How To Build An Active Bandpass Filter Circuit With An Op Amp

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How to Build an Active Bandpass

Filter Circuit with an Op Amp
13-16 minutos
In this project, we will show how to build an active bandpass filter

with an op amp and a few simple components comprised of
resistors and a capacitor.
An active bandpass filter is a bandpass filter that provides

amplification to the input signal.
In contrast, a passive bandpass filter does not provide any

amplification at all to the input signal, so the peak of the
bandpass filter will be the same as the input voltage signal.
In active bandpass filter, the peak of the bandpass filter can be

much larger than the input voltage signal because there is
amplification.
Passive or active, a bandpass filter allows a certain range of

frequencies to pass through and greatly attenuates all
frequencies outside of this passband.
For passive bandpass filters to be built, all that is required are
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resistors and capacitors.
Active bandpass filters require either transistors or op amps to

provide amplification to the circuit.
Op amps are more likely more used, as they are easier to bias.
With an op amp active filter, we can design the circuit so that we

can determine the gain and the cutoff frequencies of the
bandpass filter.
The bandpass filters we will build are combinations of low pass

and high pass filters.
How the circuit works is the circuit will pass signals with full
strength or near full strength between the frequencies of the low
pass filter and the high pass filter. So, for example, if the low-pass
filter is designed for 200Hz and the high-pass filter is designed for
2KHz, the circuit will output signals between 200Hz and 2KHz
with full strength or near full strength. Signals outside of these
frequencies will be greatly attenuated, so that their amplitudes are
much less than the amplitude of signals in the passband. The
passband refers to the signals in between the low and high pass
filters that are passed with full strength or near full strength. In
this example, the passband is 200Hz-2KHz. The low cutoff
frequency would be 200Hz and the high cutoff frequency would
be 2KHz.
The low cutoff and high cutoff frequenices are the 2 points in the
passband in which there is a 3dB drop in amplitude. A 3dB drop
equals 0.707VPEAK. If you look at the bandpass graph shown
above, there is a peak amplitude, VPEAK. Then as you get to the
low and high cutoff frequencies, the amplitude drops. When it
reaches 0.707VPEAK, this is the 3dB cutoff point. The 3dB cutoff
point represents half the maximum power.
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After the 3dB cutoff points, there is a steep drop in amplitude, so

frequencies outside of the cutoff frequencies are greatly
attenuated.
And this is how a bandpass filter works.
We will use the standard, very popular LM741 op amp chip to

build our circuits.
We choose this because it's very popular, very wide used, and it
can get the job done for this circuit. We don't need any advanced
or more expensive op amps.
We will show in this circuit how an active bandpass filter can be

constructed either to be an inverting bandpass filter or a
noninverting bandpass filter.
Usually, for circuit sake, it normally doesn't matter if it's inverting

or noninverting but for demonstration purposes, we will show how
to build either one so that in case it's important that the output is
noninverting or inverting, we will show how it's done.
Components Needed
100nF capacitor
3.3nF capacitor
1.5KΩ resistor
15KΩ resistor
1KΩ resistor
9KΩ resistor
So the chip we will use again is an LM741 operational amplifier

chip.
The LM741 chip is composed of a single op amp.
It is an 8-pin chip.
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We will only use 5 of the pins in our circuit.
Pins 7 and 4 are the power pins. Pin 7 is where we connect

positive DC voltage to and pin 4 we connect to negative voltage.
Pins 2 and 3 are the input pins to the op amp. Pin 2 is the
inverting terminal and pin 3 is the noninverting terminal.
As stated above, we will show how to create the bandpass filters

to allow for a noninverting output and an inverting signal.
Pin 6 is the ouput of the op amp.
And these are the only 5 pins we use, so it's pretty simple.
Apart from the L741 op amp, we just need resistors and

capacitors.
In this circuit, we make the bandpass filter so that the low cutoff
frequency is 1KHz and the high cutoff frequency is 3.2KHz. So
the passband is from 1KHz to 3.2KHz. However, if you're
modifying the circuit so that there is a different passband, then
you would modify the value of the components. We show below
to compute the frequencies so that you can create any passband.
But it's not infinite because you still have to take into account the
capabilities of the op amp, such as the maximum voltage it can
handle as well as the op amp's slew rate. We discuss this more in
depth below.
Active Inverting Op Amp Bandpass Filter Circuit
The inverting bandpass filter circuit that we will build with an

LM741 op amp chip and a few resistors and capacitors is shown
below.
This bandpass filter below is an inverting bandpass filter.
This means that the output of the op amp is 180 degrees of out of
phase with the input signal. This correlates, from an image angle,
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of vertically flipping the input signal and this what would appear
as output.
So now this will be explained in thorough detail.
So first thing is powering the op amp. The op amp requires DC

power in order to operate. The amount DC power is that is
needed depends on how large the amplified output signal will be.
The output AC voltage signal will only be as high as the ceiling
and floor. And the ceiling and floor fo the AC signal is set by the
DC power line. What is meant by this is that the AC signal can
only be as high as the DC floor that is set. If the output AC signal
is, for example, 20V peak to peak, the DC voltage fed into pin 7,
V+, must be 10VDC or higher and the DC voltage fed into pin 4,
V-, must be -10VDC or lower. These levels allows the AC signal
to be able to swing from up to +20V down to -20V. So the DC
signal sets the amount of room that the AC signal is able to
swing.
In order for the circuit to work properly, pin 4, V-, must be

connected to negative voltage. It can't be connected to ground. If
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connected to ground, the AC signal will swing from the peak of

the voltage down to 0V, meaning the negative portion of the AC
signal will be clipped.
So, in our circuit, we design the bandpass filter so that it has a

gain of 10. We feed +12VDC into V+, pin 7, of the op amp and
-12VDC into V-, pin 4. Being that the ceiling is +12V and the floor
is -12V, the maximum input signal that can be fed into the op amp
is 1.2V. Any signal greater than this will produce clipping and
distortion, since 12V/10= 1.2V. However, you don't want to make
it so that it's exactly on the line like this because the op amp isn't
ideal. It may have some slight DC offset. Even if you operated the
op amp to remove DC offset, it still will have some DC offset;
therefore, you shouldn't set the input signal so that it's exactly on
the ceiling and floor. Therefore, for all practical purposes to
remove clipping and, thus, distortion, the maximum input signal
should be about 1.1V or so.
So now the DC supply voltage to the op amp is explained and

why it's so important, let's get to the heart of the bandpass filter.
So the part of the circuit composed of resistor R1 and capacitor

C1 form the high-pass filter. The high-pass filter passes all
frequencies above the point it is designed to pass.
The high-pass filter creates the lower cutoff frequency point. In

this circuit, we design the high-pass filter to have a cutoff
frequency of 1KHz. So it will allow all frequencies above 1KHz to
be passed without much attenuation.
The formula for calculating the lower cutoff frequency is,

frequency= 1/2πR1C1= 1/2π(1.5KΩ)(100nF)= 1061 Hz≈ 1KHz.
So we use a 1.5KΩ resistor with a 100nF capacitor to form the

high-pass filter. These values give us a lower cutoff frequency of
1KHz.
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So all frequencies 1KHz pass through this part of the circuit and
then go through the second part composed of resistor R2 and
capacitor C2. R2 and C2 form the low-pass filter.
A low-pass filter passes all frequencies below the frequency

cutoff it was designed to. The low-pass filter forms the upper
cutoff frequency point.
The formula for calculating the higher cutoff frequency is,

frequency= 1/2πR2C2= 1/2π(15KΩ)(3.3nF)= 3216Hz ≈ 3.2KHz.
So all frequencies below 3.2KHz will be amplified and all

frequencies above 3.2KHz will be greatly attenuated.
So the high-pass filter passes all frequencies above 1KHz and

the low-pass filters passes all frequencies below 3.2KHz. The
passband, therefore, is between 1KHz and 3.2KHz.
The gain of the op ap is determined by resistors resistors R1 and

R2 by the formula, gain (AV)= -R2/R1.
Since R2 is 10 times greater than R1, the gain is -10.
The negative means that the voltage output is inverted from the
voltage input. So while the input voltage is +10V, the output
voltage is -10V. They're 180 degrees out of phase. When one is
at the positive peak, the other is at its negative peak. A full AC
signal is 360 degrees.
Usually phase does not matter. Unless you're dealing with a

phase-critical application, it shouldn't matter whether the
bandpass filter is inverting or noninverting. Phase may only be
critical if you need the output signal to be in synch with the input
signal (noninverting) or if you need the output signal to be in
opposite synch with the input signal (inverting), such as in the
case of flasher circuit or motor circuit (pwm modulation).
If this doesn't apply, then it doesn't matter whether it's inverting or
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noninverting.
The inverting circuit is a little easier to build than the noninverting

terminal.
Active Noninverting Op Amp Bandpass Filter Circuit
The noninverting bandpass filter we will build with an LM741 op

amp is shown below.
This allows the input signal and output signal to be in phase with
one another.
So the first part of the circuit composed of R1 and C1 form the

high-pass filter. It passes all frequencies above the point it is
designed to pass.
The values for the high-pass filter are the same as the previous
circuit. We use a 100nF capacitor and 1.5KKΩ resistor to form the
high-pass filter which forms a cutoff frequency of 1KHz. It passes
all frequencies above this point.
The signal is then amplified by the op amp by a gain proportional

to resistors R3 and R4 according to the formula, gain (AV)= 1 +
R4/R3. Since R4 is 9KΩ and R3 is 1KΩ, the gain is 10.
After being amplified, the signal then passes through the low-
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pass filter. The low-pass filter is composed of a 15KΩ and 3.3nF

capacitor, which sets a cutoff frequency of 3216Hz. So it passes
all frequencies below this value.
And this is the circuit that gives an amplified noninverting signal.

So the input signal and the output signal are in phase.
Regardless of which circuit you choose to build, inverting or

noninverting, you must watch out for a few things.
One of the first things to take into account is the maximum DC

voltage power supply the op amp can deal with.
The maximum DC voltage that the LM741 can handle is ±22V or

±18V for the LM741C.
This is important because it sets the maximum peak to peak AC

voltage that the op amp can output.
If the maximum DC voltage the op amp can handle is ±22V, this

means that the AC voltage can swing to a maximum of 44VPEAK-
to-PEAK. It can have a peak positive voltage of +22V and a peak
negative voltage of -22V.
The other factor that must be taken into account is the op amp's
slew rate. The slew rate is how fast the op amp can output
voltage per unit time. The slew rate is determined by the formula,
slew rate= 2πfV.
The slew rate is normally specified as voltage per unit time,

specifically voltage per microseconds. So the slew rate is how
many volts the op amp can output per microsecond. The slew
rate largely shows how high-speed an op amp is. Op amps are
higher speed, meaning they can output voltage at a quicker rate,
have higher slew rate values.
An LM741 has a slew rate of 0.5V/µs. Other very high-speed op

amps can have slew rates as high as 6000V/µs.
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But going back to the LM741, it has a slew rate of 0.5V/µs.
Inputting this into the slew rate formula, the LM741 can output 1V
at a frequency of 79,617Hz. Doing the math, we first convert the
slew rate to volts per second. To convert the slew rate from volts
per microsecond to volts per second, we take the slew rate
voltage and divide it by 0.000001 to give us seconds. So
0.5V/0.000001= 500,000V/s. We can now plug it into the formula,
slew rate= 2πfV= 500,000= 2(3.14)(1V)(f). This is if you are
outputting 1V peak to peak.
We are obviously going to output more voltage. If you are

outputting 10V peak-to-peak, the maximum frequency at which
this can be done for the LM741 op amp is 7961Hz.
If you are outputting 20V peak-to-peak, the maximum frequency

at which this can be done for the LM741 op amp is 3980Hz.

at which this can be done for the LM741 op amp is 3317Hz.

at which this can be done for the LM741 is 2653Hz.
If you are outputting the maxium 44V peak-to-peak, the maximum

frequency at which this can be done for the LM741 op amp is
1809Hz.
So as you can see, there a number of factors that go into creating

a bandpass filter with an op amp. If you are dealing with high-
frequency signals, then it's best to use a much higher-speed op
amp than the LM741. For relatively low frequencies, it should
suffice.
And this is how a bandpass filter circuit can be an op amp.
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How to Build an Active Bandpass Filter Circuit with an Op Amp about:reader?url=http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/Ac...

How to Build an Active Bandpass

In this project, we will show how to build an active bandpass filter

An active bandpass filter is a bandpass filter that provides

In contrast, a passive bandpass filter does not provide any

In active bandpass filter, the peak of the bandpass filter can be

Passive or active, a bandpass filter allows a certain range of

For passive bandpass filters to be built, all that is required are

resistors and capacitors.

Active bandpass filters require either transistors or op amps to

With an op amp active filter, we can design the circuit so that we

The bandpass filters we will build are combinations of low pass

After the 3dB cutoff points, there is a steep drop in amplitude, so

And this is how a bandpass filter works.

We will use the standard, very popular LM741 op amp chip to

We will show in this circuit how an active bandpass filter can be

Usually, for circuit sake, it normally doesn't matter if it's inverting

So the chip we will use again is an LM741 operational amplifier

The LM741 chip is composed of a single op amp.

We will only use 5 of the pins in our circuit.

Pins 7 and 4 are the power pins. Pin 7 is where we connect

As stated above, we will show how to create the bandpass filters

Pin 6 is the ouput of the op amp.

Apart from the L741 op amp, we just need resistors and

Active Inverting Op Amp Bandpass Filter Circuit

The inverting bandpass filter circuit that we will build with an

This bandpass filter below is an inverting bandpass filter.

So now this will be explained in thorough detail.

So first thing is powering the op amp. The op amp requires DC

In order for the circuit to work properly, pin 4, V-, must be

connected to ground, the AC signal will swing from the peak of

So, in our circuit, we design the bandpass filter so that it has a

So now the DC supply voltage to the op amp is explained and

So the part of the circuit composed of resistor R1 and capacitor

The high-pass filter creates the lower cutoff frequency point. In

The formula for calculating the lower cutoff frequency is,

So we use a 1.5KΩ resistor with a 100nF capacitor to form the

A low-pass filter passes all frequencies below the frequency

The formula for calculating the higher cutoff frequency is,

So all frequencies below 3.2KHz will be amplified and all

So the high-pass filter passes all frequencies above 1KHz and

The gain of the op ap is determined by resistors resistors R1 and

Since R2 is 10 times greater than R1, the gain is -10.

Usually phase does not matter. Unless you're dealing with a

If this doesn't apply, then it doesn't matter whether it's inverting or

The inverting circuit is a little easier to build than the noninverting

Active Noninverting Op Amp Bandpass Filter Circuit

The noninverting bandpass filter we will build with an LM741 op

So the first part of the circuit composed of R1 and C1 form the

The signal is then amplified by the op amp by a gain proportional

pass filter. The low-pass filter is composed of a 15KΩ and 3.3nF

And this is the circuit that gives an amplified noninverting signal.

Regardless of which circuit you choose to build, inverting or

One of the first things to take into account is the maximum DC

The maximum DC voltage that the LM741 can handle is ±22V or

This is important because it sets the maximum peak to peak AC

If the maximum DC voltage the op amp can handle is ±22V, this

The slew rate is normally specified as voltage per unit time,

An LM741 has a slew rate of 0.5V/µs. Other very high-speed op

But going back to the LM741, it has a slew rate of 0.5V/µs.

We are obviously going to output more voltage. If you are

If you are outputting 20V peak-to-peak, the maximum frequency