Beruflich Dokumente
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446
m o d u l a r • l a b o r a t o r y • p r o g r a m • i n • c h e m i s t r y
program editor: H. A. Neidig
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2 REAC 446/Qualitative Testing for Carbohydrates
CHO
acidic
H C OH dehydrating H C C H
medium
H C OH OHC C C H
-3 H2O
H C OH O
furfural
CH2OH
ribose (a pentose) (Eq. 1)
CHO
H C OH
acidic
HO C H dehydrating H C C H
medium
H C OH HOCH2 C C CH
-3 H2O
H C OH O
5-hydroxymethylfurfural
CH2OH
glucose (a hexose)
(Eq. 2)
CH2OH CH2OH
CH2OH CH2OH
H C O H O H H C O H O H
-H2O
C H OH H C + C H OH C C H OH H C C H OH C
+H2O
HO C C OH HO C C HO C C O C C
CH2OH CH2OH
H OH OH H H OH OH H
with one of the hydroxyl groups on another mono- carbohydrates, so the test is used to distinguish be-
saccharide. Disaccharides containing a free hemiacetal or tween carbohydrates and non-carbohydrates. The
hemiketal, such as maltose in Figure 3(a), are reducing dehydration products of carbohydrates, furfural or
sugars. Disaccharides containing no free hemiacetals 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, result from the reaction of
or hemiketals, such as sucrose in Figure 3(b), are non- the sulfuric acid with pentoses and/or hexoses (Eq.
reducing sugars. As shown in Figure 3, disaccharide 1 and 2). These products condense with α-naphthol
linkages can be broken by the addition of water. This re- to yield a purple condensation product. The two-step
action occurs slowly, but it can be catalyzed by acidic process is represented by Equation 3.
media.
carbohydrate → dehydration product →
purple product (Eq. 3)
Identifying Products of Carbohydrate
Iodine and Potassium Iodide Test
Condensation Reactions
Starches form deeply colored blue-black com-
Many carbohydrates can be identified using conden- plexes with iodine. Starches contain α-amylose, a heli-
sation reagents, which react with the carbohydrates to cal saccharide polymer, and amylopectin. Iodine forms
produce highly colored products. The precise nature of a large complex polysaccharide with the α-amylose
the condensation reaction varies with the carbohy- helix, producing the blue-black color. Simpler oligo-
drate under investigation. Often the carbohydrate is saccharides and monosaccharides do not form this
initially dehydrated into smaller saccharide units, using complex with iodine. Thus, the I2/KI test can be used to
a dehydrating acid. The smaller units, or molecules, distinguish starches from other carbohydrates.
formed will produce a more highly colored complex
Bial’s Test
with the condensation reagent, as in Molisch’s, Bial’s,
and Seliwanoff’s tests. In other cases the carbohy- Bial’s test uses concentrated hydrochloric acid as
drate must possess certain structural features that al- the dehydrating acid and orcinol with a trace of iron(III)
low it to form a condensation product, such as in the io- chloride as the condensation reagent. Bial’s test is
dine and potassium iodide test (I2/KI). The following used to distinguish between pentoses and hexoses.
section describes two types of condensation reac- Pentoses subjected to the test yield a blue or green
tions: those used to generally classify carbohydrates, condensation product, while hexoses yield a muddy
and those used to identify specific carbohydrates. brown-to-gray condensation product, as shown in
Equations 4 and 5.
Molisch test
pentose → dehydration product: →
The Molisch test uses concentrated sulfuric acid furfural
as the dehydrating acid. This acid dehydrates all blue or green condensation product (Eq. 4)
4 REAC 446/Qualitative Testing for Carbohydrates
2. Obtain from your laboratory instructor, and trans- ingesting the substance. If you spill any reagent
fer into one set of seven labeled test tubes, 10 mL of or acid, immediately notify your laboratory
each of the following 1% carbohydrate solutions: instructor.
xylose, fructose, glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose,
and starch. Note: Do not place your thumb over the open
end of a test tube when mixing its contents. Your
Molisch Test
laboratory instructor will suggest ways in which
you can safely and thoroughly mix the contents of
Caution: Molisch reagent contains concen- a test tube.
trated sulfuric acid, which is toxic and corrosive.
It can cause severe burns. Prevent eye, skin, 3. Transfer 2 mL of each of the carbohydrate solu-
clothing, and combustible material contact. Avoid tions from the first set of labeled test tubes into the
6 REAC 446/Qualitative Testing for Carbohydrates
second set. Add 2 drops of Molisch reagent to each 9. Record on Data Sheet 1 the positive or negative
tube in the second set, and mix well with a clean glass results that you observe after you mix the solutions
stirring rod. with the I2/KI reagent.
Add 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to each of
10. Discard the test solutions containing the I2/KI so-
the test tubes in the third set.
lution into the container provided by your laboratory in-
structor and labeled “Discarded I2/KI Solutions.”
Caution: In the next step, you will be adding 11. Wash the test tubes with soap or detergent solu-
aqueous solutions to concentrated sulfuric acid. tion. Rinse three times with tap water and once with
You must be extremely careful while performing distilled water. Allow the test tubes to drain.
this step.
8. Transfer 2 mL of each of your carbohydrate solu- 13. Transfer 1 mL of each of your carbohydrate solu-
tions into one set of the washed, drained, labeled test tions into one set of the washed, drained test tubes.
tubes. Add 2 drops of the I2/KI solution to each test Add 3 mL of Barfoed’s reagent to each test tube. Using
tube. a test tube clamp, place the test tubes containing the
REAC 446/Qualitative Testing for Carbohydrates 7
reaction mixtures in your boiling-water bath. Note the 21. Add 3 mL of Benedict’s reagent to each of the test
time on Data Sheet 1. Allow the test tubes to stand in tubes in one set. Then transfer 10 drops of each of
the boiling-water bath for 5 min. After 5 min, use the your carbohydrate solutions to the appropriately la-
test tube clamp to cautiously remove the hot test tubes beled tubes. Using a test tube clamp, place the test
and observe the contents. Replace in the boiling-water tubes containing the reaction mixtures in the boil-
bath for 5 additional minutes any test tubes that have ing-water bath. After exactly 2 min, use the test tube
no red precipitate. Cool under running water any test clamp to remove the test tubes, and place them in a
tubes that contain a red precipitate. Place the cool test test tube rack.
tubes from the bath in a test tube rack.
22. Record all observations and the color of any pre-
14. Record the time for Barfoed’s test on Data Sheet 1. cipitate on Data Sheet 1.
15. Discard the test solutions containing Barfoed’s re- 23. Discard the test solutions containing Benedict’s
agent into the container provided by your laboratory in- reagent into the container provided by your laboratory
structor and labeled “Discarded Barfoed’s Reagent instructor and labeled “Discarded Benedict’s Reagent
Solutions.” Solutions.”
16. Wash the test tubes with soap or detergent solu- 24. Wash, rinse, and drain the test tubes as before.
tion. Rinse three times with tap water and once with
distilled water. Allow the test tubes to drain. Bial’s Test
Seliwanoff’s Test
Caution: Bial’s reagent is toxic and corrosive.
Use a fume hood when working with Bial’s re-
Caution: Seliwanoff’s reagent is toxic and cor- agent. If you spill any of the solution on yourself
rosive. If you spill any of the solution on yourself or on the bench, immediately notify your labora-
or on the bench, immediately notify your labora- tory instructor.
tory instructor.
Caution: Benedict’s reagent is toxic. If you spill Note: Leave the boiling-water bath set up, so
any of the solution on yourself or on the bench, you can use it for the unknown carbohydrate so-
immediately notify your laboratory instructor. lution in Part II.
8 REAC 446/Qualitative Testing for Carbohydrates
II. Identifying an Unknown Carbohydrate stop as soon as you have identified your unknown so-
Solution lution. Record all observations on Data Sheet 2.
Note: Each of the tests in Part I distinguishes Note: If your laboratory instructor asks you to
between two classes of carbohydrates. It may identify additional unknown carbohydrate solu-
not be necessary to perform all of the tests in or- tions, prepare additional copies of Data Sheet 2.
der to identify your unknown sample in Part II.
29. Obtain 10 mL of a 1% unknown carbohydrate so- 31. Dispose of your solutions in the appropriate con-
lution from your laboratory instructor in a washed and tainers. Wash, rinse, and drain any glassware you
drained, 18 × 150-mm test tube. The unknown carbo- have used.
hydrate solution will be one of the solutions you tested
in Part I. Label the test tube with the identification code
for the unknown, and record the code on Data Sheet 2. Caution: Wash your hands thoroughly with
soap or detergent before leaving the laboratory.
30. Repeat the tests outlined in Part I, Steps 3–28,
using your unknown carbohydrate solution. You may
Post-Laboratory Questions
(Use the spaces provided for the answers and additional paper if necessary.)
1. When an aldose reacts with Barfoed’s reagent, 4. An unknown carbohydrate solution tested positive
what type of organic compound forms? What type of with Molisch reagent, formed a red precipitate with
chemical reaction is this? Barfoed’s reagent within 3 minutes, and turned
blue-green when mixed with Bial’s reagent. What car-
bohydrate is this?
(2) Barfoed’s
(4) Seliwanoff’s
Data Sheet 1
Data Sheet 2
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name section date
Pre-Laboratory Assignment
1. Describe the hazards associated with the follow- 3. Classify the following saccharides as either reduc-
ing test reagents. ing or nonreducing sugars.
(1) Molisch (1) ribose
2. Briefly explain the meanings of the following terms 4. For each of the following test reagents, describe
as they relate to this experiment. Include structural for- the appearance of the reaction mixture that indicates a
mulas if appropriate. positive result.
(1) aldohexose (1) iodine/potassium iodide solution
5. For each of the following test reagents, describe 6. Which test could you use to distinguish between
the class and give a specific example of a carbohy- the following pairs of carbohydrates?
drate that would yield a positive result. (1) fructose and galactose
(1) iodine/potassium iodide solution
ISBN 0-87540-446-4