Gap” residual overvoltage
protection。
If this logic setting is set as “0”, residual overvoltage and residual overcurrent relay will operate
respectively .
91 VT Supervision Criterion
− “1”: when VT circuit failure at one side is detected, directional relay and composite voltage
element at the same side will be disabled but overcurrent relay on the same side can still be
controlled by composite voltage elements of other side if corresponding logic setting is set as “1”.
− “0”: when VT circuit failure at one side is detected, the overcurrent relay will become an
overcurrent relay without directional element and composite voltage element control
92 VT Out of Service
1 Pickup Curr.
Current setting of phase current fault detector. This setting shall be the minimum setting value of
all overcurrent protection multiplied by a coefficient less than 1 (say, 0.95).
2 Pickup ZS Volt.
Voltage setting of residual voltage fault detector. The setting is not Uo but 3Uo. This setting shall
be the minimum setting value of all overvoltage protection times a coefficient less than 1 (say,
0.95).
5 OC Stage1 Curr.
Setting of current setting of overcurrent protection stage 1.
6 OC Stage1 Delay
Time delay of overcurrent protection stage 1.
7 OC Stage1 TripMatrix
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 1.
8 OC Stage2 Curr.
Setting of current setting of overcurrent protection stage 2.
9 OC Stage2 Delay
Time delay of overcurrent protection stage 2.
10 OC Stage2 TripMatrix
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 2.
11 OC Stage3 Curr.
Setting of current setting of overcurrent protection stage 3.
12 OC Stage3 Delay
Time delay of overcurrent protection stage 3.
13 OC Stage3 TripMatrix
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 3.
14 OC Stage4 Curr.
Setting of current setting of overcurrent protection stage 4.
15 OC Stage4 Delay
Time delay of overcurrent protection stage 4.
17 OC Stage5 Curr.
Setting of current setting of overcurrent protection stage 5.
18 OC Stage5 Delay
Time delay of overcurrent protection stage 5.
19 OC Stage5 TripMatrix
Tripping output logic setting of overcurrent protection stage 5.
20 ROV Volt.
Voltage setting of residual overvoltage.
21 ROV Delay
Delay of residual overvoltage.
22 ROV TripMatrix
Tripping output logic setting of ROV
23 OverLoad Curr.
Current setting of overload alarm.
24 OverLoad Delay
Delay of overload alarm.
34 VT Supervision Criterion
Protection performance during VT circuit failure.
− “1”, when VT circuit failure at local side is detected, directional relay and composite voltage
element at the same side will be disabled but overcurrent relay on the same side can still be
controlled by composite voltage elements of other side if corresponding logic setting is set as
“1”.
− “0”, when VT circuit failure at local side is detected, the overcurrent relay will become an
overcurrent relay without directional element and composite voltage element control.
35 VT Out of Service
Voltage on local side out of service.
1 Pickup Curr.
Current setting of phase current fault detector. This setting shall be the minimum setting value of
all overcurrent protection multiplied by a coefficient less than 1 (say, 0.95).
2 Pickup ZS Volt.
Voltage setting of residual voltage fault detector. The setting is not Uo but 3Uo. This setting
shall be the minimum setting value of all overvoltage protection times a coefficient less than 1 (say,
0.95).
Negative sequence voltage setting of composite voltage control element. Setting and displayed
value of negative sequence voltage are U2.
5 OC Stage1 Curr.
6 OC Stage1 Delay
7 OC Stage1 TripMatrix
8 OC Stage2 Curr.
9 OC Stage2 Delay
10 OC Stage2 TripMatrix
11 OC Stage3 Curr.
12 OC Stage3 Delay
13 OC Stage3 TripMatrix
14 OC Stage4 Curr.
15 OC Stage4 Delay
17 OC Stage5 Curr.
18 OC Stage5 Delay
19 OC Stage5 TripMatrix
20 ROV Volt.
21 ROV Delay
22 ROV TripMatrix
23 OverLoad Curr.
24 OverLoad Delay
34 VT Supervision Criterion
− “1”, when VT circuit failure at local side is detected, directional relay and composite voltage
element at the same side will be disabled but overcurrent relay on the same side can still be
controlled by composite voltage elements of other side if corresponding logic setting is set as
“1”.
− “0”, when VT circuit failure at local side is detected, the overcurrent relay will become an
overcurrent relay without directional element and composite voltage element control.
35 VT Out of Service
1 Pickup Curr.
Current setting of phase current fault detector. This setting shall be the minimum setting value of
all overcurrent protection multiplied by a coefficient less than 1 (say, 0.95).
2 Pickup ZS Curr.
3 Roc Curr.
4 ROC Delay
5 ROC TripMatrix
9 OC Curr.
10 OC Delay
11 OC TripMatrix
12 OverLoad Curr.
13 OverLoad Delay
14 CoolerStart Curr.
15 CoolerStart Delay
Enable additional 100 ms delay for inverse time residual overcurrent protection.
7.1 General
− A 240×128 dot matrix backlight LCD displayer visible in dim lighting conditions, used for
programming, monitoring, status, fault diagnostics and setting, etc. Diagnostic messages
are displayed when there is a trip or alarm condition;
− Several LED indicators;
− Keypad and command keys for full access to the relay.
RCS- 978
DIGITAL TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
1 2 3
HEALTHY
978E 3.00 2000-01-19 10:28:03 区号: 0
ALARM
U/F: 01.000
F: 050.00Hz
SIG RESET
4 5
1 LCD displayer
2 Status indication LEDs
3 ENT, ESC, GRP and navigation buttons
4 DB-9 RS232 port for communication with dedicated test set HELP-90A or a PC for interrogation,
downloading setting files, etc.
5 DB-15 connector for AC inputs from HELP-90A during commissioning
7.1.1 Functionality
The HMI module helps to draw your attention to something that has occurred which may activate a
LED or a report display on the LCD.
Use menus navigate through menu commands and to locate the data of interest.
7.1.2 Keypad
GRP
ESC
Note: Any setting change operation should complete with pressing “+”, “3”, “5”, “-“, “ENT” in
sequence, as a password.
Any report delete operation should executed by pressing “+”, “-“, “+”, “-“, “ENT” in sequence.
Steady green when the equipment is normally in service. Off when the equipment is
HEALTHY
out of DC power supply or any hardware defect is detected during self check.
Off under normal operation condition while turn to steady yellow when an alarm is given.
ALARM However, if CT circuit failure occurs, it will not turn off until the equipment has returned
to normal condition by manually reset.
Off under normal operation condition while turn to steady red when the equipment picks
TRIP up and tripping command is issued. It turns off only when button “SIG RESET” on the
protection panel has been pressed or remote reset command has been received.
Tripping LED is controlled by magnetic latched relay, and can only be reset by pressing the ‘SIG
RESET’ key under these LED indicators or by remote reset signal.
version number 978E 3.00 2000-01-19 10:28:03 区号: 0 present group number
date and time
DIA: 000.01Ie
001.52A differential current
DIB: 000.01Ie of various phases
connection diagram
of transformer DIC: 000.01Ie
zero sequence
DI0: 000.01In differential current
direction of power
U/F: 01.000 overexcitation factor
flow and mean
current values of F: 050.00Hz power frequency
various sides
001.02A U1: 057.70V
U2: 057.70V average values of
average values of 000.21A 000.22A U3: 057.70V sampled voltages
sampled current on each side
U4: 057.70V
on each side
Upper part displays type and version of the equipment and real time. The right side displays
present group number of the settings.
Through 5 items in the displaying control menu: “Transformer Type (2W/3W/AUTO)”, “LVSide
Branch Set (DB/SL/SR)”, “HVSide Connection Mode (Y/Δ)”, “MVSide Connection Mode(Y/Δ)” and
“LVSide Connection Mode(Y/Δ)”. Further information can be displayed on LCD. Details about
displaying control are described in chapter 9.
7.2.2 Operation report
l Operation report (OPERATION REPORT)
Once the protection equipment operates, the LCD will display protection trip report automatically.
If abnormality is detected by self-diagnosis, abnormality report will be displayed also.
The first row of the trip report is serial number and title of the report. The second row is the real
If more rows are needed to show the protective elements that operates, these rows will be scrolled
upward cyclically and a scroll bar appears on the right side of the displaying. A black mark on the
scroll bar shows relative position of the displayed rows to total rows.
All of the operation report items that may be displayed are listed as following:
35 Side2 OC Prot. T12 Residual overcurrent stage1 protecton with time delay 2 on side2 operates
36 Side2 OC Prot. T21 Residual overcurrent stage2 protecton with time delay 1 on side2 operates
37 Side2 OC Prot. T22 Residual overcurrent stage2 protecton with time delay 2 on side2 operates
38 Side2 OC Prot. T31 Residual overcurrent stage3 protecton with time delay 1 on side2 operates
39 Side2 OC Prot. T32 Residual overcurrent stage3 protecton with time delay 2 on side2 operates
40 Side2 ROC Prot. T11 Residual overcurrent stage1 protection with time delay 1 on side 2 operates
41 Side2 ROC Prot. T12 Residual overcurrent stage1 protection with time delay 2 on side2 operates
42 Side2 ROC Prot. T21 Residual overcurrent stage2 protection with time delay 1 on side2 operates
43 Side2 ROC Prot. T22 Residual overcurrent stage2 protection with time delay 2 on side2 operates
44 Side2 ROC Prot. T23 Residual overcurrent stage2 protection with time delay3 on side 2 operates
45 Side2 ROC Prot. T31 Residual overcurrent stage3 protection with time delay 1 on side2 operates
46 Side2 ROC Prot. T32 Residual overcurrent stage3 protection with time delay 2 on side2 operates
47 Side2 Gap OVOC Prot. T1 “Gap” overcurrent or overvoltage stage1 protection on side2 operates
48 Side2 Gap OVOC Prot. T2 “Gap” overcurrent or overvoltage stage2 protection on side2 operates
49 Side2 InvTime ROC Prot. Inverse time residual overcurrent protection on side 2 operates
50 Side2 InvTime OC Prot. Inverse time overcurrent protection on side 2 operates
51 Side3 OC Prot. T1 Overcurrent stage1 protection on side 3 operates
52 Side3 OC Prot. T2 Overcurrent stage2 protection on side 3 operates
53 Side3 OC Prot. T3 Overcurrent stage3 protection on side 3 operates
54 Side3 OC Prot. T4 Overcurrent stage4 protection on side 3 operates
55 Side3 OC Prot. T5 Overcurrent stage5 protection on side 3 operates
56 Side3 ROV Prot. Residual overvoltage on side 3 protection operates
57 Side4 OC Prot. T1 Overcurrent stage1 protection on side 4 operates
58 Side4 OC Prot. T2 Overcurrent stage2 protection on side 4 operates
59 Side4 OC Prot. T3 Overcurrent stage3 protection on side 4 operates
60 Side4 OC Prot. T4 Overcurrent stage4 protection on side 4 operates
61 Side4 OC Prot. T5 Overcurrent stage5 protection on side 4 operates
62 Side4 ROV Prot. Residual overvoltage on side 4 protection operates
63 Test Trip Breaker circuit trip test
If operation report and abnormality report are created simultaneously, both of them will be
displayed together as follows:
This display is similar with that of operation report except that it is divided into two parts while the
upper part is operation report and the lower part abnormality report.
The following table lists all the abnormality report items that may be displayed on LCD. For
suggested actions against these abnormalities, please refer to chapter 8.
62 MON Drive Test alarm Test for tripping in MON module begins.
If SIG RESET button on protection panel is pressed more than 1 s the LCD display will switch over
between OPERATION REPORT, AUTOSUPURV REPORT and connection diagram of the
transformer.
The following table lists all the binary input change report items that may be displayed.
22 Opt-coupler Supervision Power supply of opto-coupler status, “1” means power supply is lost.
23 Side1 BreakerOff Breaker position on side 1, “1” means open status.
24 Side2 BreakerOff Breaker position on side 2, “1” means open status.
Binary input of Maintenance status, the equipment will not send messages
25 Monitor Comm. Blk to substation automation system through communication ports when the
binary input is connected.
26 Print BinaryInput Button of printer starting
Power supply supervision. It represent failure of power supply when this
27 PowerOpt-coupler Superv.
binary input changes to “1” from “0”
Pickup of common winding protection in MON module. It is an internally
28 Mon ComWind Prot. Pickup
generated binary status.
Timer start of inverse time residual overcurrent protection on side 2. It is
29 Side2 Inv ROC Timer Start
an internally generated binary status.
Timer start of inverse time overcurrent protection on side 2. It is an
30 Side2 Inv OC Timer Start
internally generated binary status.
Timer start of inverse time residual overcurrent protection on side 1. It is
31 Side1 Inv ROC Timer Start
an internally generated binary status.
Timer start of inverse time overcurrent protection on side 1. It is an
32 Side1 Inv OC Timer Start
internally generated binary status.
Timer start of inverse time overcurrent protection of common winding. It
33 CS Inv ROC Timer Start
is an internally generated binary status.
Pickup of differential current element in MON module. It is an internally
34 Mon Diff. Prot. Pickup
generated binary status.
Pickup of DPFC differential current element in MON module. It is an
35 Mon DPFC Prot. Pickup
internally generated binary status.
Pickup of side differential current element in MON module. It is an
36 Mon REF Prot. Pickup
internally generated binary status.
Mon Test Trip Pickup Test trip test begins in MON module. It is an internally generated binary
37 status.
Pickup of backup protection on side 1 in MON module. It is an internally
38 Mon Side1 BakProt Pickup
generated binary status.
Pickup of backup protection on side 2 in MON module. It is an internally
39 Mon Side2 BakProt Pickup
generated binary status.
Pickup of backup protection on side 3 in MON module. It is an internally
40 Mon Side3 BakProt Pickup
generated binary status.
Pickup of backup protection on side 4 in MON module. It is an internally
41 Mon Side4 BakProt Pickup
generated binary status.
Besides, the equipment provides a series of command menu for protection engineers to test the
device and to modify settings.
Press RST key on the protection panel longer than 1 s, latest trip report, abnormality report and
bus bar configuration diagram will be displayed in turn.
7.3.1 General
This part presents the main layout of the menu tree for the local human-machine interface (HMI).
The menu tree includes menus for:
− PresentValue
− Report
− Print
− Settings
− Clock
− IdentityNo
− Debug
− Display
In order to enter the MAIN MENU, please press “ESC” button under the DEFAULT DISPLAY
condition(displaying connection diagram). If the current display is the latest ‘report display’ or
abnormality report, please press “SIG REST” button to return to the DEFAULT DISPLAY, or
directly press “ESC” button to enter the MAIN MENU.
The main menu is an imitation of Windows start menu and is shown as follows:
In the main menu, the highlighted submenu is activated. If this is marked with ►, move cursor on
it and press ►key, lower level submenu will be popped. Press ◄ key to return to upper level
submenu. Key ▲ or ▼ is used to scroll submenu in the main menu upward or downward
cyclically.
Besides operation and abnormality reports, the equipment provides command menu for test and
configuration. Tree directory of the command menu is shown as follows:
Main Menu
This menu is used to display real time AC voltage and current sampled value, phase angle, binary
inputs and calculated differential protection settings of the equipment. These data reflect
comprehensive operation condition of the equipment.
These data are generally consistent with indication of voltmeter and ammeter in control room
when the equipment operates normally. Programming and maintenance works of the equipment
will be more convenient by using this menu.
− CPUVALUES
− MONVALUES
l CPUVALUES
This submenu is used to display data acquired by CPU module, including AC voltage and current
value, binary inputs and calculated differential protection settings.
The AC sampled data that are displayed in this submenu is listed below:
l MONVALUES
This submenu is used to display data acquired by MON module, including AC voltage and current
value, phase angle and binary inputs. It is similar with CPU VALUES mentioned above. Except
that the fourth submenu “CPU CALCSET” is replaced by “MON ANGLE ”. In this submenu, we can
get following data:
This menu is used to display operation report (OPERATION REPORT), abnormality report
(AUTOSUPERV REPORT) and change of binary status input report (BINCHANGE REPORT). The
access path is listed here respectively:
“REPORT(OPERATION REPORT”,
“REPORT(AUTOSUPERV REPORT”,
“REPORT(BINCHANGE REPORT”.
The equipment can store 32 records of each kind of these reports in non-volatile memory.
Keys ▲ and ▼ are used to select which kind of the report to be displayed by scrolling the cursor
upward or downward. Press key ENT will display the report selected. The latest report will be
displayed first. Press key + or - will display next or last report. If the report cannot be displayed
on one page, key ▲ or ▼ can be used to scroll it. Pressing key ESC will return to upper level.
This menu is used to print settings (SETTINGS), present waveforms (PRESENT OSCILLOG),
operation report (OPERATION REPORT), abnormality report (AUTOSUPERV REPORT) or
change of binary status input reports (BINCHANGE REPORT):
− “PRINT(SETTINGS(…”,
− “PRINT(OPERATION REPORT(…”,
− “PRINT(AUTOSUPERV REPORT(…”,
− “PRINT(BINCHANGE REPORT(…”.
− “PRINT(PRESENT OSCILLOG(…”.
The latest modified settings printing contents include the latest modified equipment parameters,
system parameters, and the protection settings before and after modification.
Protection settings of different groups can be printed without changing the active setting group
number.
Contents of the operation report comprises real time of protection pickup, relative time of
protection operation, the faulty phase, relevant protection element and binary status around
protection pickup.
The equipment can store waveform oscillograms of eight faults. In this submenu waveforms of
differential current of all phases, residual differential current, and current and voltage on all sides
can be printed.
The differential current waveform printing contents include differential current on all phases,
differential current on all sides after correction, maximal calculated amplitude of various
waveforms within 10 ms – 30 ms after pickup, second, third and fifth harmonics of differential
current of all phases, and tripping time sequence of various protective elements.
The residual differential current waveform printing contents include residual current itself, residual
current after regulation of various sides, phase current of various sides of zero differential
protection, maximal calculated amplitude of various waveforms within 10 ms – 30 ms after starting,
and tripping time sequence of various protection operations.
The current and voltage waveform printing includes current and voltage of all sides of transformer,
maximal calculated amplitude of various waveforms within 10 ms – 30 ms after pickup, and
tripping time sequence of various protective elements.
Keys ▲ and ▼ are used to select which kind of the report to be printed by scrolling the cursor
upward or downward. Press key ENT will print the report selected.
This submenu includes manual triggered oscillogram record (OSILLOGGRAPHY), present binary
inputs printing (BINARY INPUT), normal phase angle printing (PHASE ANGLE), normal differential
current printing (DIF CUR OSCILLOG), normal residual differential current printing (ET REF
OSCILLOG), and normal current and voltage of certain side printing (SIDEN OSCILLOG).
In order to ensure simultaneity of normal waveforms of various items printing and normal phase
angle printing, please manual trigger oscillogram record first by select item OSILLOGGRAPHY
before printing.
Normal phase angle printing contents include current phase angle between all sides, voltage
phase angle between all sides, voltage and current phase angle between all sides, current phase
angle after differential current correction, and residual differential current phase angle of all sides.
This function together with normal differential current printing, normal residual current printing,
current and voltage of all sides printing, amplitude of various waveforms calculation, and present
binary input printing are very useful to various tests and checks during commissioning on site.
In order to make it easier to check status of protection binary inputs, the binary status change
report (BINCHANGE REPORT) will be displayed automatically when status of any protection
enabling binary input changes. The LCD will resume its original displaying after 5 s
approximately.
Function of submenu copy settings (COPY SETTING) is to copy settings of present active group
to another setting group. It is convenient to modify settings of the group if needed.
Keys ▲ and ▼ are used to select which kind of the settings to be modified by scrolling the cursor
upward or downward. Press key ◄ or ► to move the cursor to the digit to be modified. Press key
+ and – to modify data. Press key ESC to return back without modification. Pressing key ENT the
LCD will prompt to input confirm code, Press keys +, ◄, ▲ and – in sequence, the modification
will be completed.
Tripping output logic setting can be set on front panel of the equipment. Press key ▲ or ▼and
move the cursor to the item “tripping logic setting”. Press key ◄ and move the cursor to the
beginning of left end. Press key ◄ again and the tripping output logic settings will be expanded
as 16 bits. Press ◄ or ► and move the cursor to the bit which shall be modified. Press key “+”
and “-“ to modify it. Press ENT to confirm the modification or press ESC to cancel it. Then, the
displaying will return to hexadecimal code state.
Connection group of the transformer can be set also on front panel of the equipment. Press key
▲ or ▼and move the cursor to the item “connection mode of transformer”. Press key ◄ and
move the cursor to the beginning of left end. Press key ◄ again and the connection mode code
will be expanded as detail expression. Press ◄ or ► and move the cursor to the bit which shall
be modified. Press key “+” and “-“ to modify it. Press ENT to confirm the modification or press
ESC to cancel it. Then, the displaying will return to decimal code state.
When setting group number or system parameters have been configured, the protection settings
have to be confirmed once again. Otherwise, settings of the new group will be considered
invalid.
Configuration of settings must conform to relevant specification. If one or some wrong settings
are entered, the LCD will display position of the wrong setting for 3 s and then display the first
wrong setting for the operator to modify it.
Active setting group can be changed on front panel of the equipment. Press key “GRP” , the
present setting group number and the new group number will be displayed on LCD. Press key
“+” and “-“ to modify the group number. Press ENT to confirm it and a prompt will be displayed to
enter the password. Enter the password by press keys “+”, ◄, ▲ and ”-“. Press ENT to
confirm and the new group number will become the active one. Press ESC to cancel the operation.
Please note that when the user changes system parameters of the equipment, the protection
settings under all group numbers have to be confirmed once again. Otherwise when active setting
group number is changed, “Settings Invalid” signal will be issued, and the equipment will be
blocked. The correct method of setting group change is setting the system parameters in advance.
They are seldom modified. If they do need to be modified, method mentioned above shall be
followed. Then set protection settings under various group correctly.
Another method of confirmation of protection settings under various groups is confirming these
settings by copy setting function, and do not set system parameters again during modifying setting
process.
Please note that when copy settings method is adopted, active setting group number will be
changed to the new on automatically.
After enter the submenu, the LCD will display current date and time.
Keys ▲, ▼, ◄ and ► are used to select the digit to be modified. Keys + and – are used to
modify it. Press key ESC to return without modification and press key ENT to confirm the
modification and return.
The LCD displays software version of CPU module and MON module as well as creating time of
the software.
l COMM STATUS
This submenu is used to monitor communication condition of the equipment with external system.
Display of this submenu is as follows:
Columns 485A and 485B display communication condition of RS-485 port1 and RS-485 port2
respectively. If communication condition is normal, “Y” will flash in the related position. If there
is flashing “N” in the position, it mean there are some problems. Please check the communication.
“Data received” means the equipment has received data from external system. If “N” flashes
means the circuit is open or no data is sent from external system.
“Frame received” means the equipment has received complete frame from external system. If
“N” flashes means Configuration of the baud rate or protocol is wrong.
“Message received” means the equipment has received related message from external system.
If “N” flashes means Configuration of the address is wrong.
“Send data” means the equipment has sent data to external system. If “N” flashes means there
is problem with the message.
l MEMORY DEBUG
The LCD displays real time value in memory of CPU, DSP1 and DSP2. These data are used
mainly for program debugging.
This submenu is used to modify displaying of connection diagram of the transformer and relevant
data.
In the LCD displaying, side 1 is used as HV side 1 of the transformer; side 2 is used as MV side of
the transformer, side 3 and side 4 are displayed as two branches on LV side of the transformer.
Details about these parameters are as follows:
The user can select connection diagram of the transformer required through these parameters.
Connect RS-232 communication port of the computer and that mounted on left side of front panel
of RCS-978 protection equipment by a cable with DB-9 connectors on both ends. Run the program
DBG-2000. If the connection is correct, the screen will show “RCS-978E3 connected”, see Fig.
7.4.1. Even if the computer is off line, this picture will be still shown but the words about
connection will disappear.
Set the PC com port’s baud rate which is connected with front series port of RCS-978E as
9600bps.
l Software configuration
There are 3 bars on top of the screen, from top to bottom: title bar, menu bar and tool bar, see fig.
7.4.3.
First, click the first button of tool bar parameter, dialog box of communication parameters is
displayed, see Fig. 7.4.4. Only the parameter of [COM port] shall be configured as the port of
computer which is actually connected with the equipment, all other parameters shall be configured
as the same as displayed in Fig. 7.4.4.
The function is used for offline parameter setting. First, input setting parameters and saves it in PC,
then connects PC with the protection equipment, executive “setting transfer” command, and the
settings saved in PC will be transferred to the protection equipment, so most part of the setting
operation can be finished in office instead of in substation.
Here is the procedure to input settings offline. Before connect PC with RCS-978E, run the software
of DBG2000,click on “setting” icon, a popup dialog box will appear which asks user whether or not
to set parameter offline, click “yes” and input “978C” to confirm the relay type and version of the
protection program, then parameter setting interface will appear. The settings displayed first are
default settings, user can replace them with application-specific settings. After modification, save
the settings into a file. When PC is connected with the protection equipment, open the setting file
and transfer setting to protection.
When PC is connecting with RCS-978E, run DBG-2000, the PC screen will display “RCS-978E
connected”, click on “SETTING” icon, then parameter setting interface will appear, the settings
uploaded from RCS-978E will be displayed, user can modify them to application-specific settings.
7.4.4.2 Status
Click button , user can observe real time sampled data and binary inputs status.
7.4.4.3 Report
Click button , entering report view part of the program, choose a report in the table, and click
“report record”, save report data according to following clue on instruction. The data can be used
in the auxiliary analyze software to show us the fault course of power system and the logic
calculation course of RCS-978E again.
Click button , all magnetic latched output relays and signal relays will be reset.
Click button , entering trip test part of the program, click contacts to change the status of
relays displayed, a same operation command to breaker circuit will be issued. This function is
used to test breaker circuit without apply electric quantities to the protection equipment.
The numerical relay based on the microprocessor operations is suitable for implementing this
automatic supervision function of the protection system. The RCS-978 series implements the
automatic supervision function taking advantage of this feature based on the following concept:
Check setting
RCS-978E has sixteen setting groups. The settings of active setting group are checked to ensure
they are reasonable. If the settings are checked to be invalid, equipment is blocked.
Communication monitoring
Equipment has three software modules, which are on CPU module, MON module and HMI module
respectively. There are two communication ways among them, communication between CPU
module and MON module and communication between CPU module and HMI module, which are
monitored to ensure data exchange is in normal condition. If communication fails, equipment will
send alarming signal without being blocked.
DC supply monitoring
DC supply is monitored.
Abnormality information printed or displayed on LCD and trouble shooting are described in
following table.
Mark “*” in the table means all protective functions will be blocked and “#” means only alarm signal
is issued.
LED LED
Information(LCD) Description Suggestion Blocking
“HEALTHY” “ALARM”
1 CPU RAM Failure CPU module RAM damaged. OFF ON Equipment is blocked
2 CPU EPROM Error CPU module flash memory damaged. OFF ON Equipment is blocked
Inform factory for maintenance.
3 CPU Setting Error CPU module EEPROM damaged. OFF ON Equipment is blocked
4 CPU DSP Error CPU module DSP damaged. OFF ON Equipment is blocked
Protection setting has not been modified
5 Settings Invalid after modification of rated secondary Modify protection setting again. OFF ON Equipment is blocked
current.
6 Modify settings In the course of modifying settings No additional actions OFF ON Equipment is blocked
Check if its power circuit is
7 Opt-coupler Power Loss Power supply of opto-coupler lost. OFF ON Equipment is blocked
connected correctly.
8 BinaryOutputModule Alarm Output transistor damaged. Inform factory for maintenance. OFF ON Equipment is blocked
Check connection between
CPU module can not communicate with modules CPU and MON. Check
9 Inner Comm. Alarm ON ON Equipment is not blocked
abnormal.
Chapter 8 Self-monitoring, Metering and Records
128
8.2 Metering
RCS-978E performs continuous measurement of the analogue input quantities. The measurement
data shown below is displayed on the LCD mounted in the front panel of the equipment or on the
local or remote PC.
Equipment samples 24 points per cycle. Calculate the effective value in each interval and LCD will
be updated every 0.5 second. The following system quantities are displayed in effective values on
the secondary side of the CT and VT which can be observed by entering the command menu.
Access path is provided later.
In the figure:
In the figure:
In the figure:
In the figure:
In the figure:
In the figure:
In the figure:
In the figure:
In the figure:
In the figure:
l Calculated angle between phase voltage and phase currents on each side
Fig. 8.2.13 Calculated angle between phase voltage and phase currents on each side
In the figure:
Side1: angles between phase voltages and phase currents on side 1. The values
are angles of UA and IA, UB and IB, UC and IC,
Side2: angles between phase voltages and phase currents on side 2. The values
are similar to side 1.
Side3: angles between phase voltages and phase currents on side 3. The values
are similar to side 1.
Side4: angles between phase voltages and phase currents on side 3. The values
are similar to side 1.
S1 ZS Curr.: angle between calculated residual voltage on side1 and calculated residual
current on side 1.
Ext ZS: angle between calculated residual voltage on side1 and external residual
current on side 1.
S1 ZS Curr.: angle between calculated residual voltage on side2 and calculated residual
current on side 2.
Ext ZS: angle between calculated residual voltage on side2 and external residual
current on side 2.
Fig. 8.2.14 Calculated angle between adjusted phase currents on each side
In the figure:
Side1- Side2: angles between same phase currents on side 1 and side 2.
Side1- Side3: angles between same phase currents on side 1 and side 3.
Side1- Side4: angles between same phase currents on side 1 and side 4.
l Calculated angle between corrected phase currents on each side of common winding
In the figure:
Backup ContactInput
4: 0
Backup ContactInput
3: 0
Backup ContactInput
2: 0
In the figure:
In the figure:
Monitor Comm. Blk: binary input which prohibit the equipment sends protection messages
to remote PC or substation automation system.
Print BinaryInput: print starting button input.
TimePulse Signal: GPS binary input for time adjustment.
Side1 BreakerOff: auxiliary contact of physical off-position 52b of breaker on side 1.
Side2 BreakerOff: auxiliary contact of physical off-position 52b of breaker on side 2.
operates to trip but only equipment fault detector picks up, fault report will record the title of fault
detector.
l Tripping channel
The tripped circuit breaker are also showed.
8.3.3.2 Fault waveform record capacity and information
The equipment can save 8 pieces of fault waveform oscillogram. If a new fault occurs when 8 fault
waveform records have been stored, the oldest will be overwritten by the latest one. The
equipment stores actual samples that are taken at a rate of 24 samples per cycle.
The recording time before fault detector pickup is fixed for 2cycles (40 ms at 50Hz). The recording
time after fault detector pickup is fixed for 6cycles (120 ms at 50Hz) without protection operation. If
there is anyone protection element operates, then the recording time will be prolonged to another
8 cycles (160ms at 50Hz) in order to show continuous 8- cycle waveform after the protection
element operates.
Each fault record consists of oscillograms of following items.
− Differential current waveforms - overall circuit differential current waveform;
− Corrected currents on each side;
− Tripping command;
− Status of binary input.
All binary inputs include disconnectors’ position status, failure binary inputs, protection binary
inputs and other binary inputs are recorded twice. Once at the time when fault detector picks up
and the other after fault detector picks up.
Fault records can be viewed through LCD or by printing. Fault waveform records can be viewed
by printing or through DBG2000 software and waveform software, see the detailed steps in 7.3.
Normal recording is used to view normal operating waveform oscillograms of equipment, which
can only be triggered by manual operation on front panel keypad.
8.3.4.2 Normal recording capacity and information
Equipment can store only 1 piece recoding waveform. If you want to record a new normal
operating waveform, the old one will be overwritten by the new one. The equipment stores actual
samples that are taken at a rate of 24 samples per cycle.
Normal record consists of oscillograms of following items.
− Differential current waveforms - overall circuit differential current waveform and two partial
differential currents waveform;
− Voltage waveforms on each side;
− Current waveforms on each side.
8.3.4.3 View normal recording
Normal recording waveform can be viewed by printing. Please refer to 7.2.1.5 for detail operation
method.
to be continued
continued
to be continued
continued
to be continued
continued
Report is very important for user to judge the correctness of the equipment’s operation.
Chapter 9 Communication
The remote communication can be used for different purposes to enable better access to the
information stored in the relay. Normally, substation automation system (SPA) is used in the
case.
RS-485 data transmission and reception are accomplished over a single twisted pair with transmit
and receive data alternating over the same two wires. Through the use of these port(s),
continuous monitoring and control from a remote computer, SCADA system or substation
automation system is possible.
To minimize errors from noise, the use of shielded twisted pair wire is recommended. Correct
polarity must also be observed.
Both ends of the RS-485 circuit should also be terminated with matching impedance.
l Optical port
The fiber optic communication ports allows for fast and efficient communications between relays.
l Operation elements
FUN INF Content FUN INF Content
195 61 Inst. Diff. Prot. 195 125 Side4 OC Prot. T1
195 62 Percent Diff. Prot. 195 126 Side4 OC Prot. T2
195 69 Side1 Phase A 195 127 Side4 OC Prot. T3
195 70 Side1 Phase B 195 128 Side4 OC Prot. T4
195 71 Side1 Phase C 195 129 Side4 OC Prot. T5
195 87 Inst. ResEarthFault Prot 195 130 Trip Side1 Breaker
195 88 Side1 OC Prot. T11 195 131 Trip Side2 Breaker
195 89 Side1 OC Prot. T12 195 132 Trip Side3 Breaker
195 90 Side1 OC Prot. T21 195 133 Trip Side4 Breaker
195 91 Side1 OC Prot. T22 195 134 Trip Side1 BC
195 92 Side1 OC Prot. T31 195 135 Trip Side2 BC
195 93 Side1 OC Prot. T32 195 136 Trip LVSide BS
195 94 Side1 ROC Prot. T11 195 137 Side2 Phase A
195 95 Side1 ROC Prot. T12 195 138 Side2 Phase B
195 96 Side1 ROC Prot. T21 195 139 Side2 Phase C
197 96 Trip Backup Breaker1 195 140 Side3 Phase A
195 97 Side1 ROC Prot. T22 195 141 Side3 Phase B
197 97 Trip Backup Breaker2 195 142 Side3 Phase C
195 98 Side1 ROC Prot. T31 195 143 Side4 Phase A
195 99 Side1 ROC Prot. T32 195 144 Side4 Phase B
195 100 Side1 Gap OVOC Prot. T1 195 145 Side4 Phase C
195 101 Side1 Gap OVOC Prot. T2 195 146 Diff. Phase A
195 102 ComWind ROC Prot. 195 147 Diff. Phase B
195 103 ComWind OC Prot. 195 148 Diff. Phase C
195 104 Side2 OC Prot. T11 197 149 Trip Backup Breaker3
195 105 Side2 OC Prot. T12 197 150 Trip Backup Breaker4
195 106 Percentage ResEarthFault Prot 197 158 Trip Backup Breaker5
195 107 DPFC Diff. Prot. 197 163 ComWind InvTime ROC Prot
195 108 Side2 OC Prot. T21 203 181 Side2 InvTime ROC Prot.
195 109 Side2 OC Prot. T22 203 182 Side2 InvTime OC Prot.
195 110 Side2 OC Prot. T31 203 183 Side1 InvTime ROC Prot.
195 111 Side2 OC Prot. T32 203 184 Side1 InvTime OC Prot.
195 112 Side2 ROC Prot. T11 195 186 Side3 ROV Prot.
195 113 Side2 ROC Prot. T12 195 187 Side4 ROV Prot.
195 114 Side2 ROC Prot. T21 195 220 Side1 Gap OC Prot. T1
195 115 Side2 ROC Prot. T22 195 221 Side1 Gap OC Prot. T2
195 116 Side2 ROC Prot. T31 195 224 Side1 ROV Prot. T1
195 117 Side2 ROC Prot. T32 195 225 Side1 ROV Prot. T2
195 118 Side2 Gap OVOC Prot. T1 195 226 Side2 Gap OC Prot. T1
195 119 Side2 Gap OVOC Prot. T2 195 227 Side2 Gap OC Prot. T2
195 120 Side3 OC Prot. T1 195 228 Side2 ROV Prot. T1
195 121 Side3 OC Prot. T2 195 229 Side2 ROV Prot. T2
195 122 Side3 OC Prot. T3 195 230 Side1 ROC Prot. T23
195 123 Side3 OC Prot. T4 195 231 Side2 ROC Prot. T23
195 124 Side3 OC Prot. T5
l Self supervision
FUN INF Content FUN INF Content
195 17 ComWind CT Superv. Alarm 195 45 Side2 Cooling Initiation T2
195 18 Side4 CT Superv. Alarm 195 46 Side2 OL Blk OLTC
195 19 Side3 CT Superv. Alarm 195 48 Side3 OverLoad
195 21 Side2 CT Superv. Alarm 195 50 Side3 ROV Alarm
195 22 Side1 CT Superv. Alarm 195 51 Side4 OverLoad
195 23 Diff. Superv. Alarm 195 53 Side4 ROV Alarm
195 24 REF Superv. Alarm 195 54 ComWind Cooling Initiation
195 27 Side1 VT Superv. Alarm 195 55 ComWind ROC Alarm
195 28 Side2 VT Superv. Alarm 195 56 ComWind OverLoad
195 29 Side3 VT Superv. Alarm 195 69 Side1 CompVolt. Pickup
195 30 Side4 VT Superv. Alarm 195 70 Side2 CompVolt. Pickup
195 31 ComWind CT Supervision 195 71 Side3 CompVolt. Pickup
195 32 Side4 CT Supervision 195 72 Side4 CompVolt. Pickup
195 33 Side3 CT Supervision 195 81 Modify Settings
195 34 Side2 CT Supervision 195 82 DSP Error
197 35 Side1 CT Supervision 195 160 LVSide OverLoad
195 36 Side1 OverLoad T1 195 194 RAM Failure
197 37 Side1 OverLoad T2 195 195 EPROM Error
195 38 Side1 Cooling Initiation T1 195 196 Setting Error
195 39 Side1 Cooling Initiation T2 195 200 BinaryOutputModule Alarm
195 40 Side1 OL Blk OLTC 195 202 Opt-coupler Power Loss
195 41 CT Supervision 195 211 Inner Comm. Alarm
195 42 Side2 OverLoad T1 195 214 Defective Pickup
195 43 Side2 OverLoad T2 195 215 Inconsistent Pickup
195 44 Side2 Cooling Initiation T1
l BinaryInput
FUN INF Content FUN INF Content
195 57 Diff. Prot. Contact 195 73 Side4 VT Out of Service
195 58 REF Prot. Contact 195 74 Side3 VT Out of Service
195 59 Side1 OC Prot. Contact 195 75 Side2 VT Out of Service
195 60 Side1 ROC Prot. Contact 195 76 Side1 VT Out of Service
195 63 Side1 Gap Prot. Contact 195 77 Mon DPFC Prot. Pickup
195 64 Side2 OC Prot. Contact 195 78 Mon REF Prot. Pickup
195 65 Side2 ROC Prot. Contact 195 79 Mon Test Trip Pickup
195 66 Side2 Gap Prot. Contact 195 80 Mon Side1 BakProt Pickup
195 67 Side3 OC Prot. Contact 195 83 Mon Side2 BakProt Pickup
195 68 Side4 OC Prot. Contact 195 84 Mon Side3 BakProt Pickup
195 68 Mon ComWind Prot. Pickup 195 85 Mon Side4 BakProt Pickup
195 72 ComWind BakProt. Contact 195 213 Mon Diff. Prot. Pickup
l Disturbance ACC
ACC Content ACC Content
64 Diff Curr Phase A 96 Side2 Gap ZS Curr
65 Diff Curr Phase B 97 Side2 Volt Phase A
66 Diff Curr Phase C 98 Side2 Volt Phase B
67 Diff Side1 Curr Phase A 99 Side2 Volt Phase C
68 Diff Side1 Curr Phase B 100 Side2 ZS Volt
69 Diff Side1 Curr Phase C 101 Side2 Extern ZS Volt
70 Diff Side2 Curr Phase A 102 Side2 NS Volt
71 Diff Side2 Curr Phase B 103 Side3 Curr Phase A
72 Diff Side2 Curr Phase C 104 Side3 Curr Phase B
73 Diff Side3 Curr Phase A 105 Side3 Curr Phase C
74 Diff Side3 Curr Phase B 106 Side3 Volt Phase A
75 Diff Side3 Curr Phase C 107 Side3 Volt Phase B
76 Diff Side4 Curr Phase A 108 Side3 Volt Phase C
77 Diff Side4 Curr Phase B 109 Side3 NS Volt
78 Diff Side4 Curr Phase C 110 Side3 Extern ZS Volt
79 Side1 Curr Phase A 111 Side4 Curr Phase A
80 Side1 Curr Phase B 112 Side4 Curr Phase B
81 Side1 Curr Phase C 113 Side4 Curr Phase C
82 Side1 ZS Curr 114 Side4 Volt Phase A
83 Side1 Extern ZS Curr 115 Side4 Volt Phase B
84 Side1 Gap ZS Curr 116 Side4 Volt Phase C
85 Side1 Volt Phase A 117 Side4 NS Volt
86 Side1 Volt Phase B 118 Side4 Extern ZS Volt
87 Side1 Volt Phase C 119 REF Curr
88 Side1 ZS Volt 120 REF Side1 Curr
89 Side1 Extern ZS Volt 121 REF Side2 Curr
90 Side1 NS Volt 122 REF ComWind Curr
91 Side2 Curr Phase A 123 ComWind Curr Phase A
92 Side2 Curr Phase B 124 ComWind Curr Phase B
93 Side2 Curr Phase C 125 ComWind Curr Phase C
94 Side2 ZS Curr 126 ComWind ZS Curr
95 Side2 Extern ZS Curr 127 Neutral ZS Curr
l Generic service
Group Group head Group Group head
1 Equipment Settings 7 Side2 BakProt Settings2
2 System Settings 8 Side3 BakProt Settings
3 MainProt Settings 9 Side4 BakProt Settings
4 Side1 BakProt Settings1 10 ComSide BakProt Settings
5 Side1 BakProt Settings2 25 Active Group
6 Side2 BakProt Settings1 26 Equipment Measure
When communicating locally with a PC using the rear series port, a special connection line is
necessary which is provided by manufacture of the equipment.
There are two parameters need to be set in RCS-978E for communication with printer, [Printer
Baud Rate] and [Automatic Print Option], the former decides the communication speed and the
later decides the printer’s activating way. Please refer to chapter 6 for details.
When communicating locally with printer in the station using the front series port, hardwares
needed are:
The clock function (calendar clock) is used for time-tagging for the following purposes:
− event records;
− disturbance records;
− fault records;
− metering;
− automatic supervision;
− display of the system quantities in LCD;
− display of the fault records in LCD;
− display of the automatic monitoring results in LCD.
When the relay is connected with the GPS clock, all the relay clocks are synchronized with the
external time standard. There are two ways to adjust the relay clock:
10.1 Installation
Components mounted on the front panel include a 240×128 dot matrix LCD, 9 buttons and 3 LED
indicators of operation, alarm and tripping. A CPU for human-machine-interface (HMI) is also
mounted on it.
RCS-978E is made of a single layer 8U height 19” chassis with 15 connectors on its rear panel.
Fig. 10.2.1 shows dimensions of RCS-978E for reference in mounting.
285
RCS-978
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
运行
报警
跳闸
TV2
UAM
AC voltage Circuit
A 1 2 7B10 A
UBM
RCS-978C
3 1 ZK K2 4 7B12 B
UCM S2
B
5 6 7B14 C
UNM
7B16 N
C 3U 0N
7B17
3U0 3U0
N 7B15
TV3
U AL
A 1 2 7B18 A
U BL
3 1 Z KK 3 4 7B20 B
B
U CL
5 6 7B22 C
U NL S3
7B24 N
C 3 U0N
7B21
3 U0 3U0
N 7B19
TV 3
UAL
A 1 2 7B27 A
UBL
3 1 ZK K 3 4 7B28 B
UCL
B 5 6 7B29 C
UNL S4
7B30 N
C 3 U 0N
7B25
3U0 3U0
N 7B23
In the figure:
TA1
IAS1
A 8B2
IBS1
B 8B4
ICS1
C 8B6
INS1 SIDE 1
N 8B1
8B3
TA2 8B5
IAS2 8B8
A
IBS2
B 8B10
ICS2
C 8B12 SIDE 2
INS2 8B7
N
8B9
TA3 8B11
AC CURRENT CIRCUIT
I AS3
A 8B14
I BS3
B 8B16
RCS-978E
I CS3
C 8B18
I NS3 SIDE 3
N 8B13
8B15
TA4 8B17
IAS4
A 8C2
B IBS4
ICS4 8C4
C 8C6
INS4 SIDE 4
N 8C1
8C3
TA5 8C5
IACW 8C8
A
IBCW 8C10
B
ICCW 8C12 common
C
N INCW 8C7 winding
8C9
8C11
TA7
I01GapN 8C13
0 Gap ZS
I 01Gap
N 8C14 Curr. of
side1
TA9
I02GapN
0 8C15
I02Gap Gap ZS
N 8C16
Curr. of
AC CURRENT CIRCUIT
TA1 side2
0 I 0cwN
0 8C17
I0cw
RCS-978E
N 8C18 ZS CURR .
OF CW
TA6
0 I 01N 7C8
I01 ZS CURR .
N 7C7
OF side 1
TA8
I02N
0 7C10
I02
N 7C9 ZS CURR .
OF side 2
10.3 Checkout
Test personnel must be familiar with general relay test practices and safety precautions to avoid
personal injuries or equipment damage.
The following tests are necessary to ensure the equipment’s normal operation before the
equipment is first put into use.
− Hardware tests
These tests are performed for the following hardware to ensure that there is no hardware
defect. Defects of hardware circuits other than the following can be detected by
self-monitoring when the DC power is supplied.
− User interfaces test
− Binary input circuits and output circuits test
− AC input circuits test
− Function tests
These tests are performed for the following functions that are fully software-based. Tests
of the protection schemes and fault locator require a dynamic test set.
− Measuring elements test
− Timers test
− Metering and recording test
− Conjunctive tests
The tests are performed after the relay is connected with the primary equipment and other
external equipment.
− On load test
− Phase sequence check and polarity check.
1) The relay rack is provided with a grounding terminal. Before starting the work, always
ensure that the relay rack is grounded.
2) Before checking the interior of the relay, be sure to turn off the power.
Note: Failure to observe any of the precautions above may cause electric shock or malfunction.
3) When the power is on, do not connect/disconnect any cable with the equipment.
4) When the power is on, do not mount/dismount the PCB.
5) Before turning on the power, check and ensure that the polarity and voltage of the power
supply are correct.
10.3.3 Preparations
Note: Modern test equipment may contain many of the above features in one unit.
Optional equipment:
− An electronic or brushless insulation tester with a DC output not exceeding 500 V (for
insulation resistance test when required);
− A personal PC, with DBG2000 and RCS-232 binary input wire;
− A printer.
10.3.3.2 Relay settings
Before starting the tests, it must be specified whether the tests will use the user’s settings or
the default settings. For the default settings, we can get it through the DBG-2000 assistant
software, and the use method is mentioned in chapter 7.
10.3.3.3 Visual inspection
After unpacking the product, check for any damage to the relay case. If there is any damage, the
internal module might also have been affected, contact the vendor. Following items listed is
necessary.
− Protection panel
Carefully examine the protection panel, protection equipment inside and other parts inside to
see that no physical damage has occurred since installation.
The rated information of other auxiliary protections should be checked to ensure it is correct
for the particular installation.
− Panel wiring
Check the conducting wire used in the panel to assure that their cross section meet the
requirement.
Carefully examine the wiring to see that they are no connection failure exists.
− Label
Check all the isolator binary inputs, terminal blocks, indicators, switches and push buttons to
make sure that their labels meet the requirements of this project.
Check each plugin module of the equipments on the panel to make sure that they are well
installed into the equipment without any screw loosened.
− Earthing cable
Check whether the earthing cable from the panel terminal block is safely screwed to the panel
steel sheet.
Check whether all the switches, equipment keypad, isolator binary inputs and push buttons
work normally and smoothly.
10.3.3.4 Local PC
When using a local PC, connect it with the relay via the RS-232 port on the front of the equipment.
DBG-2000 software is required to run the PC. For the details, refer to Appendix B.
This test ensures that the LCD, LEDs and keys function correctly.
l LCD display
Only apply the rated DC voltage and check whether the LCD displays normal operation status
report as mentioned former. If there is a failure, i.e. VT fail because of not applying voltage, the
LCD displays failure report. If the LCD displays failure report, press the ECS key for 1 second and
the LCD will return to normal operation status report.
l LED indicator
Apply the rated DC voltage and check that the "HEALTHY" LED is lighting in green. We need to
emphasize that the "HEALTHY" LED is always lighting in operation course except that the
equipment find serious problems listed in chapter 8.
l Keypad
Press “ESC” key and enter the command menu. Do some jobs to ensure that all buttons are in
good condition.
Check the connections to the binary inputs so that both input levels and polarity are in accordance
with terminal specifications. Check whether all the switches, equipment keypad, isolator binary
inputs and push buttons work normally and smoothly.
Press “SIG RESET” button in the front of the rack, the tripping LED can be reset if it is lighting and
the contents displayed in LCD will not change until pressing time is over one second.
Press “Print” button in front of the rack, the LCD displays “printing” if the printer is connected with
equipment correctly and the relevant parameters are set. If the printer doesn’t exist or it haven’t
been connected with equipment correctly or the relevant parameters are not set correctly, the LCD
will return to the contents before “printing” after a short time delay.
For single equipment, we should connect the optical power with DC before binary input test, they
are 4B17-2B29 for 24 V positive pole and 4B16-2B30 for 24 V negative pole.
We can observe the changing status in “SWITCH INPUT” command menu to make sure whether
they are all right when we open or close the contacts in turns. The functionality binary inputs are
listed in below table.
Note: The equipment will generate switch input report and display it in LCD. After about 5 second, the
report displaying in LCD will return to normal display.
The binary input listed below are energized by the same as power supply of relay 4B25 as positive
pole.
External strong power switch input
Switch input
No. Equipment terminal Rack terminal CPU status MON status
signal
1 4B17-4B12 Monitor Comm. Blk
2 4B17-4B13 Print BinaryInput
3 4B17-4B14 Time Pulse Signal
4 4B25-4B21 Side1 BreakerOff
This test should only be performed where the protection is to be accessed from a remote location
and will vary depending on the communications standard being adopted.
It is not the intention of the test to verify the operation of the complete system from the relay to the
remote location, just the protection’s rear communications port and any protocol converter
necessary.
l Local communications
Ensure that the RS-232 wire link the RS-232 port in front panel of the RCS-978 and the PC
computer, and the communication baud rate in DBG2000 must be set as “ 9600 ”.
Check that communications can be established with this protection using the personal PC.
l Remote communication
This test is to check the status of communications between RCS-978 and the engineers
workstation in substation automation system if it is applicable. Before test, the communication
baud rate in RCS-978 must be set as “4800-57600 ” depends on substation automation system,
and the protection’s ‘Device Comm. Addr.’ must be set to a value between 1 and 254.
In the menu of ‘DEBUG’->’Comm. STATUS’ on the LCD display, “485A” or “485B” indicates the
communication status of RS-485 port1 or port2, and if ‘Valid Frame’ is ‘N’, it indicates the setting
error of baud rate or protocol while if “Valid Address” is “N”, it means the communication address is
set wrongly. If ”Send Data” is ”N” , that means datagram sent from the equipment is wrong. If all
those status is ‘Y’, it means communication is established successfully.
This test verifies that the accuracy of voltage measurement is within the acceptable tolerances.
This test can be performed by applying rated voltage to each voltage transformer input of the
RCS-978 in turn and check its magnitude by using a multimeter.
The corresponding reading can then be checked either in the protection’s CPU SAMPLE column
or a personal computer connected to the front communication port with software DBG2000.
The measured voltage values on the protection LCD or a personal PC connected to the front
communication port will be in secondary volts.
The measurement accuracy of the protection is ±1%. However, an additional allowance must be
made for the accuracy of the test equipment being used.
This test can be performed by applying the checking voltages to the AC input circuits and verifying
that the values applied coincide with the values displayed on the LCD screen.
The test circuit for RCS-978 series is shown in Fig. 10.3.1. A micro-computer based tester which
can provide three-phase voltage at least is required. The below is an example of HV side voltage
test.
RCS-978C AC module
UAs1
A 1 2 7B2 A
U a∠ 0o UBs1
3 1ZKK1 4 7B4 B
B UCs1 S1
5 6 7B6 C
U b ∠ − 120 o UNs1
7B8 N
C 3U0Ns1
7B13
U c ∠ 120 o 3U0s1 3U0
N 7B11
N
U 0 ∠0 o
0
tester
UAs2
AC voltage Circuit
A 1 2 7B10 A
U a∠0 o UBs2
RCS-978C
3 1ZKK2 4 7B12 B
UCs2 S2
B
5 6 7B14 C
U b ∠ − 120 o
UNs2
7B16 N
C 3U0Ns2
7B17
U c ∠ 120 o 3U0s2 3U0
N 7B15
N
U 0 ∠0 o
tester
UAs3
A 1 2 7B18 A
U a∠ 0o UBs3
3 1ZKK3 4 7B20 B
UCs3
B 5 6 7B22 C
UNs3 S3
U b ∠ − 120 o
7B24 N
C 3U0Ns3
7B21
U c ∠ 120 o 3U0s3 3U0
N 7B19
N
U 0 ∠0 o
tester
UAs4
A 1 2 7B27 A
U a∠0 o UBs4
3 1ZKK3 4 7B28 B
B UCs4
5 6 7B29 C
UNs4 S4
U b ∠ − 120 o
7B30 N
C 3U0Ns4
7B25
U c ∠ 120 o 3U0s4
3U0
N 7B23
N
U 0 ∠0 o
tester
Inject three-phase voltages (the reference value is provided in the following test table) into HV side,
MV side and LV side voltage channel respectively, and verify that the values applied coincide with
the values displayed on the LCD screen. Of course, we should enter the “STATUS” command
menu and then “CPUVALUE” and “MONVALUE” command submenu first, and observe the values
in these two command submenus. Not only magnitude, but also phase angle are all our
concerned.
30V
5 Side1 ZS voltage 100V
180V
30V
6 Side2 ZS voltage 100V
180V
10V
7 Side3 ZS voltage 50V
100V
10V
8 Side4 ZS voltage 50V
100V
Single earthing but not multi-earthing of VT circuit can ensure the correctness of protection relay’s
calculation of system fault.
That the VT’s value displayed in LCD must be in agreement with real power system verifies the
correctness of VT circuit and the equipment’s VT input channel.
This test verifies that the accuracy of current measurement is within the acceptable tolerances.
This test can be performed by applying the checking currents to the AC input circuits and verifying
that the values applied coincide with the values displayed on the LCD screen.
The corresponding reading can then be checked either in the protection’s CPU SAMPLE column
or a personal computer connected to the front communication port with software DBG2000.
The measured current values displayed on the protection LCD or a personal PC connected to the
front communication port will be in secondary Amperes.
The measurement accuracy of the protection is ± 1%. However, an additional allowance must be
made for the accuracy of the test equipment being used.
The test circuit for RCS-978 series is shown in Fig. 10.3.2. A micro-computer based tester which
can provide three-phase current at least is required. We don’t need to care the protection
equipment’s response to the injected current, such as alarming or tripping and etc..
IAS1
A 8B2
IBS1
B 8B4
ICS1
C 8B6
INS1 SIDE 1
N 8B1
TESTER 8B3
8B5
IAS2 8B8
A
IBS2
B 8B10
ICS2
C 8B12 SIDE 2
N INS2 8B7
TESTER 8B9
8B11
AC CURRENT CIRCUIT
I AS1
A 8B14
I BS3
B 8B16
RCS-978E
I CS3
C 8B18
I NS3 SIDE 3
N 8B13
TESTER 8B15
IAS4 8B17
A 8C2
IBS4
B ICS4 8C4
C 8C6
INS4 SIDE 4
N 8C1
TESTER 8C3
8C5
IACW 8C8
A
IBCW 8C10
B
ICCW 8C12 common
C
N INCW 8C7 winding
TESTER 8C9
8C11
N I01GapN 8C13
I01Gap Gap ZS
0 8C14 Curr. of
TESTER
side1
N I02GapN
8C15
I02Gap Gap ZS
0 8C16
TESTER Curr. of
AC CURRENT CIRCUIT
side2
N I0cwN 8C17
I0cw
RCS-978E
0 8C18 ZS CURR .
TESTER
OF CW
N I01N 7C8
I01 ZS CURR .
0 7C7
TESTER OF side 1
N I02N
7C10
I02
0 7C9 ZS CURR .
TESTER
OF side 2
Inject three-phase current (the reference value is provided in the following test table) into HV side,
MV side and LV side current channel respectively, and verify that the values applied coincide with
the values displayed on the LCD screen. Of course, we should enter the “status” command menu
and then “CPU” and “MON” command sub menu first, and observe the values in these two
command submenus. Not only magnitude, not also phase angle are all our concerned.
Caution: To avoid damage the equipment, we can’t inject a huge value current (such as 4In or
more) to the equipment for long time. We suggest that the time in huge current
condition should not over 3 second everytime.
That the CT’s value displayed in LCD must be in agreement with real power system verifies the
correctness of CT circuit and the equipment’s CT input channel.
Note: If the load current is less than 0.5In, the phase angle calculated in the protection equipment
and displayed in the LCD may not be correct. It doesn’t matter because that the phase angle
hasn’t any relation with protective functions. We can print normal record oscillograms which
can shows the latest five cycles’ voltage and current and it can help us to find out whether the
polarity of voltage and current is right.
This test can be combined with function test. Be care of the coherence of tripping result and
its tripping matrix.
l Alarming and Blocking contacts BSJ check
The equipment will block itself and turn off the “HEALTHY” LED when it finds hardware fault or loss
of power, at the same time send out blocking signal BSJ. So the simple check method of this
function is to turn off power and check the BSJ contact.
The equipment will send alarming messages and light “alarming” LED when it finds such failures
as “longtime starting”, “mismatch starting”, “communication failure inside”, “CT circuit failure”, “VT
circuit failure” etc., at the same time it will send out alarming signal BJJ. So the simple check
method of this function is to “produce” failures for the equipment without damaging it. Detail test
method can be found in function test part.
Whenever one of the protection element operate and send out tripping command, the tripping
signal LED will be lit, and tripping signal relay also will pick up. “Tripping” LED and local signal
contacts latched by magnetic will remain closed until someone reset it by pushing “SIG RESET”
button in the front panel of the equipment, or pushing “SIG RESET” button in the front of the rack,
or remotely by SAS/SCADA system. Test method is provided in function test part.
Test method is introduced in function test part. Tripping matrix setting is described in chapter 6.
Tripping contacts
Terminals in Terminals Yes or NO
No. Tripping contacts
equipment in rack
1A02-1A04
1A06-1A08
1 Trip spare 3
1A10-1A12
1A14-1A16
1A18-1A20
2 Trip spare 4
1A22-1A24
1A26-1A28
1B2-1B4
3 Trip spare 5
1B6-1B8
1B10-1B12
1A03-1A05
1A07-1A09
4 Trip CB on side 1
1A11-1A13
1A15-1A17
1A19-1A21
1A23-1A25
5 Trip CB on side 2
1A27-1A29
1B01-1B03
6 Trip CB on side 3 1B17-1B19
7 Trip CB on side 4 1B21-1B23
1B5-1B7
8 Trip CB of bus coupler on side 1 1B9-1B11
1B13-1B15
9 Trip CB of bus coupler on side 2 1B29-1B30
10 Trip CB of bus section on side 3, 4 1B25-1B27
1B14-1B16
11 Spare 1
1B18-1B20
1B22-1B24
12 Trip CB of bus coupler on side 1
1B26-1B28
Parameter setting:
[Trans. Capa. IntPart]=180 MVA {power system parameter}
[Trans. Capa. DecPart]= 0 MVA {power system parameter}
[rated frequency]= 50 Hz {power system parameter}
[Ct Sec. Trated Curr.]= 5A {power system parameter}
[Side1 System Volt.]=220 kV ` {power system parameter}
[Side2 System Volt.]=110 kV {power system parameter}
[Side3 System Volt.]=10 kV {power system parameter}
[Side4 System Volt.]=10 kV {power system parameter}
[Side1 CT1 Pri. RatedCurr]=1000 {parameter of main protection}
[Side2 CT1 Pri. RatedCurr]=2000 {parameter of main protection}
[Side3 CT1 Pri. RatedCurr]=10000 {parameter of main protection}
[Side4 CT1 Pri. RatedCurr]=10000 {parameter of main protection}
[Diff. Pickup Curr.]=0.3Ie {parameter of main protection}
[Diff. Stabilizing Factor]=0.5 {parameter of main protection}
[2nd Harm Stab. Factor]=0.15 {parameter of main protection}
[3rd Harm Stab. Factor]=0.2 {parameter of main protection}
[Inst. Diff. Curr.] =4 Ie {parameter of main protection}
[Trans. Connection Mode]=2 {parameter of main protection}
Logic setting:
[Enable Diff. Protection]=1 {power system parameter}
[Ct Superv. BLK Diff]=0 {parameter of main protection}
[Inrush Blk Diff.]=0 {parameter of main protection}
[Diff. Prot. TripMatrix]=FIFTH {parameter of main protection}
[Enable Inst. Diff. Prot.]=1 {parameter of main protection}
The aim of configuration of instantaneous differential protection for transformer is to accelerate the
trip speed in transformer’s inner fault. So the element does not need any block element, but the
settings should be greater than maximum inrush current.
The following figure shows the connection way of injecting current on side 1. Similarly, the
current can be injected from side 2, side 3 and side 4.
IAS1
A 8B 2
IBS1
B 8B 4
C ICS1
8B 6
N INS1 S ID E1
8B 1
tes te r
8B 3
8B 5
IAS2 8B 8
A
B IBS2
8B 10
C ICS2
8B 12
N INS2 S ID E2
8B 7
8B 9
8B 11
AC CURRENT CIRCUIT
I A S3
A 8B 14
B I B S3
8B 16 RCS-978E
C I C S3
8B 18
N I N S3 S ID E3
8B1 3
8B 15
I AS 4 8B 17
A 8 C2
B I BS 4
I CS 4 8 C4
C 8 C6
N I NS 4 S ID E4
8 C1
8 C3
8 C5
I A CW 8 C8
I B CW 8C 10
I C CW 8C 12 c om mon
I N CW 8 C7 wi nd ing
8 C9
8C 11
Sn 180 1000
I e2 = nLH = = 2.362 A
3U1n 3 * 220 5
3) Calculate the setting quantity
I = 2.362 * 4 = 9.448 A
4) Inject current according to setting
Inject 1.05 times standard current into the relay, the LCD “TRIP” will light and the screen will
show “Inst. Diff. Prot.” operation report.
Inject 0.95 times standard current into the relay, the LCD “TRIP” will not light and the screen
will only display “start”
The function of percentage differential protection is to react to all kinds of transformer inner fault
quickly; because of its high sensitivity, it may be influenced by many factors, such as CT saturation
conditions, transformer overexcited conditions, inrush current conditions etc. To avoid
maloperation result from these factors, it must be blocked by accessorial criterion, such as
harmonics.
Connection group of a transformer will influence the test method of differential protection. The
following contents give two methods according to the current channels that a tester can provide.
Based on wye-wye-12 connection group or wye-delta-11 connection group, 6 currents method and
3 currents method are described later in detail.
l 6 currents method
I A S1 8B2
A
B I B S1
8B4
C I C S1
8B6
N I N S1 8B1 SIDE1
8B3
8B5
I A S2 8B8
A
B I B S2 8B10
C I C S2 8B12
I N S2 SIDE2
N 8B7
8B9
tester 8B11
AC CURRENT CIRCUIT
I AS 3 8B14
I BS 3
8B16
RCS-978E
I CS 3 8B18
I NS 3 SIDE3
8B13
8B15
8B17
I AS4 8C2
I BS4
8C4
I CS4
8C6
I NS4 8C1 SIDE4
8C3
8C5
IACW 8C8
IBCW 8C10
ICCW 8C12 common
INCW 8C7 winding
8C9
8C11
Sn 180 1000
I e 2 HV = nLH = = 2.362 A
3U1n 3 * 220 5
Sn 180 2000
I e 2 MV = nLH = = 2.362 A
3U1n 3 * 110 5
The above calculation result tells us when 2.362 A current is injected into HV side, we must
injected 2.362 A into MV side to keep differential current balance. The two currents are all equal to
1 Ie to respective side. Here, the HV current must be same phase angle with MV current.
Inject three-phase symmetrical currents on HV side and MV side respectively to keep balance and
keep one fixed, change the phase angle of the other simultaneously from balance condition till the
differential current protection operates, note the differential current and restraint current at the
operated time, calculate restraint coefficient and compare the calculation result with the setting
[Diff. Stabilizing Factor], and get error value. The calculation formula is provided below.
By adjusting the quantity of current of injected, we get differential operation point which belongs to
different slope, then the whole characteristic curve is finished.
In this test item, we can check tripping output contacts and tripping signal contacts by checking if
the contacts close just at the moment of differential protection operates. In fact, these contacts can
be checked in any protection function test. Of course, that which contact will close depends on
how to set its tripping matrix.
IAS1 8B2
A
B IBS1
8B4
C ICS1
8B6
N INS1 8B1 SIDE1
8B3
8B5
IAS2 8B8
IBS2 8B10
ICS2 8B12
INS2 SIDE2
8B7
8B9
8B11
AC CURRENT CIRCUIT
IAS3 8B14
A
B IBS3
8B16
RCS-978E
C ICS3
8B18
N INS3 SIDE3
8B13
8B15
tester 8B17
IAS4
8C2
IBS4
8C4
ICS4
8C6
INS4 8C1 SIDE4
8C3
8C5
I AC W 8C8
I BC W 8C10
I CC W 8C12 common
I NC W 8C7 winding
8C9
8C11
Sn 180 1000
I e 2 HV = nLH = = 2.362 A
3U1n 3 * 220 5
Sn 180 10000
I e 2 LV = nLH = = 5.196 A
3U1n 3 *10 5
The above calculation result tells us when 2.362 A current is injected into HV side, considering the
connection group coefficient, we must injected 3 × 5.196 = 9A into LV side to keep differential
current balance. The two currents are all equal to Ie to respective side. Here, the HV current is
leading to LV current 150°.
Inject three-phase symmetrical currents on HV side and MV side respectively to keep balance and
keep one fixed, change the phase angle of the other simultaneously from balance condition till the
differential current protection operates, note the differential current and restraint current at the
operating time, calculate restraint coefficient and compare the calculation result with the setting
[Diff. Stabilizing Factor], and get error value. The calculation formula is same to wye-wye
connection.
By adjusting the quantity or phase angle of current injected, we get differential operation point
which belongs to different slope, then the whole characteristic curve is finished.
l 3 currents method
I AS1
8B2
I BS1
8B4
A I CS1
8B6
B I NS1 SIDE1
8B1
C
N 8B3
8B5
I AS2 8B8
I BS2
tester 8B10
I CS2 8B12
I NS2 SIDE2
8B7
8B9
8B11
AC CURRENT CIRCUIT
I AS1
8B14
I BS3
8B16
RCS-978E
I CS3
8B18
I NS3 SIDE3
8B13
8B15
8B17
IAS4
8C2
IBS4
8C4
ICS4
8C6
INS4 SIDE4
8C1
8C3
8C5
I A CW 8C8
I B CW 8C10
I C CW 8C12 common
I N CW 8C7 winding
8C9
8C11
Inject single phase current on HV side and MV side respectively to keep balance, keep one fixed,
change the phase angle of the other simultaneously from balance condition till the differential
current protection operates, note the differential current and restraint current at the operating time,
calculate restraint coefficient and compare the calculation result with the setting [Diff. Stabilizing
Factor], and get error value. The calculation formula is same to that of 6-current method.
By adjusting the quantity of current of injected, we get differential operation point which belongs to
different slope, then the whole characteristic curve is finished.
Note: Although inject single phase current from tester into one side, due to special connection way,
the equipment feel two phase currents, so two phase differential current element will operate
when operation condition is satisfied. Injecting two phases currents into wye side is to eliminate
the influence of I0. (Refer to differential protection theory part in chapter 3 ).
Although inject single phase current from tester into one side, due to special connection way, the
equipment feel two phase currents, so two phase differential current element will operate when
operation condition is satisfied. Injecting two phases currents into wye side is to eliminate the
influence of I0. (Refer to differential protection theory part in chapter 3 ).
I AS1 8B2
I BS1
8B4
A I CS1
8B6
B I NS1 SIDE1
8B1
C
N 8B3
8B5
I AS2 8B8
I BS2 8B10
tester I CS2 8B12
I NS2 SIDE2
8B7
8B9
8B11
AC CURRENT CIRCUIT
I A S1 8B14
I B S3
8B16
RCS-978E
I C S3 8B18
I N S3 SIDE3
8B13
8B15
8B17
I AS4
8C2
I BS4
8C4
I CS4
8C6
I NS4 8C1 SIDE4
8C3
8C5
I ACW 8C8
I BCW 8C10
I CCW 8C12 common
I NCW 8C7 winding
8C9
8C11
Fig. 10.4.5 Current method used between wye side and delta side
Inject single phase current on HV side and LV side respectively to keep balance, keep one fixed,
change the phase angle of the other simultaneously from balance condition till the differential
current protection operates, note the differential current and restraint current at the operating time,
calculate restraint coefficient and compare the calculation result with the setting [Diff. Stabilizing
Factor], and get error value. The calculation formula is same to that of 6-current method.
By adjusting the quantity of current of injected, we get differential operation point which belongs to
different slope, then the whole characteristic curve is finished.
Note: Although inject single phase current from tester into one side, due to special connection way,
the equipment feel two phase currents, so two phase differential current elements will operate
when operation condition is satisfied. Injecting two phases currents into wye side is to
eliminate the influence of I0 on wye side. (Refer to differential protection theory part in chapter
3)
Generally, at least six points should be found to get three slope characteristic curve of differential
protection.
Inject single phase fundamental current greater than the pickup setting of differential protection
[Diff. Pickup Curr.] and a 2nd harmonic current of about 20 % (Suppose the restraint coefficient
of second harmonics setting [2nd Harm. Stab. Factor] is 0.15) on any of three sides. If setting
[Inrush Blk Diff] is set as “0”, the differential protective function shall be blocked by the second
harmonic blocking element. Decreasing 2nd harmonics slowly down to below the setting,
differential protection will operate.
Inject single phase fundamental current greater than the pickup setting of differential protection
[Diff. Pickup Curr.] and a 3rd harmonic current of about 25% (Suppose the restraint coefficient of
third harmonics setting [3rd Harm. Stab. Factor] is 0.2) on any of three sides. If setting [Inrush
Blk Diff] is set as “0”, the differential protection function shall be blocked by the third harmonic
blocking element. Decreasing 3rd harmonics slowly down to below the setting, differential
protection will operate.
Note: In this test, parameter [Disable Adaptive Infush Threshold] in equipment parameters table
should be set as “1”.
Inject single phase fundamental current greater than the pickup setting of differential protection
[Diff. Pickup Curr.] and a 5th harmonic current of about 40% (because of fixed 35% restraint
coefficient) on any of three sides. The differential protection function shall be blocked by the fifth
harmonic blocking element due to the blocking function is always enabled in differential protection
logic. Decreasing 5th harmonics slowly down to below the fixed setting, differential protection will
operate.
l Setting preparation
In addition to the parameter list at the beginning of differential protective function test, we still need
set [CT Superv. Blk Diff] to finish this logic.
As described in chapter 3, if [CT Superv. Blk Diff] is set as “0”, the percentage differential
protection, residual differential protection and common-and-serial-windings differential protection
will not be blocked by CT circuit failure.
If [CT Superv. Blk Diff] is set as “1”, these protective elements will be blocked except the
percentage differential protection expressed by (3-3-7).
If [CT Superv. Blk Diff] is set as “2”, the percentage differential protection, residual differential
protection and common-and-serial-windings differential protection will be blocked by CT circuit
failure without exception.
No matter what [CT Superv. Blk Diff] is, the DPFC percentage differential relay is always blocked
by CT circuit failure.
l Test method
Inject currents on two side and keep them balance according to the method mentioned in 10.4.2.2.
The current should be greater than the setting [Diff. Pickup Curr.] or greater than 1.2Ie which
depends on how [CT Superv. Blk Diff] is set.
Decrease one of the two current to zero suddenly, then the differential current and restraint current
will satisfy the differential protection operation equation, but the differential protection will not send
out tripping command. That is the result of CT blocking logic.
1) Connect the tester for single-phase current injection to the appropriate terminals and
symmetrical 3-phase voltages to the appropriate voltage terminals.
2) Set the parameter [Roc Zeon n Blk By Direction ] as 1.
3) Set the fault phase voltage to 30V and set the injection fault phase current to lag the residual
voltage by an angle equal to the set relay characteristic angle if system directional function is
selected (the parameter [Roc Direction Option] is set as “0”). If reverse directional function
is selected (the parameter [Roc Direction Option] is set as “1”), set the angle of the injection
current by adding 180 degrees.
4) Increase the current in fault phase and note the operating value of the low set stage.
5) Decrease the current slowly and note the dropout value.
6) Block the high set stage by setting the tripping matrix of the high set stage if the injection
current will activate the high set stage when testing the low set stage according to below.
7) Connect a trip output contact to the timer.
8) Set the current to 120% of the operate value of the low set stage, switch on the current and
check the time delay. For inverse time curves, check the minimum operate time at a current
equal to 110% of the operate current.
9) Check that all trip and start contacts operate according to the tripping output logic setting.
10) Reverse the direction of the injection current and check that the protection does not operate.
11) Check that the protection does not operate when the residual voltage is zero.
12) Remove the blocking of the high set stage and check the operating, dropout value and the
time delay for this stage in the same way as for the low set stage.
13) Finally check that start and trip information is stored in the Event menu.
Check in principle as instructed above, without applying any residual voltage. At the same time,
parameter [Roc Zeon n Blk By Direction] is set as “0”.
Sometimes, the primary current is not big enough to the equipment to calculate angles correctly.
At this time, the PRESENT OSCILLOG (present waveform printing) function can help user to
judge the correctness of polarity of voltages and currents. This function together with normal
differential current printing, normal residual current printing, current and voltage of all sides printing,
amplitude of various waveforms calculation, and present binary input printing are very useful to
various tests and checks during commissioning on site.
Note: For assuring the precision of calculated angles, the angles value is only displayed correctly
when the current is more than 0.1In and the voltage is more than 0.05Un, otherwise they will be
displayed as a random value.
The following procedure must be adhered to when putting the relay into service after finishing
commissioning or maintenance tests.
transformer side 2
18 rated voltage of residual VT3 secondary circuit on
S3 ZS VT3 Sec. Rated Volt.
transformer side 3
19 rated voltage of residual VT4 secondary circuit on
S4 ZS VT4 Sec. Rated Volt.
transformer side 4
20 primary voltage of PT1 on side 1 S1 VT1 Pri. Rated Volt.
21 primary voltage of PT2 on side 2 S2 VT2 Pri. Rated Volt.
22 primary voltage of PT3 on side 3 S3 VT3 Pri. Rated Volt.
23 primary voltage of PT4 on side 4 S3 VT3 Pri. Rated Volt.
24 primary voltage on side 1 Side1 System Volt.
25 primary voltage on side 2 Side2 System Volt.
26 primary voltage on side 3 Side3 System Volt.
27 primary voltage on side 4 Side4 System Volt.
28 connection mode of transformer Trans. Connection Mode
Logic settings
29 main protection enabled Enable Diff. Protection
30 backup protection on side 1 enabled Enable Side1 BakProt
31 backup protection on side 2 enabled Enable Side2 BakProt
32 backup protection on side 3 enabled Enable Side3 BakProt
33 backup protection on side 4 enabled Enable Side4 BakProt
34 backup protection of common winding enabled Enable ComWind BakProt
B.1 General
DBG2000 configuration and test program (user version) is developed for the user to configure, test
and maintain RCS-978 series transformer protection equipment on site. It comprises four parts:
sampled value display, settings reading and modification, report process and trip test. For
RCS-978E, these four parts correspond to 4 files 978x3_status, 978x3_set, 978x3_rpt and
978x3_tst respectively and are described hereinafter (X represent the special type the protection
program, for example, RCS-978E, here, x represent E).
Connect RS-232 communication port of the computer and that mounted on left side of front panel
of RCS- 978 protection equipment by a cable with DB-9 connectors on both ends. Run the
program DBG2000. If the connection is correct, the screen will display “RCS-978X3 connected”,
see Fig. B.1. Even if the computer is off line, this picture will be still displayed but the words about
connection will disappear.
There are 3 bars on top of the screen, from top to bottom: title bar, menu bar and tool bar, see Fig. B.2.
First, click the first button of tool bar parameter, dialog box of communication parameters is
displayed, see Fig. B.3. Only the parameter of “COM port” shall be configured as the number of
port of computer that is actually connected with the equipment, other parameters shall be
configured as the same as displayed values in figure.
The title bar shows only title of the program and needs no explanation. Menu bar and tool bar are
described as follows:
B.1.1 Menu bar
There are five menus in the menu bar: File, Execute, View, Set and Help. Click button of each
menu, items will be pulled down, see Fig. B.4. The gray items are used not for the user version
but others.
1) File
There is only one item in pull-down menu File, i.e., Exit. Click Exit(X), the program will be exited.
2) Execute
There are three items in pull-down menu Execute: Setting(E), Download(D) and Trip_Test(T).
Click Setting(E), entering settings reading and modification part of the program, please refer to
section B.3 for details.
Click Trip_Test(T), entering trip test part of the program, please refer to section B.5 for details.
3) View
There are five items in pull-down menu View: Toolbar(T), Status(S), Report(L), Status(Z) and
Message(M).
Item Toolbar specifies whether the tool bar shall be displayed. When the tool bar is displayed, a
symbol “√” is put before “Toolbar (T)”. If this item is clicked then, the tool bar will be hidden and
the symbol “√” will disappear.
Item Status(S) specifies whether status bar in the bottom of the picture shall be displayed.
Click Report(L), entering Report treatment part of the program, please refer to section B.4 for details.
Click Status(Z), entering Sampled value display part of the program, see section B.2 for details
Click Message(M), data flow between DBG2000 program and the protection equipment will be
displayed. This is used not for the user version but development version of the program.
4) Set
There are five items in pull-down menu Set: Switch_CPU_MON(P), Parameter(C), Back_color(B),
Font-Color(F) and Font(O).
If there is a symbol “√” before item Switch_CPU_MON(P), that means data acquired by module CPU
are displayed currently, see Fig. B.1. If the item Switch_CPU_MON(P) is clicked then, the data
displayed will be changed to those acquired by module MON, see Fig. B.5. Meanwhile, symbol “√” will
disappear.
Function of item Parameter(C) is the same as the first button of tool bar parameter. Click this item,
dialog box of communication parameters will be displayed, see Fig. B.3.
Click Back_Color(B), dialog box of background color is displayed. The user can select preferred color
for background displayed.
Click Font_Color(F), dialog box of font color is displayed. The user can select preferred color for font
displaying.
Click Font(O), dialog box of name, style and size of the font is displayed. The user can select the
preferred ones for font displaying.
5) Help
There are three items in pull-down menu Help: Help(H), Version(N) and About Dbg2000.
Click Help(H), commands used for the program will be displayed. It is not necessary for the user to
use these commands, and no further information about them is presented here.
Click Version(N), historical record about time and description of updating of this program is displayed.
Click About Dbg2000, developer of this program and copyright declaration will be displayed.
1) Parameter
Function of this button is the same as that of item Parameter(C) of menu Set of the menu bar. Click
this button, dialog box of communication parameters will be displayed, see Fig. B.3.
2) Data parameter
Click this button, other parameters will be displayed. They are data start address, data block size,
single data block number, report data number, etc, 11 items in total. These parameters are configured
already in the coefficient y and needs no further Configuration on site.
3) Device type
Click this button, a small dialog box “please enter device type” is displayed. Type of the protection
equipment shall be entered. In the RCS-978E case, the device type is 978e3. This is used mainly for
the user to make configuration in off line condition.
4) Setting
Function of this button is the same as item Setting(E) of menu Execute of menu bar. Click this button,
i.e. entering settings reading and modification part of the program; Please refer to section B.3 for
details.
5) Status
Function of this button is the same as item Status(Z) of menu View of menu bar. Click this button,
entering Sampled value display part of the program; Please refer to section B.2 for details.
6) Report
Function of this button is the same as item Report(L) of menu View of menu bar. Click this button,
entering Report view part of the program; Please refer to section B.2 for details.
7) Trip test
Click this button, entering trip test part of the program; Please refer to section B.2 for details.
8) Switch to command
When several dialog boxes are displayed, and the operator wants to enter Command mode but not
close dialog box, this button can be used to switch on Command and hide dialog boxes. However, it is
not needed for the user on site generally.
9) Download program
This button is used not for this program but others.
10) CPU<–>MON
Function of this button is the same as item Switch_CPU_MON(P) of menu Set of menu bar. Click this
button, data displayed will be changed between those acquired by module CPU and module MON one
after another.
Function of this button is the same as item Font(O) of menu Set of menu bar.
Function of this button is the same as item Font_Color(F) of menu Set of menu bar.
Six buttons on right hand of are all gray. They are used not for this
version but others of this program.
16) Help
Function of this button is the same as item Help(H) of menu Help of menu bar.
Besides, some shortcut keys on keyboard of the computer have same functions with items of menu of
menu bar or buttons of tool bar:
F1 — same as item Help(H) of menu Help and button Help of tool bar;
F2 — same as item Parameter(C) of menu Set and button Parameter of tool bar;
F3 — same as item Switch_CPU_MON(P) of menu Set and button CPU<->MON of tool bar;
F4 — same as item Setting(E) of menu Execute and button Setting of tool bar;
F5 — same as item Status(S) of menu View and button Status of tool bar;
F6 — same as item Report(L) of menu View and button Report of tool bar.
Click item Status(S) of menu View or button Status of tool bar, real time sampled analog
values will be displayed.
Click label , Fig. B.6 a) and b) will be displayed. They can be exchanged to
each other by clicking two arrows on left hand of the bottom or pull down box
on right hand of the bottom “Virtual_binary input/Others_Binary_Input”.
Page 1 shows enabling (“1”) and disabling (“0”) of functions:
a) Page 1
b) Page 2
Page 2 shows pickup of protective elements as well as others binary input status where “1” is “yes”
and “0” is “no”.
Fig. B.6 a) and b) are pictures of value of module CPU, and can be changed to value of module
MON by CPU-MON choose item at the right hand of bottom of this page.
Fig. B.8 Phase angles between voltages and currents of all sides
Pull down box at right hand of the bottom is gray. That means these values exist only in module
MON and cannot be read from module CPU.
This part is used for reading and modification of settings of the equipment. Click item Setting(E) of
menu Execute or the fourth button Setting of tool bar, settings will be displayed. For example,
Fig. B.9 shows the parameters of the equipment.
In the same way, user can click other labels in picture of Setting(E) to read and modification all the
settings of the equipment.
There are 7 buttons in bottom of every picture of the part Settings reading and modification. From
left to right, they are: PRINT, DEFAULT, UPLOAD, DOWNLOAD, READ, SAVE and CLOSE and
depicted as follows:
If default settings are displayed and button UPLOAD is pressed, default settings displayed will be
replaced by actual settings of the protection equipment, in which, the settings different from default
settings will be displayed in red. Vice versa, if actual settings are displayed and button DEFAULT is
pressed, actual settings displayed will be replaced by default settings of the protection equipment,
in which, the settings different from actual settings will be displayed in red.
B.4 Report
There are 3 kinds of reports in this program: tripping report, self-diagnose report and change of
status report. The tripping report is displayed first.
Click item Report(L) of menu View, or click the sixth button of tool bar, tripping report will be
displayed for a moment. It is the report of operation of protection relays, including number of the
report, time of pickup of protection, time interval from pickup to operation, name of the operating
protection element and the faulty phase, see Fig. B.10.
In order to save time for displaying, report of the latest 3 tripping is displayed firstly. Click the fifth
button REFRESH of eight buttons in the bottom of the picture, complete tripping report will be
displayed after a longer delay, see Fig. B.11.
If oscillogram record of a fault tripping is needed, the record item shall be clicked first, color of this
item will be changed to light blue, click the fourth button RECORD at the bottom, then DBG2000
starts to read oscillogram data from the protection equipment.
Oscillogram data is massive and more time is needed to read it. A dialog block of saving the data
displayed as a file will be displayed when data reading is completed. If these data are saved in a
file and then oscillogram recorded can be displayed by oscillogram analysis program Drawing.exe
or Wave.exe developed by our Company. The oscillogram can be analyzed also if needed.
The sixth button SAVE at the bottom is used for saving the report as a file in the computer. The
seventh button PRINT is used to print the report. All reports of this program can be saved as file
or printed in this way. The eighth button CLOSE is used to close the picture displayed.
After click the second button FAIL at bottom of Fig. B.11, self-diagnose report will be displayed for
a moment. It is the report of hardware failures, overload, cooling system initiating or other
abnormal events detected by the equipment, see Fig. B.12.
The records are stored in cyclic non-volatile memory and up to 32 events can be recorded.
After click the third button SW CHG at the bottom of Fig. B.12, change of status input report will be
displayed for a moment. It is the report of binary input, starting status of the equipment, including
serial number of record, time of the change and brief description about the change, see Fig. B.13.
The records are stored in cyclic non-volatile memory and up to 32 events can be recorded.
The Trip tests comprise two items: protection tripping test and communication with the host
computer test.
Object of the tripping test is to check activation of the tripping or signal output relays of the
equipment during the test not by applying voltages and currents on the equipment but by operation
of the program.
Object of the communication with the host computer test is to check correctness of the message
sent from the equipment during the test not by applying voltages and currents on the equipment
but by operation of the program.
Then, click item Trip_Test(T) in menu Execute, or click the seventh button of tool bar Trip test,
picture of protection tripping test will be displayed as shown in Fig. B.14.
There is only one item in the picture, i.e., Test_Differential_Trip, differential protection tripping test,
click the test button , related output relays will operate, and correspondent signals will
be sent. Correctness of these operations can be checked and this button changes to
then.
Click the red reset button again, all of the operated relays will dropout, test status will be resumed
and the reset button will return to .
First, the parameters of [Test_Trip_Option] and [Test_Comm_Option] (if available) shall be set
as enabled.
Click label in Fig. B.15, picture of communication with the host computer will be
displayed as shown in Fig. B.15.
Click test button of any item, relevant activation of this item will be recorded in the
report.
The report will be sent to the host computer, and correctness of the communication can be
checked then.