Signal / Sinyal

Sinyal :
suatu fungsi yang membawa suatu informasi
(umumnya berupa keadaan atau sifat dari suatu
system fisis).

Contoh signal :
Beda potensial (voltage) sebagai fungsi dari waktu
Gaya sebagai fungsi dari posisi dalam ruang tiga
dimensi

Sinyal direpresentasikan secara matematik sebagai

suatu fungsi dari satu atau lebih variabel.
 Definisi
• Analysis / Processing :
suatu operasi yang dilakukan terhadap signal
untuk mendapatkan informasi yang
diperlukan / berguna.
• Digital :
processing dilakukan menggunakan
komputer digital atau hardware digital
 What is a signal ?

The concept of signal refers to the space

or time variations in the physical state of
an object.
 Signal in Geophysics
(Signal dalam Geofisika)
 Magnetic Anomaly Map
and its iron-ore prospect in 3D view
GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION
MT - Data
Classification of signals
Signals Models
 SYSTEM

is simplification of a device that give consistent

relationship between two (2) value (or two series)
that called as input and output of the systems

System is as link medium between Input-output

 In Geophysics
EARTH is a System?
(relationship between signal and system)
y(t) = f(t)*x(t) Convolution between input x(t)
and Filter/system f(t) yield output
y(t)
Linear system
Mostly geophysical data can be figured as convolution process
between input signal with physical properties (and its geometry)
of the earth
Earth figured by its physical properties and its geometry is
a system or filter Linear system
f(t)
TD x(t) y(t)
System
 There is 3 (three) basic problems that have to
be done in theory of system/signal
(in order to know characteristic of a system):

• Analysis of system:
- to open the system and analyze its components
- to input known signal test
• Synthesis of system:
- Filter design (a system that will give expected
output)
• Inversion and or deconvolution:
Classification of system
 Analog-Digital

Examples of analog technology

• photocopiers
• telephones
• audio tapes
• televisions (intensity and color info per scan line)
• VCRs (same as TV)
Examples of digital technology
• Digital computers!
• Seismic recorder
• MP3 player
 DIGITIZATION
(Analog to Digital Converter (A/D Converter))

• Sampling at same time interval (t)

• Quantification of amplitude value :
- define quantification interval A
- Amplitude value Ai will be :
Ai - A/2  Ai  Ai + A/2
- Max error of quantification is A/2
- Dynamic range :
D = 20 log A/A (decibel (db))
- Resolution :
R = 20 log A/A (db)
From Continuous to Discrete: Sampling
Observed signal x(t)
10

-5

-10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
continuous time
Observed signal x[n]
10

-5

-10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
discrete time
 2 Dimensions
From Continuous to Discrete: Sampling

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