Combining Stresses

19/09/2018 Intro to FEA
MDME: MANUFACTURING, DESIGN, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Home LearnPracticeTestBack to MEM09155A
Combined Stresses
Design a left crank arm for a bicycle.
Tutorial Notes: combined-stresses-worked problems.pdf empty.one
Lecture Video: Empty
Combined Stresses Theory

1. Adding Stresses
2. Combining Bending and Tension Stresses
3. Eccentric Loading
4. Combined Shear and Tensile Stresses
5. Stresses on a Cutting Plane
6. Multiple Tensile Stresses
7. Combined Stresses General Case
8. Von Mises Stress
9. Combined Stresses in Shafts
OBJECTIVES
When you have completed this unit you will be able to:
- Calculate the resultant of tension and compression loads acting on the same
axis.
- Calculate the resultant of tension (compression) and bending stresses.
- Calculate the principal tensile stresses.
- Calculate the maximum shear stress.
- Use combined stresses for shaft design.
1. Adding Stresses
How do we add up or combine stresses (to get the resultant stress)?
http://www.learneasy.info/MDME/MEMmods/MEM09155A-CAE/070-Combined-Stresses/Combined-Stresses.html 1/31
Just like colinear forces, we stresses are in the same direction we can simply ad
them algebraicly.
For example: Tension and compression stresses acting along the same axis.
Wesimply take the tensile stress as positive and the compressive stress as
negative - then add them up.
A tensile stress of 1000N is combined with a compressive stress of 2000N. The

resultant is a compressive stress of 1000N.
2. Combining Bending and Tension Stresses

When a beam is bent it produces tension and compressive stresses along the axis
of the beam. These axial stresses can be algebraically added to other tension and
compression stresses acting along the axis of the beam. (Below)
The following example involves a combination of bending and tensile stresses

caused by a single force.
3. Eccentric Loading
This is sometimes referred to as eccentric loading.
The load F (below) does not act on the centroid of the section. Consequently the
load F; produces,
(a) Compressive stresses (axial stress),
(b) Bending stresses (i.e. axial tension and compression).
4. Combined Shear and Tensile Stresses

Information about material strength is obtained from the tensile test. In these
tests, only pure tension in one direction exists in the specimen. However, in
practice you do not have just pure one direction tension in components, but a
combination of stresses acting simultaneously. Consequently it is necessary to
combine all these simultaneously acting stresses to get an equivalent stress to
compare with the results of a tensile test. Figure 5 shows a typical belt driven
shaft. The shaft is subjected to torsion due to the power transmitted and to
bending by the belt loads.
To design a shaft you need to be able to find the equivalent maximum stress
resulting from the bending stress and the shear stress. However, you cannot
simply add tensile (or compressive) and shear stresses together directly. The
procedure for finding the maximum equ1valent stress is outlined in the following
sections.
5. Stresses on a Cutting Plane

Figure 6 shows a specimen under tension. If you place an imaginary cut across
this specimen at angle 8 you will see that you require a normal stress f n and a
shear stress f s to maintain equilibrium. As the angle 8 varies, so will the
magnitude of the normal and shear stresses.
As a matter of interest the normal stress is a maximum at θ = 0 and this is where

the shear stress is zero.
The normal stress (to the chosen plane) that corresponds to a zero shear stress is
called a principal stress.
The shear stress reaches a maximum value for θ = 45°. This is called the
maximum shear stress.
Extra: Here's a lecture about the derivation of principal stress and how it relates
to shear stress. It looks complicated but still gives the overall idea.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20oIAoZyb0s
6. Multiple Tensile Stresses

In a cylindrical pressure vessel, the walls are simultaneously subjected to:
(a) hoop stress,
(b) longitudinal stress.
In the situation of the pressure vessel it is not clear as to what the resultant
equivalent stress is. A part of the cylindrical wall of the pressure vessel is shown
in Figure 8 with the two stresses acting at right angles.
As with the tensile specimen, the stresses on a surface at angle θ can be

evaluated. In this manner the maximum or principal stresses can be evaluated
(i.e. the maximum equivalent stress resulting from hoop stress fh and and axial
stress fL).
7. Combined Stresses General Case

The pressure vessel wall in Figure 7 had two stress acting at right angles.
A more general case is when a component may be subjected to two normal

stresses acting at right angles plus shear stresses. This is shown in Figure 9.
Analysis of the stresses in Figure 9 produces the following results.
8. Von Mises Stress
Unsigned comment added by 75.162.56.142 (talk) 23:43, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
What is Von Mises Stress exactly?
(BTW: Von Mises Stress is actually a misnomer. This criterion is also referred to
as the Maxwell–Huber–Hencky–von Mises theory, and Mr Von Mises wasn't
even the first person here! Oh, and he is not to be confused with the other Von
Mises either, of Austrian school of economics fame, who said that when central
banks interfere with the economy they turn an inevitable correction into an
unnecessary disaster.)
Meanwhile, back to unnecessary disasters of the engineering sort...
In an elastic body that is subject to a system of loads in 3 dimensions, a complex

3 dimensional system of stresses is developed (as you might imagine). That is, at
any point within the body there are stresses acting in different directions, and the
direction and magnitude of stresses changes from point to point. The Von Mises
criterion is a formula for calculating whether the stress combination at a given
point will cause failure. There are three "Principal Stresses" that can be
calculated at any point, acting in the x, y and z directions (often labelled as 1,2
and 3 axes - to not get mixed up with the model axes).
(The 1,2, and 3 directions are the "principal axes" for the point and their
orientation changes from point to point, but that is a technical issue.) Von Mises
found that, even though none of the principal stresses exceeds the yield stress of
the material, it is possible for yielding to result from the combination of stresses.
The Von Mises criteria is a formula for combining these 3 stresses into an
equivalent stress, which is then compared to the yield stress of the material.
The equivalent stress is often called the "Von Mises Stress" as a shorthand
description. It is not really a stress, but a number that is used as an index. If the
"Von Mises Stress" exceeds the yield stress, then the material is considered to be
at the failure condition. The formula is actually pretty simple, if you want to
know it:
Where , and are the principal stresses and is the equivalent

stress, or "Von Mises Stress".
Pretty simple, but finding the principal stresses at any point in the body is the
tricky part.
The following table summarizes von Mises yield criterion for the different stress
conditions.
Load
Restrictions Simplified v
scenario
General No restrictions
Principal
No restrictions
stresses
General
plane
stress
Principal
plane
stress
Pure
shear
Uniaxial
Notes:
Subscripts 1,2,3 can be replaced with x,y,z, or any other orthogonal

coordinate system labelling method
Shear stress is denoted here as ; in practice it is also denoted as
9. Combined Stresses in Shafts

Shafts are subjected to bending moments and torsional moments, which produce
tensile and compressive stresses, and shear stresses respectively. Figure 10
shows a shaft with belt drives. The belt tensions cause bending in the shaft.
To design a shaft you have to deal with the combined bending and torsional
stress. Figure 11 shows a shaft cross section and the stresses in the shaft.
You will note that the maximum bending stress occurs on the surface of the
shaft.
The maximum torsional stress also occurs on the surface of the shaft. The
resultant of these two stresses is found
using the method of combined stresses as discussed earlier in this unit.
Combining the theory with the basic equations of torsion in a cylindrical shaft,
we can derive a simplifieed equation;
Note: The equivalent moment Me does not actually exist. It is simply used in the
bending stress equation to produce the value of the maximum tensile stress in the
shaft.
The following examples apply these equations to shafts under bending and
torsion.
FEA practice
Torsion
First things first. Let's look at torsion.
A simple shaft, Diam 20 x 200 long, steel, with an applied moment (torque) of
100 Nm, and a fixed constaint on the other end.
The FEA results:
Where element size of the mesh was refined as below;
Using the "probe" we can determine the stress at exact locations o the part.
On the top toolbar, click on Probe button in the Result group, then click a spot on
the model. This will paste a label over that spot. Every spot you click will get a
new label. Once you have finished clicking to make labels, get out of probe
(escape) and then you can drag the labels out the way to reveal an arrow to the
original spot you clicked.
The label will display whichever measurement you are set to, Von Mises, 1st
Principle, etc (in the left Browser Bar)
Notice how the stress increases from the centre (zero) to a maximum at the
outside (110.8 MPa)
This agrees with the torsion theory:
The Report: Bicycle Crank Arm

The crank arm of a bicycle is under both bending and torsion at the same time.
This can be calculated for a simplified shape, such as a cylinder. This helps us to
understand what is going on when we try to optimise the design in a more
complex situation of real part design.
TASKS
1. Cylinder in Torsion. Using the standard formulas for circular shafts,

determine the maximum moment that can be applied without exceeding a
shear stress of 250 MPa. Apply to a solid cylindrical shaft of Diam 25 x
200 mm.
2. Cylinder in Torsion FEA. Compare the result above with an FEA
calculation. Discuss your calculated result (task 1) and whether it should
best match Von Mises, max shear, principle stress or some other measure
in your comparison.
3. Cylindrical Crank. Determine the diameter for a circular solid aluminium
"crank-arm". Ignore any stress problems at the junction of pedal and crank
axle.
Crank length = 170mm
Pedal force cantilever length = 60mm
Pedal force = work it out yourself and justify your number. Don't forget to
come up with the worst case scenario - within reason - that the crank
should be able to survive.
(a) Calculate the diameter using the combined stress formula
(b) Determine the Von Mises "stress" of your design.
(c) Check your solution using FEA. Comment on any differences. Which
is the dominant behaviour of the crank - is it more of a beam bending or
torsional component?
4. Real Bicycle Crank Analysis. A bicycle crank has both torsion and
bending. This determines the shape of the part.
If there was no torsion, the crank would be made into a beam shape
- thin and deep, and more like a spanner. It would also be tapered
towards the pedal end, and wider at the main axle.
If there was no bending loads it would be a constant circular shape
to best handle a constant torsional load.
But the relative magnitude of torsion and bending results in a mixture of

beam and circle. In addition, there are complications due to the fixture of
the pedal axle and the crank axle.
To determine the stress at any location in the crank arm, we can measure
bending (tensile/compression) or the torsional shear stress. But we cannot
just simply add these together because they are on different planes. That is
why FEA defaults to the Von Mises stress approximation.
Open this Solidworks file (*.SLDPRT) and save as Inventor.

Crank_assembledpartst.SLDPRT
The pedal action is a single force applied at the centre of the pedal axle,
which produces a combination of bending and torsion within the crank
arm. For simplicity, we will assume the maximum load occurs when the
crank is horizontal.
Use a pedal cantilever distance of 50mm from the outside surface of the
crank.
a. Analyse the stresses in the crank arm and locate the positions of:
Highest Von Mises stress
Highest tensile stress
Highest compressive stress
Highest shear stress
b. Compare these to values obtained from the web (e.g. Matweb) for heat
treated aluminium alloy. (Ideally, it would be best if we could find out
exactly what alloy and heat treatment is applied to a typical bicycle crank).
From this maximum stress information, determine the safety factor for
each stress listed above.
c. Make small design changes to reduce stress (try not to add weight if
possible).
Web Links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_method
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Mises_yield_criterion
www.learneasy.info
HOME

Combining Stresses

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Combining Stresses

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

19/09/2018 Intro to FEA

MDME: MANUFACTURING, DESIGN, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Home LearnPracticeTestBack to MEM09155A

Design a left crank arm for a bicycle.

Tutorial Notes: combined-stresses-worked problems.pdf empty.one

Lecture Video: Empty

Combined Stresses Theory

How do we add up or combine stresses (to get the resultant stress)?

A tensile stress of 1000N is combined with a compressive stress of 2000N. The

2. Combining Bending and Tension Stresses

The following example involves a combination of bending and tensile stresses

4. Combined Shear and Tensile Stresses

5. Stresses on a Cutting Plane

As a matter of interest the normal stress is a maximum at θ = 0 and this is where

6. Multiple Tensile Stresses

As with the tensile specimen, the stresses on a surface at angle θ can be

7. Combined Stresses General Case

A more general case is when a component may be subjected to two normal

Analysis of the stresses in Figure 9 produces the following results.

8. Von Mises Stress

Unsigned comment added by 75.162.56.142 (talk) 23:43, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

What is Von Mises Stress exactly?

Meanwhile, back to unnecessary disasters of the engineering sort...

In an elastic body that is subject to a system of loads in 3 dimensions, a complex

Where , and are the principal stresses and is the equivalent

Subscripts 1,2,3 can be replaced with x,y,z, or any other orthogonal

9. Combined Stresses in Shafts

First things first. Let's look at torsion.

The FEA results:

Where element size of the mesh was refined as below;

This agrees with the torsion theory:

The Report: Bicycle Crank Arm

1. Cylinder in Torsion. Using the standard formulas for circular shafts,

But the relative magnitude of torsion and bending results in a mixture of

Open this Solidworks file (*.SLDPRT) and save as Inventor.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen