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General structure 7 cervical vertebra
spinous process (can feel when rubbing someone’s back) C1 - Atlas - supports skull for rotation
transverse processes (on both sides) C2 - Axis - surface for skull pivoting
attachment for muscles
corpus (body) anterior portion) Can feel C7 when you bend head forward
vertebral foramen (spinal cord tract)
intervertebral foramen (entrance and exit for spinal nerves)
transverse foramen (located only on cervical vertebrae) pathway for vertebral
artery
superior/inferior articular facets
limits anterior/posterior movement thus protecting spinal cord
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transverse foramen (located only on cervical vertebrae) pathway for vertebral 12 thoracic vertebrae provide basis for respiratory framework
artery Intervertebral foramen formed by inferior and superior vertebral notches
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5 lumbar vertebra designed especially for lifting and walking Attaches lower extremities to vertebral column
5 sacral vertebrae are actually fused and collectively called the sacrum Composed of:
ilium
sacrum
pubic bone
ischium
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Attaches upper extremities to vertebral column 12 ribs with all but lowest 2 attached to sternum
Composed of: Allows for movement up and out through chondral [»krAndrl`] or
scapula cartilaginous connection
clavicles (attached to sternum) 1-7 known as true ribs - attach directly to sternum
8-10 - false ribs attached to sternum less directly
11-12 - floating ribs
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Manubrium sterni - provides attachment for clavicle and 1st rib (2nd rib Trachea - approx. 11 cm in length and 16-20 cartilage rings with open posterior
attaches to manubrium and corpus at the manubrosternal angle. Carina trachea - splits
Corpus - directly connects to ribs 3 - 7 and indirectly to 8 - 10 Mainstem bronchi (bronchial tubes)
Xiphoid or ensiform process connected by continuous mucous membrane lining
expands to increase oxygen intake when necessary
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Increasingly smaller tubes ending in the alveoli Approx. 300 million in adult lungs, 70 square meters (size of tennis court)
Each contains approximately 2000 capillaries (totaling 600 billion)
exchange between carbon dioxide in blood and oxygen-rich air in lungs
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Accessory because not necessary for quiet breathing, but used to speak. Origin - Attach to inferior boundary of rib cage (7-12), xiphoid process, and
vertebral column (corpus of L1-L4 and transverse of L1)
Insertion - central tendon of diaphragm
Innervation - phrenic nerve from cervical plexus [group of nerves coming
together for a single purpose] of spinal nerves C3, C4 & C5)
Function - depresses central tendon of diaphragm, enlarges vertical dimension
of thorax, distends abdomen
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pleural linings of lungs and diaphragm maintain contact (like plastic wrap) The intercostal muscles are arranged as three
Heart located in the mediastinum (between lungs) layers (external layer, internal layer and an
incomplete innermost layer) between the ribs.
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Origin: Inferior margin of ribs 1-11 Levator costarum, longis
Insertion: superior surface of rib below origin - transverse processes of T7 - T11
Innervation: - intercostal nerves ( thoracic intercostal nerves arising from insertion - bypass the rib below point of origin attaching to next rib
T2-T6 and the thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves from T7-T11 innervation - dorsal rami (branches) of the intercostal nerves arising from
Function: elevate ribs 1-11 spinal nerves T2-T12
function - elevate rib cage
Levator costarum, brevis
origin - transverse processes of C7 - T11
insertion - tubercule the rib below
innervation - dorsal rami of the intercostal nerves arising from
spinal nerves T2-T12
function - elevate rib cage
Serratus posterior superior
origin - spinous processes of C7 and T1-T3
insertion - ribs 2-5
innervation - ventral intercostal portion of spinal nerves T1-T4 or T5
Function - elevate ribs 2-5
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Sternocleidomastoid (sternomastoid)
origin - mastoid process of temporal bone
insertion - superior manubrium sterni; clavicle
innervation - XI Accessory, spinal branch arising from spinal cord in
regions of C2 - C4 or C5
function - elevate sternum and, by association, rib cage
Scalenus anterior
origin - transverse process of C3 - C6
insertion - superior surface of rib 1
innervation - C4-C6
function - elevate rib 1
Scalenus medius
origin - transverse process of C2 - C7
insertion - superior surface of rib 1
innervation - cervical plexus derived from C3 and C4 and spinal nerves C5-C8
function - elevate rib 1
Scalenus posterior
origin - transverse process of C5 - C7
insertion - second rib
innervation - spinal nerves C5-C8
function - elevate rib 2
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Origin - spinous processes of C2 - T12
Insertion - acromion of scapula and superior surface of clavicle
Innervation - XI Accessory, spinal branch arising from spinal cord in
regions of C2 - C4 or C5
Function - elongates neck and controls head (supports for inhalation)
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Pectoralis Major
origin - sternal head: length of sternum at costal cartilages; clavicular head:
anterior clavicle
insertion - greater tubercle of humerus
innervation - superior branch of the brachial plexus (spinal nerves C4-C7 & T1)
function - elevate sternum increasing dimension of rib cage
Pectoralis Minor
origin - anterior surface of ribs 2 - 5 near chondral border
insertion - coracoid process of scapula
innervation - superior branch of the brachial plexus (spinal nerves C4-C7 & T1)
function - increasing transverse dimension of rib cage
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Serratus anterior Subclavius
origin - Ribs 1 - 9, lateral surfacs of thorax origin - inferior surface of clavicle
insertion - inner vertebral border of scapula insertion - superior surface of rib 1 at chondral margin
innervation - brachial plexus, long thoracic nerve from C5 - C7 innervation - brachial plexus, lateral branch, from fifth and sixth spinal
function - elevate ribs 1 - 9/stabilize and rotate scapula nerves
function - elevate rib 1
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Internal intercostals (Interosseous portion) (chondral portion also active in
forced inspiration)
origin - inferior surface of ribs 1-11 (??)
insertion - superior margin of rib below (??)
innervation - intercostal nerves and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves
function – fixes ribs allowing other muscles to act (depresses ribs 1-11)
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Innermost intercostal
origin - superior surface of ribs 1-11
insertion - inferior margin of rib above
innervation - intercostal nerves and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves
function - depresses ribs 1-11
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The deepest layer of abdominal muscles, the transversus abdominis, is not The external oblique muscles are the outermost fibers of the trunk, and are
involved in movements of the trunk (Rasch & Burke, 1978). Instead, this located on each side of the rectus abdominis. Their upper and lateral
respiratory muscle plays an important function in forceful expiration of air attachments are to the lower eight ribs by tendinous insertions that interdigitate
from the lungs; as well as compression of the internal organs. (interlock like the fingers of folded hands) with the serratus anterior muscle on
the side of the rib cage. The lower and middle attachments of the external
obliques are to the anterior crest of the pelvis (iliac crest) and the aponeurosis
of the linea alba from the ribs to the crest of the pubis. The external oblique
muscle actually becomes the inguinal ligament #(Hay & Reid, 1982)#. The
fibers of this muscle run diagonally, forming a “V” shape, similar to putting
your hands into your coat pocket.
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Internal oblique abdominis Rectus abdominis
origin - inguinal ligament and iliac crest origin - originates as four or five segments at pubis inferiorly
insertion - cartilaginous portion of lower ribs of the abdominal aponeurosis insertion - xiphoid process of sternum and cartilage of ribs 5-7, lower ribs
(extended flat sheath-like attachment) lateral to the rectus abdominis innervation - lower intercostals (T7-12)
innervation - lower intercostals (T7-12 & L1) function - supports and compresses viscera (flexs vertebral column)
function - rotates trunk, flexes trunk, compresses abdomen Quadratus lumborum
origin - iliac crest
Beneath the external oblique muscles, running at approximately right angles to insertion - transverse processes of lower lumbar vertebrae and inferior
them, are the internal oblique muscles which form an inverted “V” shape. border of rib 12
Their upper and medial attachments are to the cartilages of the lower three ribs
and the aponeurosis of the linea alba. Their lower and lateral attachments are to innervation - thoracic nerve T12 and L1-4 lumbar nerves
the inguinal ligament, the crest of the pelvis, and the fascia (connective tissue) function - bilateral contraction fixes abdominal wall in support of
of the lower back (erector spinae). At the lower end the internal oblique muscle abdominal compression
fibers run almost horizontally. Both the external and internal oblique muscles
are involved in flexing the rib cage and the pelvic bones together, sideward
bending (lateral flexing) of the trunk, and rotating the trunk. The external The mid-section muscles consist of the rectus abdominis
obliques are referred to as “opposite side” rotators. Due to the muscle fiber
arrangement, when you rotate to the left, the external oblique fibers on your
and the internal and external obliques. The rectus
right side facilitate the movement. Conversely, if you rotate to your right, the abdominis is a long, flat band of muscle fibers extending
left external oblique fibers help with the movement. On the other hand, the vertically between the pubis and the cartilages of the fifth,
internal oblique muscles are “same side” rotators. Thus, if you rotate to the left,
the left internal oblique muscles facilitate the movement. When you rotate to
sixth, and seventh ribs on the front part of your trunk. Its
the right, the right internal oblique muscles help cause the motion. right and left halves are separated in the middle by a strong
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Due to the fact that the lower fibers of the internal oblique muscles run tendinou sheath known as the linea alba (which means
horizontally, they also are strong trunk rotators (Luttgens & Wells, 1992)#. white line). There are three horizontal tendinous creases
Although most people think of the oblique muscles as being only frontal
muscles, it is important to note that their fan-like fibers extend all the way
that give the muscle that “washboard” appearance on some
Latissimus dorsi
origin - lumbar, sacral, and lower thoracic vertebrae
insertion - humerus
innervation - brachial plexus
function - stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration.
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