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Static electricity..................................................................................................................4
Electric charge....................................................................................................................4
Electric fields......................................................................................................................4
Electric current...................................................................................................................4
B: Simple circuits.............................................................................................................................5
Electric circuits...................................................................................................................5
Electron flow......................................................................................................................5
Convectional current..........................................................................................................5
C: Electric current............................................................................................................................6
Ammeters..........................................................................................................................6
Series circuits.....................................................................................................................6
Parallel circuits...................................................................................................................6
D: Controlling current......................................................................................................................7
Voltage...............................................................................................................................7
Potential difference............................................................................................................7
Resistance..........................................................................................................................7
Resistors.............................................................................................................................7
Ohm’s law..........................................................................................................................7
Variable resistors................................................................................................................8
Thermistors........................................................................................................................8
E: Potential difference.....................................................................................................................9
F: Electrical power.........................................................................................................................10
Power...............................................................................................................................10
Work done.......................................................................................................................10
G: Domestic appliances.................................................................................................................11
Efficiency..........................................................................................................................11
Fuses................................................................................................................................11
H: An electricity supply.................................................................................................................12
Batteries...........................................................................................................................12
Generators.......................................................................................................................12
Electromagnetic induction...............................................................................................12
I: Distributing electricity................................................................................................................13
Transformers....................................................................................................................13
move.
Chemical reactions in batteries separate the charges into the terminals, with positive on
acid.
The voltage depends on the metals and solutions used to make the battery.
Resistance is the measurement of how easy or difficult it is to push current through
a component.
Resistors are components that control the flow of charge in a circuit.
The bigger the resistance, the smaller the current.
All components in circuits have resistance.
The resistance in wires is very low; almost zero.
Filaments of light bulbs have high resistance.
Resistance produces a heating effect, because the free electrons collide with the fixed
component with the biggest resistance also has the biggest potential difference.
F: Electrical power
Power is the measurement of the rate at which work is done by the power supply on
the components in a circuit.
Power is proportional to current.
Equation for power:
o Power (W) = current (A) x voltage (V)
Power is measured in watts (W).
Work done is measured in joules (J).
1W is equivalent to 1J/s.
Equation for work done:
o Work done (J) = power (W) x time (s)
Increasing the voltage of a circuit increases the power of the circuit because collisions
between the free electrons and the atoms of the component are harder and more
frequent.
G: Domestic appliances
Electricity bills are based on the amount of work done by the appliances we run.
Work done on an appliance depends on:
o Its power rating
o The time it’s on for
The work done on an appliance is measured in kilowatt hours instead of joules because
high.
Fuses come in 3A and 13A values.
13A fuses are used for appliances with power ratings above 690W.
H: An electricity supply
Batteries can be used to power low-power devices.
Generators can be used to produce electricity, but are noisy and more expensive
than mains electricity.
Electromagnetic induction is the process where potential difference is
generated in a wire when it is in a changing magnetic field.
The size of the current in a generator can be increased by:
o Moving the magnet in and out of the coil more quickly
o Using a stronger magnet
o Using a coil with more turns
If a magnet is rotated near a coiled wire, the magnetic field constantly reverses,
one coil, it causes a changing magnetic field, inducing an alternating current in the other
coil.
Transformers are dependent on the number of turns of wire on the two coils:
o Voltage across secondary coil (Vs) = number of turns on the secondary coil (Ns)
Voltage across primary coil (Vp) number of turns on the primary coil (N p)
If the voltage is increased by a transformer then the current is reduced.
The National Grid distributes electricity by connecting power stations to power
sockets everywhere in the country using long chains of wires.
When electricity is distributed, it is ‘stepped-up’ by transformers, and then ‘stepped-