Math Notes

Cheat Sheets
Tuesday, April 10, 2018 6:19 PM
BINOMIAL THEOREM
𝑛 𝑛 \oneplusxtothen
(1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯+ 𝑥 + ⋯+ 𝑥
2 𝑘
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑥 𝑎
𝑘
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) … (𝑛 − 𝑘 + 1) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) … 1
(1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯𝑥 + ⋯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯𝑥 + ⋯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯𝑥
2! 𝑘! 𝑛!
DIFFERENCE AND SUM OF CUBES
PROPERTIES OF INEQUALITIES
LAWS OF EXPONENTS
INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE DISCRIMINANT B2-4AC
RATIONAL ROOTS TEST (Needs work)

To find whether a polynomial of the form axn +bx(n-1) +c has any rational roots, I think all we need to do is look at the factors of a and c and combine
them in various ways to ensure that that all possible combinations of fractions are tested
ANGLE ADDITION IDENTITIES

cos(𝑎 + 𝑏) cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏) − sin(𝑎) sin(𝑏) \cosaplusb
sin(𝑎 + 𝑏) sin(𝑎) cos(𝑏) + cos(𝑎) sin(𝑏)
cos(𝑎 − 𝑏) cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏) + sin(𝑎) sin(𝑏)
sin(𝑎 − 𝑏) sin(𝑎) cos(𝑏) − cos(𝑎) sin(𝑏)
Proofs (Exercises 43 to 48)
HALF ANGLE IDENTITIES

cos 2𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃 − 1
cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin 𝜃
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2𝜃
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
cos 𝜃 = 1 + cos 2𝜃
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
TANGENT IDENTITIES
tan(𝐴) + tan(𝐵)
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − tan(𝐴) tan(𝐵)
tan(A) − tan(𝐵))
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + tan(𝐴) tan(𝐵)
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − 2 tan 𝜃
LAW OF COSINES
MORE TRIG IDENTITIES

1 1
sin 𝛼 ± sin 𝛽 = 2 sin 𝛼 ± 𝛽 cos 𝛼 ∓ 𝛽
2 2
Cheat Sheet Page 1
1 1
sin 𝛼 ± sin 𝛽 = 2 sin ⎯⎯(𝛼 ± 𝛽) cos ⎯⎯(𝛼 ∓ 𝛽)
2 2
1 1
cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 = 2 cos ⎯⎯(𝛼 + 𝛽) cos ⎯⎯(𝛼 − 𝛽)
2 2
sec 𝜃 = 1 + tan 𝜃
csc 𝜃 = 1 + cot 𝜃
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1 − cos 2𝜃
sin 𝜃 = ± ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
sec 𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ csc 𝜃= 1/sinθ
LOCATION OF FOCI
FORMULA AND ALGORITHMS FOR ROTATION OF GRAPHS
PROPERTIES OF LIMITS
lim 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥)

⟶ ⟶ ⟶
lim f(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥)

⟶ ⟶ ⟶
lim 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 lim 𝑓(𝑥) for any constant k
⟶ ⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
( ) ( )
lim ⎯⎯⎯
( )
⟶
= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( )
if lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
⟶ ⟶
⟶
( )
( ) ⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) if lim 𝑓(𝑥) > 0
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
[Addendum] If 𝑓 is continuous ⊃ lim 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 lim 𝑔(𝑥)

⟶ ⟶
How to strike a tangent along the graph of any curve:
𝑓(𝑎 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎)
⟶ Δ𝑥
More elegantly:
𝑓 (𝑎) (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎)
LIMIT THEOREMS
sin 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1
⟶ 𝜃
1 − cos 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 0
⟶ 𝜃
DERIVATIVE THEOREMS
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥
(𝑐) = 0
(𝑓 + 𝑔) = 𝑓 + 𝑔'
(𝑓𝑔) = 𝑓𝑔 + 𝑔𝑓
(𝑓𝑔ℎ) = 𝑓ℎ(𝑔) + 𝑔ℎ(𝑓) + 𝑓𝑔(ℎ)
𝑓 (𝑓)
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑐 𝑐
(𝑐𝑓) = 𝑐 (𝑓 )
𝑓 𝑔𝑓 − 𝑓𝑔
=
𝑔 𝑔
Cheat Sheet Page 2

𝑓 𝑔𝑓 − 𝑓𝑔
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑔 𝑔
1 (𝑔)
⎯⎯ = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑔 𝑔
TRIGONOMETRIC DERIVATIVES
(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥

(tan 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 (cot 𝑥) = − csc 𝑥
(sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 (csc 𝑥) = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
CHAIN RULE
If y is a differentiable function of 'u' and 'u' is a differentiable function of 𝑥, then 𝑦 is a differentiable function of 𝑥 and
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
"The derivative of y with respect to x equals the derivative of y with respect to u times the derivative of u with respect to x
ℎ (𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑔(𝑥))𝑔 (𝑥)
Cheat Sheet Page 3

Proof of
2 ∗2 = 2 Basic Law of Exponents

1=2 See Proof
2 ∗2 =1
(2 ∗ 2 )/(2 ∗ 2 ) = 1(2 ∗ 2 )
1
1 = ⎯⎯
1
1=1
1=1
Cheat Sheet Page 4

Proof of
Proof
2 ∗2 =2
2 ∗2 =2
2 ∗2 =2
2
2 = ⎯⎯
2
2 =1
Cheat Sheet Page 5

Proof of difference of cubes
Thursday, April 26, 2018 4:12 AM
http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.07/s/bill1.html
Cheat Sheet Page 6

Thinking About how to best take Math notes
Thursday, March 1, 2018 1:18 PM
There are several possibilities for us, but at a certain point, it might be worth our time to try out
LaTeX or some other editor, that could let us maybe speed up our typing. I somewhat dislike the
equation editor due to the way it groups certain expressions together under an exponent, or
occasionally fails to make an exponent. Square roots are particularly troublesome.
(NOT TODAY)
THINGS WE HAVE YET TO TRY
UKALELE or something similar that will let us enter into a dedicated "Math Mode" on our
keyboard with custom shortcuts
Check out Geogebra
Download LaTex
Download Mathematica
Download MatLab
DESMOS:
Great for doing long algebra problems and checking our work. When We paste into One Note,
we give up the ability to edit our equations, but this could be remediated by signing up for
Desmos and saving all of our homework assignments into an account.
ONENOTE:
We would be a fool to give up on One Note just because we don't like the equation editor. Not
only is a great service and tool, but it has a lot of great features as well. If we could do everything
in one note, we would, but
THE EQUATION EDITOR
Bane of my existence, the Equation Editor will

1. slow way down when copy pasting large chunks of Algebra
2. When the equations get long enough, our computer seems to slow down with editing
them
3. Formatting issues make it more cumbersome to work with than Desmos with its
smooth, intuitive interface. If only we could write like we do in Desmos in One Note!
_____________________________________________________________________________
Given the information above, I think It might make sense to take dual notes: When you need to
do a large amount of algebra or whatever, Use Desmos and paste a link to the completed
homework Problem in OneNote. THis way you can always see what you did, and you can build up
a kind of repertoire of completed assignments.
It is probably possible, with a little coding, to make it so that you can eventually copy paste from
Desmos to One Note and preserve formatting. But we are not there yet. The more I look at
LaTeX, the less appealing it sounds, but I am still willing to do research.
How to take Good Notes Page 1

OPERATOR

Handy Dandy Keyboard Shortcuts
Without the Equation Editor

Superscript like x2
x<ctrl>+<shift>+<+>
Subscript like L1
L <crtl>+<=>1
Shortcuts we are making:

\ to
→
\iff
⃡
\f
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝐼 𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑘: 𝑤ℎ𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙?
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒:
𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑝 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦:
𝑤ℎ𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ?
I see no reason not to go this route.

222/12=18.5
Å
∄
Mother of God
Also Common: All real Numbers ℝ

211d (Hex)
𝑎+𝑏
⎧ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑐 ⎫
⎪ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑐 ⎪
⎪ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ ⎪
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑗
⎨ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑗+𝑓 ⎬
⎪⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑘 ⎪
⎪⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑙 ⎪ 𝑊𝑜𝑤, 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎩ 𝑖 ⎭
Type equation here.
𝑎+𝑏
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑐

Shortcuts Table
Friday, April 27, 2018 1:11 AM
Hand crafted shortcuts for your slash commanding pleasure
Just remember that "alt>f>t>'down'>'down'>TAB>Enter>Crt+TAB>
Green background means that it works outside of math mode
To Type To Insert Type

Insert
^ * ∞ \inf OR inf
𝑓(𝑥) = fx ℝ \Re
𝑓(⬚) = f lim \lim <space>
⟶
Insert numbers -1 to 5 for a after as in \lim1
lim ⬚ \lhlimit OR \limninf
⟶
lim ⬚
⟶ \rhlimit OR \liminf
lim ⬚
⟶
lim ⬚ \lhlim0
⟶
\rhlim0
𝑔(𝑥) = gx 𝑧, 𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓 'a' or 'b' (Not in equation editor)

𝑔(⬚) g ` (The thing below the tilde)
→ \to OR \ap (for 'approaches') (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 3𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 \aplusbcubed
𝜃 \t 𝑓(𝑥) Type equation here.
⎯⎯
√⬚ \ rt OR \sqrt
( 𝑜𝑟 ) [ or ]
𝜋 p
I am also thinking that when we finally craft an alternate keyboard layout with the program, that we can have
"Meta-SlashCommands"
Because the keystrokes are limited to four characters, certain slash commands wont execute with a single key, so this
would make it so that we have a slash command that creates another slash command. Here is an example:
\liminf = lim ⬚
⟶
\** = \liminf so
lim ⬚
⟶
We have to press space twice, but this is no big deal.

Things I want to come back to
Monday, February 19, 2018 9:00 PM
I want to know why tan(2𝜃) = ⎯⎯⎯

Because I didn't understand the proof for it. I think I will try to come back to it when I am in the section
on polar stuff
[21]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

lim √𝑥 − 4 + 2 = √𝑥 − 4 + 2 √𝑥 − 4 − 2 = 𝑥 − 4 − 4 = 𝑥 − 8 = 𝟒
⟶
No! Why you do the algebra bad
Why not just 'see' that it is close to 2?
Proofs And Definitions Page 1

General Proofs and other odds and ends
Difference and sum of cubes (Should go on cheat sheet)
The square of any nonzero real number is positive
If the numerator is shrinking faster than the denominator, the limit will approach zero

Wednesday, May 30, 2018 5:24 PM

Definitions
Friday, July 13, 2018 6:57 PM
One-to-one: A function f that assigns distinct outputs to distinct inputs is called a one-to-one function
Even Function. A function f such that 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) like x2
Odd function: A functions f such that 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
Polynomial: 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + … … … 𝑎 where 𝑎 , 𝑎 , … … . 𝑎 are fixed real numerators n is the

degree of the polynomial, and the 'a's are coefficients
DEFINITION of LIMIT:
Horizontal Asymptote:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
⟶
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) gets arbitrarily close to L as x increases. Same thing for 𝑥 ⟶ −∞
Vertical Asymptote:
lim f(𝑥) = ∞ Or lim = ∞ the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) resembles the vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑎 for x near a.
⟶ ⟶
The line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is called the Vertical Asymptote.

Appendix A (notes)
Wednesday, March 28, 2018 6:52 PM
Appendixes Page 1
Appendixes Page 2
SP for Appendix A
Wednesday, March 28, 2018 7:52 PM
−3𝑥 + 2 > 5𝑥 + 18
16 > 8𝑥
2>𝑥
Appendixes Page 3
Appendix C Notes
Friday, April 6, 2018 11:09 PM
Prove the Quadratic
1 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Given
2 𝑏 Factor out the a
𝑎(𝑥 + ⎯⎯𝑥) + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎
3 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑥 + ⎯⎯𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯ +𝑐 = 0 Add and subtract ⎯⎯
𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
4 Complete that square
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ +𝑐 =0
2𝑎 2𝑎
5 𝑏 𝑏 Distribute that a
𝑎 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯ − 𝑎 ⎯⎯⎯ + 𝑐 = 0
2𝑎 2𝑎
6 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯ = 𝑎 ⎯⎯⎯ − 𝑐
2𝑎 2𝑎
7 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 Divide both sides by a
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
8 𝑏 𝑏 4𝑐𝑎 PoQ and like terms in the denominator

𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
2𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9 𝑏 √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 √ Both sides
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯= ± ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑎 2𝑎
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
10 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 Subtract b/2a and combine like denominators
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑎
Appendixes Page 4
Problems 41 and 43
Problem 41
[1] (1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 Premise
[2] 𝑎 Definition
𝑥 = ⎯⎯
𝑏
[3] 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 1,2
(1 + ⎯⎯ ) = 1 + 4 ⎯⎯ + 6 ⎯⎯ + 4 ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯ Substitution
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
[4] 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 3, Multiply
𝑎 ∗ (1 + ⎯⎯ ) = 𝑎 ∗ [(1 + 4 ⎯⎯ + 6 ⎯⎯ + 4 ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯ ] by 𝑎
[5] 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 4, Power of a
(𝑎(1 + ⎯⎯ )) = 𝑎 ∗ [(1 + 4 ⎯⎯ + 6 ⎯⎯ + 4 ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯ ] product
[6] 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 5 Distribute a
[𝑎 + 𝑏] = 𝑎 ∗ [(1 + 4 ⎯⎯ + 6 ⎯⎯ + 4 ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯ ]
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
[7] 𝑏 6,4
[𝑎 + 𝑏] = 𝑎 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑎
Problem 43
Developing intuition
Solve the Problem:
Coefficient of xn-k = Coefficient of xk

𝑛! 𝑛! n=n
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑛 − 𝑘)! [𝑛 − (𝑛 − 𝑘)]! 𝑘! (𝑛 − 𝑘)! k=n-k (on the left)
𝑛! 𝑛! Distribute the negative sign
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑛 − 𝑘)! [𝑛 − 𝑛 + 𝑘]! 𝑘! (𝑛 − 𝑘)!
𝑛! 𝑛! n's cancel
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑛 − 𝑘)! [𝑘]! 𝑘! (𝑛 − 𝑘)!
𝑛! 𝑛! Associative property
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑘! (𝑛 − 𝑘)! 𝑘! (𝑛 − 𝑘)!
So the quantities are equal
Appendixes Page 5
Notes on Exponents (Appendix D)
Appendixes Page 6
Exercises for Appendix D Exponents
1-9 are on Paper
[11]
[a] 2x
Domain = ℝ
Range (0, ∞)
[b]x(1/3)
Domain: ℝ
Range: (-∞, ∞)
[c] 𝑥
Domain: (0, ∞)
Range: (0, ∞ )
[d] 𝑥
Domain: ℝ
Range: (0, ∞ )
[13] f(x)= x(3/5)

[a] Compute
f(-32)⟶ -8
f(-1)⟶ -1
f(0)⟶ 0
f(1)⟶ 1
f(32)⟶ 2
[b] Graph
[15] Which is Larger, 2.236 or √5 ?

2.236*2.236=4.9997
√ 5 > 2,236
[17] Assume x>0 (i.e. x is positive)

x < x2 When x2 is greater than 1 (1, ∞)
x= x2 When x= 1
x > x2 When x < 1 (0, 1)
[19] Graph 2-x

[Graph]
[21] Scientific notation!

[a] 1000 is 103
[b] 0.0001 is 10-4
[c] 100
[d] 10-7
[23] (641/3)2 is easier than (642)1/3
Appendixes Page 7
[23] (641/3)2 is easier than (642)1/3
i.e. (641/3)2=[(4⋅ 4⋅ 4)1/3]2
42
16
[25] Evaluate (2h-1)/h for

h(0.1)= 0.718
h(0.01)=0.6956
h(0.001)=0.6934
This is interesting because the function is approaching the form 0/0 but it is not
Equal to zero
[27] Oh my!
K=Y(2/3)(CEP)-2
A nautical mile is 6076 feet =CEP "Circle of error probable"

[a] [(14 ∗ (0.15) )]/[200/6076] = 3647.8
( ∗( . ) )
[b] ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 30.238
⎯⎯
[c] Multiply the equation by 9 or multiply it by 4 (i.e. 8(2/3)) power, I would think 9?, i.e. make CEP 3
times as small [Got it right :D]
You know, these are some awfully nice notes your taking here, and it will be of use to you in the future if
you do a good job with these practice questions
Appendixes Page 8
Trigonometry Notes (Appendix E)
Radian measure: How much of an arc an angle cuts off on a circle
If the circle has radius r and it intercepts an arc of length s, then the then the quotient s/r shall
be the measure of the angle.
A
s
B θ
C
r
θ = s\r 'radians'
We talkin bout these Muthafuckin Radians ya'll
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
180 𝜋
Example 1: Find the radian measure of a ninety degree angle (Click for Solution)
Well, it is 1/4 of the circle, and the circumference of a circle has 2πr radians, so
𝑠 = ⎯ ∗ 2𝜋𝑟 = ⎯⎯
r=r
⎯⎯⎯
So ⎯⎯ = ⎯
(About 1.57)
Example 2: What is the measure in Radians of a 30° angle?

°
⎯⎯⎯= ⎯
°
⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯
⋅
⎯= ⎯
𝜋
⎯⎯= 𝑥
6
Example 3: How many degrees are there in an angle of 1 radian?

1 𝑥
⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝜋 180°
180
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯
𝜋
Roughly 60?
57.3
Appendixes Page 9
⋆ The length of the arc intercepted equals the measure of the angle in radians when we are
dealing with the unit circle, ∵ if r=1 then θ = ⎯ i.e. θ =s ⋆
Definition of sin and cos
Find Cos (π /2) and Sin (π /2)

The angle "π /2" is equal to the point on the Unit circle (0, 1)
Cos (π /2) =0
Sin (π /2)1
Example 5: Find cos (-π) and sin (-π)

Well, the angle -π is equal to the point (-1, 0), so
Cos(-π)=-1
Sin(-π)= 0
Why cos (-θ) = cos(θ) and sin(-θ) = -sin(θ)
Cos(θ + 2π)= cos (θ )

Sin (θ +2π )= sin(θ )
Example 6: Find cos(π /4) and sin (π /4)

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√ √
Well, the angle, π/4 defines the folling point P= (⎯⎯,⎯⎯) So
⎯⎯
Appendixes Page 10
⎯⎯
√
cos (π /4) = ⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√
Sin(π /4)=⎯⎯
But how would we have proved it algebraically if we had not known what those values
were? Well, x2+y2=1 in this case, x2 is equal to y2, so
2𝑥 = 1
1
𝑥 = ⎯⎯
2
1
x= Since cos(π/4) is positive, we take only the positve root
2
⎯ Rationalize the Fraction

𝑥 = ⎯ ⎯⎯
√
Example 7: Find cos (π /3) and sin (π /3) (I wrote a nice proof for this one)
⎯⎯
√
Well, I happen to know that the point P defined by the angle π /3 is 𝑃 = ⎯⎯ , ⎯
But how to prove? I guess I would use my 30° 60° 90 triangle, (∵ π /3 is 60°)
I happen to know the properties of such a triangle are:
(Because our Hypotenuse is 1, I can solve for x)
⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + √3𝑥 = 1 Pythagorean Theorem
𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 1
4𝑥 = 1
1
𝑥 = ⎯⎯
4
⎯⎯
1
𝑥 = ⎯⎯
4
1
𝑥 = ⎯⎯
2
⎯⎯
√
So the sides of our Triangle are 1/2 and √3/2, hence 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⎯ = ⎯⎯ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos ⎯ = ⎯
This proof is also sufficient ot demonstrate the converse(Am I using this word correctly?), namely
that the Point defined by ⎯ just switches the x and y coordinates
ANGLE ADDITION IDENTITIES

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵)
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵)
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos(𝐴)cos(𝐵) + sin (𝐴)sin(𝐵)
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin(𝐴)cos(𝐵) − cos(𝐴) sin (𝐵)
Appendixes Page 11
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin(𝐴)cos(𝐵) − cos(𝐴) sin (𝐵)
I look forward to proving these in exercises 43 to 48
HALF AND DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITIES

cos2θ = Cos2(θ) - sin2(θ)
Cos2θ= 2cos2(θ) -1
Cos2θ= 1 - 2sin2(θ)
Sin2(θ)= 2sin(θ)cos(θ)
sin 𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ
cos 𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
Definition of tan θ (IMPORTANT STUFF Not what we would have guessed)
The blue dot where this line intercepts Line L gets increasingly big (approaches ∞ ) as θ
approaches π/2 from 0, and gets increasingly negative (approaches -∞) as θ comes at (π
/2) from starting from π .
More Precisely
lim tan(𝜃) = ∞
→ ⎯⎯
lim tan(𝜃) = −∞
→ ⎯⎯
lim tan(𝜃) = −∞
→ ⎯⎯
Trying again with the \below function

π
lim \below θ → ⎯⎯
2
Also, The closer θ gets to π or 0, the close tan (θ ) gets to 0, but we shan't bother to write
it in limit notation
Tan function has a period of π, thus tan(θ + π ) = tan (θ)
Appendixes Page 12
In this diagram of a unit circle, line BQ represents the tan function
Triangles QOB and POA are similar,
So by the similarity of triangles, their ratios must be the same, i.e.
Proof that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝐵𝑄 𝐴𝑃
⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐴
⎯⎯⎯
𝑂𝐵 = 1
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝐵𝑄 𝐴𝑃
⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
1 𝑂𝐴
⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 𝐴𝑃
𝐵𝑄 = ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
𝑂𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(tan 𝜃) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Tan Identities
tan(𝐴) + tan(𝐵)
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − tan(𝐴) tan(𝐵)
tan(A) − tan(𝐵))
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Appendixes Page 13
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − 2 tan 𝜃
Tangent can be used to describe the slope of a line (See pp. S-45, Stein)
Intuitively this is because 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯ Which is the same as 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = ⎯⎯⎯
Likewise, if the slope is known, the angle can be estimated by using the inverse tan function
All this 'code' makes me feel like I am meeting the computer halfway, for I feel it should be able
to recognize my handwriting instantly on the Surface pro. Still, thee is something gratifying in
knowing that I can tell the computer what I want and how I want it, even if there are a few
hiccups. But it may be worth our time to speculate on how we would otherwise wish to change
the nomenclature and notation of mathematics to better serve our designs and purposes.
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑐𝑠𝑐θ = ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑐𝑜𝑡θ = ⎯⎯⎯
Law of Cosines
If we know the lengths of two sides of the triangle and an angle between them (θ ) we
can determine the length of side c, the formula for c is
𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃
When θ = (π /2) the law of cosines is just the pythagorean theorem
Appendixes Page 14
Trigonometry Exercises (Appendix E)
Wednesday, April 11, 2018 4:09 PM
[1] What are the radian measures of the following angles?

(a)90
π/2
(b)30
π/6
(c)120
𝜋 𝜋
⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯
2 6
3𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯
6 6 3
(d)360
2π
[3] Radians to Degrees

(a) 3π /4
3𝜋
⎯⎯⎯
4 °
⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯
𝜋 180
135° = 𝑥
(b)π /3
60°
(c) 2π /3
120 = 𝑥
(d) 4π
4*180=720
[5] An Angle intercepts an arc of 5 inches in a circle of radius 3 inches

a) In radians that’s just 5/3
∗
⎯⎯⎯
b) ⎯⎯⎯
⬚
=⬚
⎯⎯
5*60=300
300/π Degrees (about 100)
300/π=95.4929658551372
[7]
a) 50° = 5π/18
b) 2rad= 114.492
[9]
a) 4.5
b) 6
c) 7.5
[11]
(a) tan(13π/6)x
(B)tan(-3π)x (180° )
(To draw the angle I am using the fact that the slope =tan)
[13]
1 π Given Pythagorean Identity
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = cos −θ
2
Appendixes Page 15
1 π Given Pythagorean Identity
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = cos ⎯⎯− θ
2
2 π 1 Example 7
cos ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯
3 2
3 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1, θ =π/6
sin ⎯⎯ = cos ⎯⎯− ⎯⎯
6 2 6
4 π 3π π Least Common denominator
sin ⎯⎯ = cos ⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯
6 6 6
5 π 2π Subtract
sin ⎯⎯ = cos ⎯⎯⎯
6 6
6 π π Divide
sin ⎯⎯ = cos ⎯⎯
6 3
7 π 1 6,2, Substitution
sin ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯
6 2
We are sacrificing speed for accuracy, but it feels good
[15]
θ sinθ
0 0
π/6 1/2
π/4 √2/2
π/3 √3/2
π/2 1
π 0
3π/2 -1
2π 0
[17] cos(A+B) when A=π/6 B= π/3

Cos(A+B)=Cos(A)cos(B) - sin(A)sin(B)
1 A=π/6 B= π/3 Given
2 Cos(A+B)=Cos(A)cos(B) - sin(A)sin(B) Law of Cosine
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
3 Cos(π/6+π/3)= ⎯⎯* ⎯ −
√ √
⎯ * ⎯⎯ 0
[19] Find sin( 5π /12)

Sin(5π/12) Given
Sin[(3π/12)+(2π/12)] Addition in reverse
Sin[(π/4)+(π/6)] Reduce
Sin(A+B)=Sin(A)cos(B) + cos(A)sin(B) Law of Sines
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√ √ √
Sin[(π/4)+(π/6)]= ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯ ⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√ √ √
Sin[(π/4)+(π/6)]= ⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√ √ √
Sin[(π/4)+(π/6)]= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
(√ )
Sin[(π/4)+(π/6)]= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√
[21]
1 Cos(A+B)=Cos(A)cos(B) - sin(A)sin(B) Identity

2 Cos(θ+ θ)=Cos(θ)cos(θ) - sin(θ)sin(θ)
3 Cos(2θ)=Cos2(θ) - sin2(θ)
[23]
1 Cos(A+B)=Cos(A)cos(B) - sin(A)sin(B) identity
2 Cos(θ+ θ)=Cos(θ)cos(θ) - sin(θ)sin(θ) (A=θ, B=θ )
3 Cos(2θ)=Cos2(θ) - sin2(θ) (exercise 21)
4 Cos2(θ)+sin2θ =1 Pythagorean
Appendixes Page 16
2 Cos(θ+ θ)=Cos(θ)cos(θ) - sin(θ)sin(θ) (A=θ, B=θ )
3 Cos(2θ)=Cos2(θ) - sin2(θ) (exercise 21)
4 Cos2(θ)+sin2θ =1 Pythagorean
2 2
5 Cos (θ)-1 =-sin θ 4, subtract and add
6 Cos(2θ)=Cos2(θ) + Cos2(θ)-1 5,3 Substitute
7 Cos(2θ)=2cos2(θ) -1 Yeeea
[25]
1 Cos(2θ)=2cos2(θ) -1 Exercise 23
2
2 Cos(2θ)+1=2cos (θ)
3 (Cos(2θ)+1)/2=cos2(θ)
4 (
Cos2θ =⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
)
[27]
a) Negative
b) Positive (?)
c) Positive
d) Negative (?)
[29]
a)Demonstrate graphically that tan(π /4)=1
b) Easy peasy
[1] tanθ =sinθ /cosθ
[2] tan(π/4) =sin(π/4)/cos(π/4)
[3] tan(π/4) =(√2/2)/(√2/2)
[4] tan(π/4)=1
[31] Find the slope of a line whose angle is:

a)10°
0.176326980708
b)70°
2.747
c) 110°
-2.74
d) 135°
-1
e) 0°
0
To do this, simply set desmos to degrees (not rads) and just plug the number
into tan
Of course, all of these could be written in the form of an equation, such as
y=mx +b, where
m
is the answer to the questions and there is no 'b' in these examples.
[33] find the angle in degree and rads of slope

For the first ones I just did it manually, because you can see how you might
arrive at such a
number, but (c), (d) and (e) I used the tan-1 (θ) function
a) √3
60° or π /3
b) 1
45° or π /4
c) 2
63.4349488
d) 3
71.565
e) -3
Appendixes Page 17
e) -3
-71.5650511771
[35] I done gone done considered it (L@S)

a)
b)
c)
[37] We lookin at the triangle on pp 48

a) cos α = b/c
b) sinβ =b/c
c) tan α =a/b
[39] Mr. Convenient 30, 60 90 triangle

a)cos(π /6)=√3/2
b) sin (π /6)= 1/2
c) tan(π/6)=1/√3
[41]
a) 1
b) 2/√3
c)2/√2
d) 2
Plot those points, yo
[43] Lets prove that cos(Α+Β)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB with some circles

a) I can only imagine there is some proof about
Well, cos(-θ)=cos(θ)
So cos(-A+B)=cos(A+B)?
I don't think that's right
They have the same internal angle (POQ and SOR are both θ= A+B) and their
side lengths
are
the same (namely, 1) so their two dashed lines must be equal because the
triangles are
congruent
b)
Q=(cos(C+B), sin(A+B)
Basically by definition, how could it not?
S=(cos B, sin B)
Basically by definition
R=(cos A, -sin A)
∵ cos(-A) =cos(A) and sin(-A) = -sin(A)
c) Using the coordinates obtained in (b) show that
⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑃𝑄 = 2 − 2cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑃𝑄 = sin (𝐴 + 𝐵)⬚ + cos (𝐴 + 𝐵)⬚ Draw a right triangle with a leg
going down from
Q
to see this
Too lazy to bother formatting the proof atm
𝑃𝑄 = 2 − 2cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
𝑃 = 1,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = (cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) , sin(𝐴 + 𝐵))
[1 − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)] + [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
[1 − 2 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos (𝐴 + 𝐵)] + [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 + 𝐵 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝐴 + 𝐵)
[1 − 2 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2
2
[1 − 2 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + ⎯⎯
2
2 − 2 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑅𝑆 = 2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
Appendixes Page 18
⎯⎯⎯⎯
d) 𝑅𝑆 = 2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
Fun one
For example, is the processing speed part of our problem?

(cos(A)-cos(B))
(cos(𝐴) − cos(𝐵)) + (sin(𝐵) − − sin(𝐴))
(cos(𝐴) − cos(𝐵)) + (sin(𝐵) + sin(𝐴))
⬚
cos (𝐴) − 2 cos(𝐵) cos(A) + cos 𝐵 + sin (𝐵) + 2sin(𝐴) sin(B) + sin (𝐴)
cos (𝐴) + sin (𝐴) +sin (𝐵) + cos 𝐵 − 2 cos(𝐵) cos(A) + (+ 2sin(𝐴) sin(B))
(1 + 1 − 2 cos(𝐵) cos(A)) + (2sin(𝐴) sin(B))
2 − (2 cos(𝐵) cos(A)) + (2sin(𝐴) sin(B))
e) Prove that cos(A+B)=cos(A)cos(B)-sin(A)sin(B)
1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Exercise d
𝑃𝑄 = 2 − 2 cos(𝐴) cos(𝐵) + 2 sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵)
2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Exercise c
𝑅𝑆 = 2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵)
3 ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ See diagram E.27
PQ = RS
4 2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 2 − 2 cos(𝐴) cos(𝐵) + 2 sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵) From 1,2,3 Substitution
5 2[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵)] = 2[(1 − cos(𝐴) cos(𝐵) + sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵)] Factor out 2
6 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵) Divide Both sides by two, subtract 1
7 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵) Voila
Thoughts about our rate of progress:
[45] Using the identity for cos(A-B) show that sin 𝜃 = cos ⎯ − θ
1 Cos(A-B)=cos(A)cos(B) + sin(A)sin(B) Identity, proved in 44 (presumably quite simply) from 43(e)
2 𝜋 π π A= π/2 B=θ
𝐶𝑜𝑠 ⎯⎯− (𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ⎯⎯ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⎯⎯ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
2 2 2
3 𝜋 Plug in values
𝐶𝑜𝑠 ⎯⎯− (𝜃) = 0𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 1𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
2
4 π Easy peasy
sin 𝜃 = cos ⎯⎯− θ
2
[47] show that sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin(𝐴) cos(𝐵) + cos(𝐴) sin(𝐵) as follows

a) sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos ⎯ − (𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos ⎯ − 𝐴 − 𝐵
1(a) π 45.4
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos ⎯⎯− (𝐴 + 𝐵)
2
2(a) π π π See 45.1 above (cos(A-B)) A=π/2 B=(A+B)
(𝐴
cos ⎯⎯− + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ⎯⎯ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⎯⎯ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵)
2 2 2
3(a) π Similar procedure as 45 above
cos ⎯⎯− (𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵)
2
4(a) π Distribute negative and group
cos ⎯⎯− 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵)
2
5(b) π π π Apply cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos ⎯⎯− 𝐴 − 𝐵 = cos ⎯⎯− 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin ⎯⎯− 𝐴 sin(𝐵)
2 2 2
6(c) cos 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⎯ − 𝜃 Exercise 46 [But this makes intuitive sense if you think about the
graphs of sin & cos]
7(c) π π So we just need to turn cos(π/2-A) into sin(A)
cos ⎯⎯− 𝐴 − 𝐵 = cos ⎯⎯− 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos(A) sin(𝐵)
2 2
8(c) 𝜋 Also from exercise 46
sin 𝜃 = cos ⎯⎯− 𝜃
2
9(c) π 8,7 Substitution
cos ⎯⎯− 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sinθ cos 𝐵 + cos(A) sin(𝐵)
2
10(c) π 9,4 Substitution
sin(A + B) = cos ⎯⎯− 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos(A) sin(𝐵)
2
Appendixes Page 19

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( )
[49] From the identity cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos (θ − 1) show that cos(θ) = ± ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos (θ) − 1 Given

2 2cos (θ) = 1 + cos(2𝜃)
3 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃)
cos (θ) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃)
cos(θ) = ± ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
b) cos(π /4)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
π
π 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ⎯⎯
2
cos ⎯⎯ = ± ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
π 1
cos ⎯⎯ = ± ⎯⎯
4 2
⎯⎯
π √2
cos ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯
4 2
c) We got frustrated on this one and it took us way longer than it would have
on paper,
and
we got it wrong despite knowing the answer because we must have done the
algebra
wrong
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝜋
3π 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ⎯⎯⎯
2
cos ⎯⎯⎯ = ± ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
3π 2 − √2
cos ⎯⎯⎯ = ± ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
3π (2 − 2)
cos ⎯⎯⎯ = ± ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 2
[51] Using the identities for cos(A-B) and sin(A-B) prove that
tan(𝐴) − tan(𝐵)
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵) Given

𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐵) Given
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) Seems right
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝐵) Angle addition identities
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos(𝐴)cos(𝐵) + sin (𝐴)sin(𝐵)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴)sin(𝐵)
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos(𝐴)cos(𝐵) + sin (𝐴)sin(𝐵) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) + sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴)sin(𝐵)
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin (𝐴)sin(𝐵) sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵)
cos(𝐵) cos(𝐴) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos(𝐵) cos(𝐴)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) sin(𝐵)
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
[cos(𝐴) + sin(𝐴) tan(𝐵)] [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵)]
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴) sin(𝐵)
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin(𝐴) tan(B) tan(𝐴) sin(𝐵)
cos(𝐴) 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵) 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos(𝐴) cos(𝐵)
tan(𝐴) tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 − 𝐵 = −
sin 𝐴 tan(B) tan 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1+ 1+
Appendixes Page 20
tan(𝐴) tan(𝐵)
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin(𝐴) tan(B) tan(𝐴) sin(𝐵)
1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos(𝐴) cos(𝐵)
tan(𝐴) tan(𝐵)
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
[1 + tan(𝐴) tan(𝐵)] [(1 + tan(𝐴) tan(𝐵))]
tan(𝐴) − tan(𝐵) Beautiful, if somewhat frustrating due to
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + tan(𝐴) tan(𝐵) the nature of the environment we are
operating in.
Would have been much faster if we didn't

split the fraction up, now that we see that,
we could do it, but we shan't bother
[53] 0< θ <π/2 (Theta is less than 90, so sin and cos are positive)
Fuck trying to draw triangles in this environment. Awful, just awful.

(consult textbook for Fig. E.28)
a)
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
Show that 𝐶𝐷 = acos(𝜃) and 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑏 − acos(𝜃)
⎯⎯⎯
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑎cos(𝜃)
⎯⎯⎯
Well cos(θ)=⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
And 𝐶𝐵 = 𝑎
⎯⎯⎯
∴ a(cos(θ)=(𝐶𝐷 )
⎯⎯⎯
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑏 − acos(θ)
b=CD+AD
AD=b-CD
∴ AD=b-acos(θ)
h2+CD2=a2 Pythagorean
h2=a2-CD2
h2=a2-(acos(θ))2 Exercise a
ℎ = 𝑎 − [𝑎 cos 𝜃]
⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝐴𝐷 + ℎ = 𝑐
(𝑏 − acos(𝜃)) + 𝑎 − [𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃] = 𝑐
𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑎 − [𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃] = 𝑐
𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝑎 = 𝑐
𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏cos(θ) Wow!
Whew
Appendixes Page 21
Conic Sections (Appendix F)
Thursday, April 12, 2018 5:20 PM
We are developing a deeper understanding of the hyperbola, Ellipse and parabola, and we will delve deeply into polar coordinates.
Thoughts about how my note taking is going
Ellipse: The plane cuts off a bounded curve

Michael Definition: Let F and F' be be points and a plane, and 2a be the sum of the two lines needed to get the points to reach the edge of the ellipse.
2a is the length of our string, and in order for us to draw any ellipse, it must be larger than the distance between F and F' (it certainly couldn't be
smaller).
A point 'P' is on the ellipse ↔ The sum of the distances from P to F and from P to F' equals 2a
F and F' are the foci of the ellipse. When F=F', the radius =a and the ellipse is a circle
Vertices: the four points that are closest to or furthest from the center.
A circle does not have vertices
General equation for a circle:

⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯ = 1
The green line is our 2a. Note that 2c must be less than 2a (2c<2a means c<a)
Proof:
Use the distance Formula
1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Distance from F' to P

(−𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦 − 0)
2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Distance from F to P
(𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦 − 0)
3 2a Distance from F' to P to F (by definition)
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Add 'em up
(−𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦 − 0) + (𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦 − 0) = 2𝑎
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Let's get rid of those square roots, shall we?
(−𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦 − 0) = 2𝑎 − (𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦 − 0)
6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Square both sides
(−𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦 − 0) = 4𝑎 + (𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦 − 0) − 4𝑎 (𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦 − 0)
7 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Simplify
𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥 = 4𝑎 + 𝑐 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥 + −4𝑎 (𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦 − 0)
8 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ More simplify
4𝑐𝑥 − 4𝑎 = −4𝑎 (𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦)
⋆ 9⋆ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Divide by -4
𝑎 − 𝑐𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦)
10 𝑎 − 2𝑎 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑎 [(𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦) ] Square again
11 𝑎 − 2𝑎 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑎 [𝑐 − 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑥 + (𝑦) ] Simplify
12 𝑎 − 2𝑎 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐 − 2𝑎 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦 Distribute a
13 𝑎 +𝑐 𝑥 =𝑎 𝑐 +𝑎 𝑥 +𝑎 𝑦 Add 2𝑎 𝑐𝑥
14 ⋆ 𝑎 −𝑎 𝑐 =𝑎 𝑥 −𝑐 𝑥 +𝑎 𝑦 Can you see it? What to do is unobvious
15 ⋆ 𝑎 𝑥 −𝑐 𝑥 +𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 −𝑎 𝑐 How about now?
16 (𝑎 −𝑐 )𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 ) Divide both sides by 𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 )
17 (𝑎 − 𝑐)𝑥 +𝑎 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 )
18 (𝑎 − 𝑐)𝑥 (𝑎 𝑦 ) Split the fraction
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1
𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 ) 𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 )
19 𝑥 𝑦 Cancel
+ =1
𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 )
Appendixes Page 22
19 𝑥 𝑦 Cancel
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1
𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 )
20 Recall that a>c (see above) Let's clean up the 𝑎 − 𝑐
21 𝑎 >𝑐
22 𝑎 −𝑐 > 0
23 𝑏 =𝑎 −𝑐 There must be some positive number b that equals
the difference between a2 and c2
24 𝑥 𝑦 Whew!
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯= 1
𝑎 𝑏
Hence, we have a more general equation for a circle
Let's find those Vertices!
[Insert Figure F.6]
Use the formula on line 24 to find them:
X axis intercepts:
lim┬(𝑛 → ∞)
𝑥 0
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯ = 1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 =𝑎
𝑥 = ±𝑎
Y axis intercepts
0 𝑦
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯= 1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑦 =𝑏
𝑦 = ±𝑏
The distance from F to (0, b) = a
Semimajor axis: has length a

Semiminor axis: has length b
To Keep these definitions consistent, put b under y if the ellipse is taller than it is wide.
Parabola: The plane is parallel to the edge of the cone
F= (0, c/2))
P=(x,y)
L=(-c/2, 0)
Appendixes Page 23
Play around: https://www.desmos.com/calculator/kxt5uptzhy
A point P is on the parabola (determined by F and L) ↔ the distance from P to F equals the distance from P to L
F= focus
L = directorix
Let the distance from L (directorix) to F (Focus) = c
Put the vertex of the parabola at c/2, so that line L = (-c/2, 0) and F = (c/2, 0)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

The distance from P(x,y) to F is 𝑥− ⎯ + (𝑦 − 0)
The distance from P to L is x+(c/2)
Hence, the equation for the parabola is:
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑐 𝑐
𝑥 − ⎯⎯ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
2 2
Square and Simplify
𝑐 𝑐
𝑥 − ⎯⎯ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + ⎯⎯
2 4
𝑐 𝑐
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑥 + ⎯⎯ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + ⎯⎯
4 4
𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑥
Yay! (Easy)
If the focus is at (0, c/2) and the directorix is the line y=-c/2 the parabola has the equation
𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑦
Example 4: Sketch the parabola x2 =y

Well, this is equivalent to x2=2cy
C must equal 1/2, so the focus is 1/4 with directorix -1/4
Directorix is (0,-(1/4))
Focus is y= (0, 1/4)
Hyperbola: the plane meets both parts of the cone.

It can be proved that it is not the same thing as a parabola
Let F and F' be points in the plane and let a be a fixed positive number such that 2a is less than the distance between F and F'. Point 'P' is on the
hyperbola ↔ the difference between the distances from P to F' & Fi equals 2a (or -2a)
[Insert Figure F.8]
The distance from F to F' =2c, then again we have 2a<2c ∴ a<c (this is the opposite of the Ellipse)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
We could then prove that (𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑦 − (𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑦 = ±2𝑎
With similar algebra to the example above we can prove the formula for hyperbolas, but It is more important to see how we are using the distance
formula to talk about 2a
The main difference is that when we get to
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1
𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 )
𝑎 − 𝑐 is negative so the equation takes the form
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯= 1
𝑎 𝑏
But if the foci are on the y axis it has the equation
Appendixes Page 24
𝑦 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯ = 1
𝑎 𝑏
Example 3: Draw a sketch of the hyperbola

𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯= 1
9 16
Because y is negative, the foci are on the x axis(to see this, just try plugging in 0 for y, the equation has no real solution just an imaginary one, i.e., there
is no y intercept; no y intercept means foci on the x axis)
Use Desmos to make drawing whenever possible
𝑦
𝑥 )) + ⎯⎯⎯= 1
2
𝑦
𝑥 )) + ⎯⎯⎯= 4
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯= 2
3 2
Appendixes Page 25
Section F.3
Appendixes Page 26
Conic Sections Exercises (F.1)
[1] Ellipse with foci at (2,0) and (-2,0) such that 2a =10
(x2/25)+(y2/21)=1
25-b2=4
[3] sketch hyperbola x2-y2=1 and foci
[5] Sketch parabola y=6x2 with focus and directorix

X2=y/6
X2=2(1/12)y
c=1/12
Focus at (0,c/2)
Focus at (0, 1/24)

Directorix at (0, -1/24)
[7] What is the equation of parabola with focus ( 3,0) and directorix x=-3?
c/2=3
c=6
2cx=y2 (∵ focus on x axis)
x12=y2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
[9] Obtain ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯from (𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑦 − (𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑦 = ±2𝑎
Appendixes Page 27
1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Distance from F' to P
(𝑥 − 𝑐) + (𝑦)
2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Distance from F to P
(𝑐 + 𝑥) + (𝑦)
3 2a Distance from F' to P to F (by
definition)
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Add 'em up
(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑦 − (𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑦 = ±2𝑎
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ I am assuming 2a is positive
(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑦 = 2𝑎 + (𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑦
6 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑦 = 4𝑎 + 4𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑦 + (𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑦
7 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 + 𝑦 = 4𝑎 + 4𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 + 𝑦
8 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(−2𝑥𝑐) = 4𝑎 + 4𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑐
9 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−4𝑥𝑐 − 4𝑎 = 4𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑦
10 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−4𝑥𝑐 − 4𝑎 = 4𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑦
11 16𝑥 𝑐 + 32𝑎 𝑥𝑐 + 16𝑎 = 16𝑎 [(𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑦 ]
12 16𝑥 𝑐 + 32𝑎 𝑥𝑐 + 16𝑎 = 16𝑎 [𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝑦 ]
13 16𝑥 𝑐 + 32𝑎 𝑥𝑐 + 16𝑎 = [16𝑎 𝑥 + 32𝑎 𝑐𝑥 + 16𝑎 𝑐 + 16𝑎 𝑦 ]
14 ⋆ 16𝑥 𝑐 + 16𝑎 = [16𝑎 𝑥 + 16𝑎 𝑐 + 16𝑎 𝑦 ]
15 ⋆ 16𝑎 −16𝑎 𝑐 = [16𝑎 𝑥 − 16𝑥 𝑐 + 16𝑎 𝑦 ]
16 16𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 ) = [16𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑐 ) + 16𝑎 𝑦 ]
17 16𝑎 𝑦
16𝑎 = 16𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑎 − 𝑐 )
18 16𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 ) = [16𝑥 + 16𝑎 𝑦 ]
19 𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 ) = [𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦 ]
20 [𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦 ]
1 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 )
21 [𝑥 ] 𝑎 𝑦
1 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 ) 𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 )
22 [𝑥 ] 𝑦 We made a mistake somewhere (it
1 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ looks like we dropped an (a-c), oh
𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑐 ) (𝑎 − 𝑐 )
well, we got very close!
This did not actually take us that long to do, and we can look over it for errors in our free time
Make them graphs! With foci and directorix and whatnot
[11]
⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯ = 1
Vertices @ (0, ± 5) & (± 7,0)

Foci On x axis @ √ (49-25)=± √ 24 or 2√6
Appendixes Page 28
[13]
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯= 1
49 25
Foci on x axis @ ± 8
Vertices @ ± 7
[15]
𝑦 = 5𝑥
Parabola, opening on x-axis

Vertex at 0,0
2c=5
c=5/2
Focus at (5/4, 0)
Directorix at x= -5/4
Appendixes Page 29
[17]
𝑦 = −5𝑥
Same as 15 but opening in opposite direction, with directorix and focus reversed
Or if you like, you can think of it as rotating the equation 180°
[19]
Show that a hyperbola with foci at (√ 2, √ 2), and (-√ 2, -√ 2) where 2a=2√ 2 has equation xy=1
Graph xy=1 with labeled foci
i.e. y=1/x
Let' s try to put it in the form ⎯⎯− ⎯⎯ = 1

𝑦 = 1/𝑥
𝑦
⎯⎯⎯= 1/𝑥
1
𝑦 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
1
Appendixes Page 30
Hmm, try a different stretegy, like
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯= 1
2 2
𝑥 2 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑦 +2
⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2
2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯ = 𝑦 + 2
2
𝑥 =𝑦 +2
𝑥 −𝑦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1
2
Getting nowhere, one more try then look at book
1 x𝑦 = 1
2⋆ 𝑥=𝑦 Set x=y
3 𝑦 +𝑦 = 1+𝑦
4 𝑦 +𝑦 =2
5 𝑦 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯= 1
2 2
6 𝑦 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯= 1
2 2
2 is the only contentious premise. But we are missing a minus sign
Perhaps the better way of doing this would have been to show that
𝑎 +𝑏 =2
Question: What I don't understand about the solution presented in the solutions manual is why we are adding the distances when I thought
that 2a was supposed to be the result of the two distances squared, we will have to try it for ourselves.
It would certainly behoove us to finish this set of practice problems by tonight though, so it may be best to take a breat from [19] so that we
can try and get through 21, 23 and 25
[21]
Show that is 2a were greater than the distance between the foci that the hyperbola would have no points
⎯⎯⎯
Well, suppose that 𝐹𝐹 < 2𝑎
We have a graphical intuition that the parabola gets smaller and smaller
2c is greater than 2a
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑃𝐹′ − 𝑃𝐹 = 2𝑎
Bah!
⎯⎯⎯
Assume 𝐹𝐹′ < 2𝑎 and that P is some point on the Hyperbola
Then
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑃𝐹′ − 𝑃𝐹 = 2𝑎 > 𝐹𝐹 OR 𝑃𝐹 − 𝑃𝐹′ = 2𝑎 > 𝐹𝐹
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
So PF > 𝑃𝐹 + 𝐹𝐹 OR PF′ > 𝑃𝐹 + 𝐹𝐹
Either way, we are violating triangle inequality, because no one side of the triangle can be bigger than the other two sides combined
Question
While I understand triangle inequality, I am having difficulty grasping why this would make the Hyperbola have no points
[23]
Appendixes Page 31
[23]
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑑 = 𝐷𝑆 + 𝑆𝐴, 𝑑 = DS + SB , 𝑑 = DS + 𝑆𝐶
God Dayum! I can find that enemy submarine!
I aint gonna even bother with number 25 (trying to solve it that is)
[25] Is pretty 'Wow'!
Appendixes Page 32
F.2 Exercises Translation of axes and Graphs
Friday, April 13, 2018 10:52 PM
In 1-14 Identify:
(i) Type of conic
(ii) Foci
(iii) Vertices
(iv) Asymptotes
[1] 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)
Shift the origin to (2,0)

(i) parabola
(ii) 𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯
Where 2c =1
1
𝑐 = ⎯⎯
2
Focus @(0, c/2) means
Focus of x' @ (0, 1/4)
Directorix of x' at (0, -1/4)
Add 2 to all x coordinates
Focus of x @ (2, 1/4)

Directorix still at (-1/4)
[3] 𝑦 + 1 = 2(𝑥 − 3)
x'=3
y'=-1
(i) Parabola
𝑦 = 2𝑥′
𝑦
⎯⎯= 𝑥′
2
2𝑐 = 1/2
𝑐 = 1/4
(ii) Focus of x' @ (0, 1/8)

(iii) Directorix of x'y' @ -1/8
Appendixes Page 33
(iii) Directorix of x'y' @ -1/8
Add 3 to x values and -1 to y values
(ii) Focus of x @ (3, 9/8)

(iii) Directorix of xy @ -9/2
[5] 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 13
Complete the Square

𝑦 − 13 = 3(𝑥 + 4𝑥)
𝑦 − 13 = 3(𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4)
𝑦 − 13 = 3((𝑥 + 2) − 4)
𝑦 − 13 = −12 +3(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦 − 1 = +3(𝑥 + 2)
(i) Parabola
x'=-2
y'=1
1
⎯⎯𝑦 = 𝑥
3
1
2𝑐 = ⎯⎯
3
1
𝑐 = ⎯⎯
6
Focus of x' @ (0, 1/12)

Directorix of x'y' @ -1/12
Translate
(ii) Focus of x @ (-2, 13/12)

(iii) Directorix of xy @ 11/12
Appendixes Page 34
[7] 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 0
Complete the square

𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑦 = −4
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 1 + 1 + 𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 4 + 4 = −4
(𝑥 − 1) − 1 + (𝑦 − 2) − 4 = −4
(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑦 − 2) = 1
x'=1
y'=2
We are dealing with an Ellipse (of the unit circle variety)
So 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
Vertices of x'y' at (± 1,0) and (0, ± 1)
Foci at the origin
Translate:
Vertices of x,y at (0,2) (2,2) and (1,3)(1,1)
Appendixes Page 35
[9] 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 = 0
Complete the square

𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑦 = 1
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 − 𝑦 + 4𝑦 − 4 + 4 = 1
(𝑥 − 2) − 4 − (𝑦 −4𝑦 + 4) + 4 = 1 [This step was probably illegitimate]
(𝑥 − 2) − 4 − (𝑦 −4𝑦 + 4) + 4 = 1
(𝑥 − 2) − (𝑦 − 2) ) = 1
(𝑥 − 2) − (𝑦 + 2) = 1
𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑦 = 1
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 𝑦 + 4𝑦 − 4 = 1
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 𝑦 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 1 [There you go!]
(𝑥 − 2) − (𝑦 − 2) = 1
Let x'=x-2
Let y'=y+2
𝑥 −𝑦 =1
We have a hyperbola
x'y' foci on x-axis at (± √2,0)
Vertices at ± 1
Translation:
Xy foci on x axis at (2± √2,2) & (2± √2,2)
Vertices at (1,2) and (3,2)
Appendixes Page 36
[11]
WE WROTE THE QUESTION DOWN WRONG
−4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 16𝑥 + 12 = 0
COMPLETE THE SQUARE
−4(𝑥 +4𝑥 + 4 − 4) + 𝑦 + 12 = 0
−4((𝑥 + 2) − 4) + 𝑦 = −12
−4(𝑥 + 2) + 16 + 𝑦 = −12
𝑦
(𝑥 + 2) − 4 + ⎯⎯⎯= 3
−4
(𝑥 + 2) 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
7 −28
Let x'=-2
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
7 −28
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯= 1
7 28
We have a hyperbola
Foci of x' on x axis at 49+(28*28)=833
Vertex at ± √7, 0
TRANSLATE:
FOCI at (-√833 -2),0) and (√833 -2),0)

VERTEX at (-√7 -2, 0) , (√7 +2, 0)
LOL, we wrote the problem down wrong, that is okay, I will let this one slide
because you "got it right"
Oh, we should have been finding the asymptotes!

⎯⎯⎯⎯
± 𝑥+2
Appendixes Page 37

⎯⎯⎯⎯
ASYMPTOTES AT y=± ⎯⎯ (𝑥 + 2)
[13] 25𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 100𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 36 = 0
COMPLETE THE SQUARE

25𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 100𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 36 = 0
25(𝑥 +4𝑥 + 4 − 4) + 4(𝑦 +6𝑦 + 9) = 0
25((𝑥 + 2) − 4) + 4(𝑦 + 3) = 0
25(𝑥 + 2) − 100 + 4(𝑦 + 3) = 0
25(𝑥 + 2) + 4(𝑦 + 3) = 100
4(𝑦 + 3)
(𝑥 + 2) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 4
25
(𝑥 + 2) (𝑦 + 3)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
4 25
This should be an Ellipse
We did the algebra right!
x'=-2
y'=-3
Appendixes Page 38
y'=-3
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯= 1
4 25
FOR (x' ,y')

VERTICES AT: (0,5),(0,-5) and (2,0)(-2,0)
FOCI on y' axis at (0,-√21), (0,√21)
TRANSLATE
VERTICES AT: (-2,2),(-2,-8) and (0,-3)(-4,-3)

FOCI on y' axis at (-2,-√21-3), (-2,√21-3)
[15] Ellipse with vertices (1,0)(4,2)(1,4) and (-2,2)
So a will be under x because the x axis is semi-major

So put x' at 1 so (x+1)2
Put y' at 2, so (y+2)2
Now find width =6 and height =4

Rewrite vertices in terms of x' y':
Next time just find the center
(-3, 0)(3,0) and (0,2),(0,-2)
"When x is 0, y=2, so a2 must equal 9"

Likewise for y
(𝑦 + 2) (𝑥 + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
4 9
Appendixes Page 39
Not Quite! Switch the negatives for positives and you'll have it!
(𝑦 − 2) (𝑥 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
4 9
What did we do wrong? We were adding to our x'y' coordinates to get xy

coordinates when we should have been subtracting from our x'y'. Think of it
like You "add" x'y' axis to your existing xy system. To go from x'y' to xy,
subtract your system.
So the answer would just have been
𝑦 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯= 1
4 9
[17] Hyperbola has asymptotes y=(2/3)x+1/3 & y=(-2/3)x+5/3

And focus at 3,1
So, the general strategy here seems to be:
1. Find when the two slopes equal each other, their intercept represents the
x'y' coordinates. Specifically, if the intercept is (a,b) then x'=(x-a) and y'=(y-b)
2. Look at the slope. In this example, it is 2/3. Slope for hyperbola =b/a
3. Solve We know the x'y' focus is at 0,2, because the intercept at 1,1, tells us
to shift the focus (3,1) down one left one .
4. Hence, 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐 and c2 is just 4
5. Substitute a for b, or vice versa, and solve
6. plug in the values and shift the x y coordinates
Hyperbola is x2-y2=1
2 1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯ 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
3 3
1 2
𝑦 − ⎯⎯= ⎯⎯ 𝑥
3 3
3𝑦 − 1 = 2𝑥
3𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 1
9𝑦 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 = 1
Well, if we set the equations equal to each other, we can see that the
intersection of the asymptotes is shifted (+1, +1)
So x' should equal x-1 and y' should equal y-1 (?) Think about this more later
Appendixes Page 40
So the x'y' focus would be at 2,0, meaning the focus is on the x axis so
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯= 1
𝑎 𝑏
Where the focus is at 2,0, this means 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 4

We also know that ⎯ = ⎯
Solve for b2
2
𝑏 = ⎯⎯𝑎
3
2
𝑎 + ⎯⎯𝑎 = 4
3
4
𝑎 + ⎯⎯𝑎 = 4
9
9𝑎 + 4𝑎 = 36
13𝑎 = 36
36
𝑎 = ⎯⎯⎯
13
⎯⎯⎯
36
𝑎 = ⎯⎯⎯
13
2 2∗6
⎯⎯𝑎 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
3 3 ∗ √13
2∗2
𝑏 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
√13
4
𝑏 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
√13
16
𝑏 = ⎯⎯⎯
13
Which, while it is not terribly helpful, still gets us somewhere.

I want to try factoring the original slope equations:
2 1 2 5
𝑦 = ⎯⎯ 𝑥 + ⎯⎯& 𝑦 = − ⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯
3 3 3 3
2 3 2 15
𝑦 = ⎯⎯ 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ & 𝑦 = − ⎯⎯ 𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯
3 6 3 6
3 3 3 15
⎯⎯𝑦 = 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ & − ⎯⎯𝑦 = 𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯
2 6 2 6
9 1
⎯⎯𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
4 4
9 9 1 9
⎯⎯𝑦 + ⎯⎯= 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯
4 4 4 4
9 1 9 9
⎯⎯= 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯− ⎯⎯𝑦
4 4 4 4
4 1 9 9
1= 𝑥 +𝑥+ + − 𝑦
9 4 4 4
Appendixes Page 41
4 1 9 9
1 = ⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯− ⎯⎯𝑦
9 4 4 4
4 3
1 = ⎯⎯ 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − 𝑦 + 1
9 6
4 3
1 = ⎯⎯ 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − 𝑦 + 1
9 6
[19] The ellipse whose axes are parallel to the xy axes and which is inscribed in
the rectangle defined by x=7, x=1, y=-2, y=2
Well, just count the width (8) and Height (4) and you can see that the center of
the ellipse is at (3,0) relative to the borders.
So when x' is 0, y'=2

This suggests that b2=4
When y' is 0, x' is 4,
This suggests that a2=16
Hence:
(𝑥 − 3) 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯= 1
16 4
Hence, foci at ± √3 ,0 on x' axis

So Foci at (3± √3 , 0)
Next time think of that as the center (3,0) plus or minus c (√3)
[21] The Parabola with focus (7,3) and directorix x=1
-c/2=1
Appendixes Page 42
-c/2=1
-c=2
c=-2
It's a trap!
𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑥
Between the focus and the directorix, there is a width of 6, and I am thinking
that this means that c=6, because the directorix and focus are seperated by
width c
So we have something liek
𝑦 = 2(6)𝑥
Except, if this were centered at the origin, we would have focus at -3,0 and
focus at (3,0)
So y is shifted up three making it
(𝑦 − 3) = 2(6)𝑥
And x is shifted over 4 to the right

(𝑦 − 3) = 2(6)(𝑥 − 4)
And the directorix is to the left of the focus, so there are no negatives to worry
about
Got it!
[23] For 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
(a) Show that if A and C are positive, and F is negative, that the graph is an
Appendixes Page 43
(a) Show that if A and C are positive, and F is negative, that the graph is an
Ellipse
Furthermore: When a and c are negative and f is positive the graph is an ellipse
When F is negative, the function has real solutions

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 − 𝐹 = 0
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 = 𝐹
If F had been positive, we would be taking the square root of a negative

number
Likewise (as stated above in 'Furthermore') we just need A and C to have the
opposite sign of F so we can rearrange them algebraically
If this does not convince you, here is some algebra
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 − 𝐹 = 0
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 = 𝐹
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯= 𝐹
1 1
⎯⎯
𝐴 ⎯⎯
𝐶
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯= 1
𝐹 𝐹
⎯⎯
𝐴 ⎯⎯
𝐶
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ =1
𝐹
⎯⎯
𝐹
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
𝐴 𝐶
'the squared root'

IT LOOKS SO MUCH LIKE AND ELLIPSE CAN YOU BELIEVE IT?
(b) Show that if A, C and F are positive then the graph is empty
As stated in (a) when all are positive then there are no real solutions (we
would be trying to take the square root of a negative number)
The same would occur if all of them were negative
An interesting way to look at it (to think about it) is that as the value of f
approaches zero, the domain and range of solutions decrease (the circle gets
smaller, though there are probably still and infinite number of points on it)
(We could perhaps write this as)
lim → 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
So, as long as A, C and F have opposite signs, the closer A and C get to zero,
and the larger the absolute value of F becomes, the larger the circle will get
(c) Show that if A and C have opposite signs then the graph is a hyperbola
When A and C have opposite signs the equation looks like a hyperbola
Either
𝐴𝑥 − 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
Appendixes Page 44
𝐴𝑥 − 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
Or
−𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
Both equations resemble a hyperbola, with the interesting case (and possible
exemption of?) of F=0 resulting in a straight lines meeting at the origin. It is
probably not an exemption because the square root of such a function only
yields one line.
More Algebra to convince those who can't already see it
𝐴𝑥 − 𝐶𝑦 − 𝐹 = 0
𝐴𝑥 − 𝐶𝑦 = 𝐹
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1
𝐹
⎯⎯
𝐹
⎯⎯
𝐴 ⎯⎯
𝐶
Same algebra as in (a) except with a minus sign!
(d) When is the graph a circle

Hint: When a and c are equal and they have the same sign, and this sign is the
opposite of F's
This is because the foci are found by subtracting a2 from b2 and in the case of a
circle that has not been shifted up or down or left or right, the when x=0 is the
same as when y=0, namely 0,0
[25] Show that if A is 0 and C and D are not 0, then the graph of 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 +
𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 is a parabola
This is intuitively correct, as we only have one squared function. It would be a
parabola if A&E were not zero and C was zero it would be a parabola opening
in the up down direction.
But here is some Algebra

Assume D is negative (it can be shown that positive D is a parabola that opens
in the other direction)
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 − 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
0 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 − 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
𝐶𝑦 + 𝐸𝑦 − 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐹 = 0
𝐸
𝐶 𝑦 + ⎯⎯𝑦 + 𝐹 = +𝐷𝑥
𝐶
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝐶 𝑦 + ⎯⎯𝑦 + ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ + 𝐹 = +𝐷𝑥
𝐶 2𝐶 2𝐶
𝐸 𝐸
𝐶 (𝑦 + ⎯⎯⎯ ) − ⎯⎯⎯ + 𝐹 = +𝐷𝑥
2𝐶 2𝐶
𝐸 𝐸
𝐶(𝑦 + ⎯⎯⎯ ) − 𝐶 ⎯⎯⎯ + 𝐹 = 𝐷𝑥
2𝐶 2𝐶
𝐸 𝐸
𝐶 𝑦+ = 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐶 −𝐹
2𝐶 2𝐶
Appendixes Page 45
𝐸 𝐸
𝐶 𝑦 + ⎯⎯⎯ = 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐶 ⎯⎯⎯ − 𝐹
2𝐶 2𝐶
𝐸 𝐷𝑥 𝐸 𝐹
𝑦 + ⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯
2𝐶 𝐶 2𝐶 𝐶
So you can see it is 𝑦 =x plus some contstants and other garbage

"Fuck C's"
Whew!
Appendixes Page 46
Rotation of Axes and Graphs (F.3)
Tuesday, April 17, 2018 12:06 AM
So it starts off with this fucking rigorous proof that when we shift the plane at some angle θ , that it is the same as shifting it
around with some sines and cosines
I spent about an hour tinkering with a proof for the following and only reached it via a messy and circuitous route, so for
posterities sake it may be worthwhile to record it once we have inserted a depiction of the figure used to prove the following
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯

𝑥 = 𝑂𝐵 + (𝐵𝑄) = 𝑂𝐵 + (𝐶𝑃) = 𝑂𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐴𝑃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥 cos(𝜃) + 𝑦 sin(𝜃)
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
y'=𝐴𝐶 − 𝐴𝐵 = (𝐴𝑃) cos 𝜃 − 𝑂𝐴 sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 cos 𝜃 − 𝑥 sin 𝜃
Hence:
𝑥 = 𝑥 cos(𝜃) + 𝑦 sin(𝜃)
𝑦′ = 𝑦 cos 𝜃 − 𝑥 sin 𝜃
Simplify:
𝑥 = 𝑥 cos(𝜃) + 𝑦 sin(𝜃)
𝑦′ = 𝑦 cos 𝜃 − 𝑥 sin 𝜃
If we switch the x'y' axis with the xy axis, this is equivilant to rotating by -θ , plug it it to see the wonder and mystery unfold before
you:
𝑥 = 𝑥′ cos(−𝜃) + 𝑦′ sin(−𝜃)
𝑦 = 𝑦′ cos −𝜃 − 𝑥′ sin −𝜃
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆
𝑥 = 𝑥 cos(𝜃) − 𝑦′ sin(𝜃)
𝑦 = 𝑦 cos(𝜃) + 𝑥′ sin 𝜃
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆
Very cool
Example 1: Find an equation of the graph xy=1 relative to the x'y' axes obtained by rotating the xy axes π /4 radians (=45° )
1. Substitute
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑥 cos ⎯⎯ − 𝑦′ sin(⎯⎯)
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑦 cos ⎯⎯ + 𝑥′ sin ⎯⎯
4 4
2. Calculate
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√2 √2
𝑥 = 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ − 𝑦′ ⎯⎯⎯ )
2 2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√2 √2
𝑦 = 𝑦′ ⎯⎯⎯+ 𝑥′ ⎯⎯⎯
2 2
3. Factor (If possible)

⎯⎯
√2
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯ (𝑥′ − 𝑦′)
2
⎯⎯
√2
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯(𝑦 + 𝑥 )
2
4. Substitute for the original terms of the Graph xy=1
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√2 √2
⎯⎯⎯ (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) ⎯⎯⎯ (𝑥 − 𝑦 ) = 1
2 2
5. Simplify (Multiply out)

1
⎯⎯ (𝑦 + 𝑥 )(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) = 1
2
(𝑦 + 𝑥 )(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) = 2
𝑥 −𝑦 =2
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ =1
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√2 √2
We can see that this is a hyperbola with foci on x' axis at (± 2,0) and thus the foci in the xy system are at (√2 , √2) (-√2 , -√2)
Though I am not sure how we know this without using the Pythagorean theorem or something to deduce the coordinates
Appendixes Page 47
WE HAD NO x'y' TERM
⋆ Proof that it is always possible to rotate the axes in such as to make the x'y' term disappear ⋆
1 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 Mr Flavor flav Polynomial
2 𝑥 = 𝑥 cos(𝜃) − 𝑦′ sin(𝜃) Rotation Identities
3 𝐴[𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) − 𝑦′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)] +𝐵[𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) − 𝑦′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)][𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝑥′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃] + 𝐶[𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝑥′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃] + 𝐷[𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) − 𝑦′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)] Substitute
+ 𝐸[𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝑥′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃] + 𝐹 = 0
𝐴[𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) − 𝑦′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)] +𝐵[𝑥 y′cos (𝜃) + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)cos 𝜃 − 𝑦′𝑥′𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃][𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝑥′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃] + 𝐶[𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
+ 𝑥′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃] + 𝐷[𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) − 𝑦′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)] + 𝐸[𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝑥′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃] + 𝐹 = 0
𝐵[𝑥 y′cos (𝜃) + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)cos 𝜃 − 𝑦′𝑥′(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)] Just look at B
𝐵[𝑥 y′cos (𝜃) + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)cos 𝜃 − 𝑦′𝑥′ + 𝑥′𝑦′𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)]
𝐵[(𝑥 y [2cos (𝜃)) − 1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑥 − 𝑦 ))]
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝐵[(𝑥 𝑦′)(2(⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑥 − 𝑦 ))]
2
𝐵[(𝑥 𝑦′(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑥 − 𝑦 ))]
𝐵[(𝑥 𝑦′(𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑥 − 𝑦 ))]
𝐵[(𝑥 𝑦′𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃) − 𝑥 𝑦′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑥 − 𝑦 ))]
𝐵[(𝑥 𝑦′𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃) − 𝑥 𝑦′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑥 − 𝑦 ))]
Too hard for now!

It would also be nice if we could set things up in a way that lets us do like expanding and contracting proofs. Ifwe weren't still in the
appendix, I would say go for it (It would probably improve your ability to work with sines and cosines) but it is probably more
important to move forward.
Next we will go through a desultory proof of how the equation

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
Can be manipulated via rotation by angle θ in order to reduce the Bxy term to 0
Well, if we want to engage in an exercise in futility we can Prove the following theorem at a later date:
𝐴′𝑥 + 𝐵′𝑥′𝑦′ + 𝐶′𝑦 + 𝐷′𝑥′ + 𝐸′𝑦′ + 𝐹′ = 0
The main focus here is B'x'y'
We want to find a θ that makes B' = 0
I have some questions about how we got to this formula, but I am willing to believe there is nothing really "deep" going on in how
we managed to derive the following: (pp.61)
𝐵
tan 2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝐴−𝐶
If C=A use θ = π /4
Hence, when B is 0, our equation takes the form
𝐴′𝑥 + 𝐵′𝑥′𝑦′ + 𝐶′𝑦 + 𝐷′𝑥′ + 𝐸′𝑦′ + 𝐹′ = 0
How to do it:
1. Find tan 2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯

2. Find cos 2𝜃

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3. Find sin 𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯and cos 𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Example 2: Choose x'y' axes so that the equation of the graph of
−7𝑥 + 48𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑦 − 25 = 0
Has no x'y' term. Then graph the curve
In this case, A= -7, B=48 and C =7, so

48
tan 2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−7 − 7
24
tan 2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯
−7
Tan is (opposite over adjacent, so we have a radius of length 25 (because 72 + 242 = 252 )
Hence cos2θ = -7/25

Plug this into the trig identity to get:

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
sin 𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯and cos 𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Appendixes Page 48
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
sin 𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ and cos 𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
⎯⎯
⎯⎯
⎯⎯
sin 𝜃 = ⎯⎯ and cos 𝜃 = ⎯⎯

⎯⎯
⎯⎯
sin 𝜃 = ⎯⎯and cos 𝜃 = ⎯⎯

⎯⎯
⎯⎯
sin 𝜃 = ⎯⎯and cos 𝜃 = ⎯⎯
sin 𝜃 = ⎯ and cos 𝜃 = ⎯
Substitute and Plug these values into our original equation:
−7𝑥 + 48𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑦 − 25 = 0
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
−7[𝑥 ⎯⎯− 𝑦′ ⎯⎯] + 48[𝑥 ⎯⎯− 𝑦′ ⎯⎯][𝑦 ⎯⎯+ 𝑥′ ⎯⎯] + 7[𝑦 ⎯⎯+ 𝑥′ ⎯⎯] − 25 = 0
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
−7[𝑥 ⎯⎯− 𝑦′ ⎯⎯][𝑥 ⎯⎯− 𝑦′ ⎯⎯] + 48[𝑥 ⎯⎯− 𝑦′ ⎯⎯][𝑦 ⎯⎯+ 𝑥′ ⎯⎯] + 7[𝑦 ⎯⎯+ 𝑥′ ⎯⎯] [𝑦 ⎯⎯+ 𝑥′ ⎯⎯] − 25 = 0
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
9 12 16 3 4 3 4 9 12 16
−7[𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯− 2𝑦 𝑥′ ⎯⎯⎯+ 𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯] + 48[𝑥 ⎯⎯− 𝑦′ ⎯⎯][𝑦 ⎯⎯+ 𝑥′ ⎯⎯] + 7[𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯+ 2𝑥′𝑦′ ⎯⎯⎯+ 𝑥′𝑥′ ⎯⎯⎯] − 25 = 0
25 25 25 5 5 5 5 25 25 25
−63 12 16 3 4 3 4 63 12 16
[𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯− 14𝑦 𝑥′ ⎯⎯⎯+ −7𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯] + 48[𝑥 ⎯⎯− 𝑦′ ⎯⎯ ][𝑦 ⎯⎯+ 𝑥′ ⎯⎯] + [𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯+ 14𝑥′𝑦′ ⎯⎯⎯+ 7𝑥′𝑥′ ⎯⎯⎯] − 25 = 0
25 25 25 5 5 5 5 25 25 25
49 −49 3 4 3 4
[𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯+ 𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯⎯] + 48[𝑥 ⎯⎯− 𝑦′ ⎯⎯][𝑦 ⎯⎯+ 𝑥′ ⎯⎯] = 25
25 25 5 5 5 5
7*16=112
112-63=49
49 −49 9 12 12 12
[𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯+ 𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯⎯] + 48[𝑥 𝑦′ ⎯⎯⎯− 𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯−𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯+ 𝑥 ′ ⎯⎯⎯] = 25
25 25 25 25 25 25
49 −49 12 3 12
[𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯+ 𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯⎯] + 48[−𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯−𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯+ 𝑥 ′ ⎯⎯⎯] = 25
25 25 25 25 25
48*12=576
48*3=144
49 −49 576 144 576

[𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯+ 𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯ −𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯ + 𝑥 ′ ⎯⎯⎯] = 25
25 25 25 25 25
49 −49 576 144 576
[𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯+ 𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯ −𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯ + 𝑥 ′ ⎯⎯⎯] = 25
25 25 25 25 25
49+576=625
625 625
−𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯ + 𝑥 ′ ⎯⎯⎯] = 25
25 25
We will just pretend that the y' wasn't there, we can search for our mistake later
625𝑥 ′ − 625𝑦 = 625

𝑥 ′−𝑦 =1
Well, close is better than not close at all
Appendixes Page 49
Rotation of Axes and Graphs (F.3 Exercises)
[1] Graph the curves, draw asymptotes for hyperbolas
Screen clipping taken: 4/17/2018 7:39 PM
You can't say that we aren't getting good at this, even if our progress is lamentably slow.
[3] 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 12 = 0
⎯⎯
[5] 23𝑥 + 26√3𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 − 144 = 0
Wrong page :(
⎯⎯
23𝑥 + 26√3𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 − 144 = 0
A= 23, B = 26√3, C= -3
⎯⎯
26√3
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
23 − −3
⎯⎯
√3
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯
1
⎯⎯
1 23𝑥 + 26√3𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 − 144 = 0 Given
2 A= 23, B = 26√3, C= -3
3 𝐵 Theorem
tan 2𝜃 = ⎯⎯− 𝐶
𝐴
⎯⎯
4 26√3 Substitute
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
23 − −3
⎯⎯
5 √3 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯
1 𝑥
6 √3 +1 = 2 Pythagorean
7 1 5,6 substitution
cos 2𝜃 = ⎯⎯
2
8 𝜋 1 Theorem
cos ⎯⎯= ⎯⎯
3 2
9 2𝜋 1 Multiply theta by 2/2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯
6 2
10 𝜋
𝜃 = ⎯⎯
6
11 π 1
sin ⎯⎯= ⎯⎯
6 2
⎯⎯
12 𝜋 3
cos =
6 2
Appendixes Page 50
⎯⎯
12 𝜋 √3
cos ⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯
6 2
13 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) − 𝑦′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) + 𝑥′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
⎯⎯
14 √3 1
𝑥 = 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯− 𝑦′ ⎯⎯
2 2
⎯⎯
√3 1
𝑦 = 𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯+ 𝑥 ⎯⎯
2 2
⎯⎯
15 √3𝑥′ − 𝑦
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
⎯⎯
√3𝑦′ + 𝑥′
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
⎯⎯
16 23𝑥 + 26√3𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 − 144 = 0 1, Repeat
17 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√3𝑥 − 𝑦 ⎯⎯ √3𝑥 − 𝑦 √3𝑦 + 𝑥 √3𝑦 + 𝑥
23 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + 26√3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 144 = 0
2 2 2 2
18 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√3 𝑥 − 𝑦′ √3 𝑥 − 𝑦′ ⎯⎯ √3 𝑥 − 𝑦 √3 𝑦 + 𝑥 √3𝑦 + 𝑥 √3𝑦 + 𝑥
23 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + 26√3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 144 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
3𝑥 − 2√3𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 ⎯⎯ 3𝑥 𝑦 + √3 𝑥 − √3 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦′ 3𝑦 + 2√3 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑥
23 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + 26√3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 144
2 2 2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 23*3=69
23 3𝑥 − 2√3𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 26√3 2𝑥 𝑦 + √3𝑥 − √3𝑦 − 3 3𝑦 + 2√3𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 288
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
69𝑥 − 46√3𝑥 𝑦 + 23𝑦 + 52√3𝑥 𝑦 + 78𝑥 − 78𝑦 + −9𝑦 − 6√3𝑥 𝑦′ + −3𝑥 = 288 144*2=288
26*2=52
26*3=78
144𝑥 − 64𝑦 = 288 69+78-3=144=x'
23-78-9=-64=y'
𝑥 𝑦 I must have made an error somewhere
⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯= 1
2 9
⎯⎯
2
𝑥 2𝑦
⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
2 9
Type equation here.
If we had done it right, we would next find the asymptotes.
Most unfortunate that I somehow missed a term that would have yielded the correct answer
Still, you were quite reasonably close to the correct answer, and you understand conceptually how
to get the slope
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
[7] 6𝑥 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 − √2𝑥 + √2𝑦 = 0
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
6𝑥 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 − √2𝑥 + √2𝑦 = 0
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
1 6𝑥 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 − √2𝑥 + √2𝑦 = 0
2 A=6, B=-12 C=6
3 𝐵
tan 2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝐴−𝐶
4 −12
tan 2𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 𝑈𝑁𝐷𝐹
6−6
Appendixes Page 51
5 𝜋
tan θ 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 ⎯⎯
2
6 𝜋
tan 2θ 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 ⎯⎯
4
7 𝜋
𝜃 = ⎯⎯
4
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
8 𝜋 √2 𝜋 √2
sin ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ & cos ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯
4 2 4 2
9 𝑥 = 𝑥 cos(𝜃) − 𝑦′ sin(𝜃)
⎯⎯
10 √2
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑦 )
2
⎯⎯
√2
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯(𝑦 + 𝑥 )
2
11 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√2 √2 √2 √2 ⎯⎯ √2 ⎯⎯ √2
6 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) − 12 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) ⎯⎯⎯(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 6 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) − √2 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) + √2 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
12 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 ⎯⎯ √2 ⎯⎯ √2
6 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) − 12 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) ⎯⎯⎯(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 6 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) ⎯⎯⎯(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) − √2 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) + √2 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
13 1 1 1
6 ⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑦 )(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) − 12 ⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 6 ⎯⎯(𝑦 + 𝑥 )(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + −(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) + (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) = 0
2 2 2
14 [3(𝑥 − 𝑦 )(𝑥 − 𝑦 )] − 6(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 3(𝑦 + 𝑥 )(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) − (𝑥 − 𝑦 ) + (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) = 0
15 3 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 −6 𝑥 −𝑦 + 3 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
16 3𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 −6𝑥 +6𝑦 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑥 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
17 12𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 0 Yaaas
18 2𝑦′(6𝑦′ + 1) = 0
19 So y' must =0 or -1/6
[9]
(𝑥 +3)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥−1
Well, se to 0, it would be
𝑦𝑥 − 1 = (𝑥 +3)
0 = 𝑥((𝑥 + 3) − 𝑦) + 1
We can also see that it is a hyperbola

So we can see that it has an asymptote at x=1
Appendixes Page 52
[11] 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0
A=0 B=1 C=0

Determinant is positive, so it is a hyperbola
I will fiddle with it so see if I can tease out other features.
1 = −𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑦
1 = −𝑥 − 𝑦(𝑥 + 1)
So when y=0, x=-1
1 = −𝑥(𝑦 + 1) − 𝑦
When x=0, y=-1
1 1
1 = −𝑥𝑦 1 + ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯
𝑦 𝑥
How did we not see?

𝑥(𝑦 + 1) + 𝑦 + 1 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) = 0
So, two straight lines, one at x=-1 and one at y=-1
Screen clipping taken: 4/18/2018 1:53 AM
[13] −𝑥 + 24𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 − 10𝑥 + 13𝑦 + 5 = 0
−𝑥 + 24𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 − 10𝑥 + 13𝑦 + 5 = 0

A=-1, B= 24, C=6
Positive= Hyperbola
[15] 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0
A=1, B=-2, C=1
4-(4)(1)(1)=0
We have a Parabola!
[17] Awful, degenerate Graphs
(a) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 =𝑦
±𝑥 = ±𝑦
So I expect two straight lines passing through the origin
Appendixes Page 53
So I expect two straight lines passing through the origin
(b) 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0
The determinant is 0, so it is a parabola?
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥𝑦 ⎯⎯+ 2 + ⎯⎯ = 0
𝑦 𝑥
So I guess I expect it to be undefined at x=0 and y=0 now
𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) = −(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦
𝑥 = −𝑦
−𝑥 = 𝑦
Huh. Tricksy algebras. The above should look like a stright line (duh)
(c) 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯= 0
1 1
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
3 4
In this case the determinant is negative, so it is an Ellipse (we would hope)
In this case, 1/3 is larger, so I would only assume that is our 'a' and that we can find the foci at
But when we try to find the foci, we end up with a negative number (because we are squaring fractions)
so I can only assume there are no real solutions
(d) 3𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 + 1 = 0
Discriminant is negative, so I can only assume it would be an ellipse if something wasn't wrong with it.
3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 = 0
3𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 3𝑦(𝑦 + 𝑥) + 1 = 0
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(3𝑥 + 3𝑦) + 1 = 0
So when x=0, 3𝑦 = −1
𝑦 = −⎯
Y has no real solutions when x is 0

And same with x, so there are no intercepts
1
𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑦(𝑦 + 𝑥) = − ⎯⎯
3
1
𝑥 + 𝑦 = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 3𝑦
3𝑥 + 3𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) = −1
I am pretty sure the graph is empty, but how to prove?
[19] Show that 𝐵 − 4𝐴 𝐶 = 𝐵 − 4𝐴𝐶
Appendixes Page 54
[19] Show that 𝐵 − 4𝐴 𝐶 = 𝐵 − 4𝐴𝐶
𝐴 = 𝐴 cos 𝜃 + 𝐵 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 𝐶 sin 𝜃

𝐵 = 2(𝐶 − 𝐴) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝐵 (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
𝐶 = 𝐴 sin 𝜃 − 𝐵 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 𝐶 cos 𝜃
1 𝐵 − 4𝐴 𝐶 = 𝐵 − 4𝐴𝐶
2 2(𝐶 − 𝐴) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝐵 (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) Start by reducing B2
3 2(𝐶 − 𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝐵 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 2(𝐶 − 𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝐵 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
4 2(𝐶 − 𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)(2(𝐶 − 𝐴) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) + 2[𝐵 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃][2(𝐶 − 𝐴) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃] + [𝐵 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)][𝐵 (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
5 4 𝐶 − 2𝐶𝐴 + 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 4[𝐵 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)][(𝐶 − 𝐴) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃] + [𝐵 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)]
6
4 𝐶 − 2𝐶𝐴 + 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + (4𝐵 C𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 4BAcos 𝜃 − 4𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃 + 4𝐵𝐴 sin 𝜃 )][𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃] + [ (𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝐵 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Fuck this question, I will come back to it if it feels worth my time later; it is just a bunch of algebraic
substitution and shit
[21] Show that if the graph of 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 then B=0 and A=C
Intuitively, A equals C, because if it didn't then we would have foci at different points
Also, B must equal 0 or we would not have a circle.
THE ANSWER IS AMAZINGLY COMPLICATED

We are going to forgo an explanation of 21 till we know about implicit differentiation, because
apparently we need that
Just Finish [23] and [25] before moving on
[23] Give the coordinates of the foci relative to the x'y' axis and their relation to the xy axes for the given
conic
41𝑥 + 24𝑥𝑦 + 34𝑦 − 25 = 0
Let's just solve it anyways
A=41, B =24, C=34, the Discriminant is Negative, so
This definitely won't look as impressive in our notes:
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/pxfmyecckx
I thought it said 'the conic from "Exercise 2" when it actually says "Example"
Pay closer attention next time. Anyways, lets move on to
[25] EXERCISE 3
𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 12 = 0
Appendixes Page 55
Polar Coordinates: Section F.4
Think back to section 1 when we were defining a hyperbola, we got to a certain step in the formula
where we phrased the relationship between x, y and 𝑎 like this:
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑎 − 𝑐𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑐 − 𝑥) + (𝑦)
The bit under the radical is the distance from P to F (see diagram)
So we can write it as :
⎯⎯⎯
𝑎 − 𝑐𝑥 = 𝑎𝑃𝐹
A bit of algebraic manipulation, and we have
𝑐 ⎯⎯⎯
𝑎 − ⎯⎯𝑥 = 𝑃𝐹
𝑎
Because a>c, ⎯ < 1 . This equation is meaningful when the ellipse is not a circle, because when c=0 the
equation is not an ellipse.
Set ⎯ = 𝑒 so that we now have
⎯⎯⎯
𝑎 − 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑃𝐹
But we can see the relation more clearly if we do the following:

1. Factor out e
𝑎 ⎯⎯⎯
𝑒 ⎯⎯− 𝑥 = 𝑃𝐹
𝑒
2. Draw a vertical line L from P with distance ⎯ − 𝑥 such that L= (a/e, 0)

3. Let some point Q= (a/e, y) (i.e. it is a point that can be dragged up and down on line L)
4. substitute the expression ⎯ − 𝑥 for the distance from the point P to Q as
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑒𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝐹
Or equivalently
⎯⎯⎯
𝑃𝐹
𝑒 = ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
𝑃𝑄
Hence, we can define an ellipse like a parabola , because we can define it in terms of a point F (like a
focus) and a line L (like a directorix)
Example 1: Find the Eccentricity and draw the line L for the ellipse
Θγλυ νοτεσ
Appendixes Page 56
The main difference between an ellipse and a hyperbola, is that c>a, so e >1. When e equals 1, the
equation is a parabola (c=√ (a2+b2), so if c/a=1 then b^2 must equal zero)
See figure F.27 for an explanation of this equation:
EQUATION 1
𝑟
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 𝑒
𝑝 − 𝑟 cos(𝜃 − 𝐵)
Solving for r, we get
EQUATION 2
𝑒𝑝
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 𝑟
1 + 𝑒 cos(𝜃 − 𝐵)
See Proof
Example 2: Show that the graph of the equation

𝑟 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Is a conic section
/
𝑟 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Hence:
e=6/5
8
𝑝 = ⎯⎯
6
Since e is >1, it is a hyperbola
Appendixes Page 57
Polar Coordinates Exercises
[1] (a) On the graph of 𝑟 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯scetch the points corresponding to θ =0, π /2 and 3π /2
(b) Show that it is an Ellipse
10
⎯⎯⎯
3
𝑟 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
1 + ⎯⎯
3 cos 𝜃
10
⎯⎯⎯
3
𝑟 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
1 + ⎯⎯cos 𝜃
3
e=2/3 <1, so the equation is an Ellipse
Done!
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/yi52xay1yj
[3] Find the Eccentricities of these conics
(a) 4/3
(b) 3/4
(c)1
(d) -4/3
Appendixes Page 58
Monday, April 30, 2018 4:41 AM
We prove in Appendix G that any rational function (the quotient of Two Polynomials) is continuous
Appendixes Page 59
Functions (1.1 Exercises)
Domain and Range shiiiiet.
Prove that the formula 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯ Has a range equal to ℝ

Well, we are saying that for every real number b, such that b ≠ 0, (1/x) is equal to it, so
⎯ = 𝑏 OR x= ⎯
So if 𝑥 = ⎯ then 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏
Proof: 𝑓 ⎯ = ⎯⎯= 𝑏
𝑂ℎ!
𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟
I think it might be!
[1] , [3] and [5]
[7]
1. Functions Page 1
[9]
[11] Domain = [0, ∞ )

Range: [0, ∞ )
[13]
Not defined @ x>|2|
Domain: (-2, 2)
Range: [0, 2]
[15]
3
⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
Domain: (-∞ ,0)(0, ∞ )

Range: (0, ∞)
1. Functions Page 2
[17] ⎯⎯
x≠ 0
Domain: (-∞ 0)(0, ∞)
Range: (-∞, 0)(0, ∞ )
Should these two range values be reversed to better represent the flow of the graph?
[19] Domain: (0, ∞ )
Range: (0, ∞ )
[21] (a) Is not a function, (b) is a function, (c) is a function
[23] 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
(a) f(-1)= 0
(b) f(3) = 4
(c) f(1)= 2.25
(d) f(0)= 1
[25] 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
(a) 𝑓(1 + 2) = 27
(b) 𝑓(4 − 1) = 27
[27] 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
(a) 𝑓(𝑎 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑎)
(𝑎 + 1) − 𝑎
(𝑎 + 1) 𝑎 + 2𝑎 + 1 − 𝑎
(𝑎 + 2𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 2𝑎 + 1) − 𝑎
(+3𝑎 + 3𝑎 + 1)
[29] 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯
𝑓(𝑑) − 𝑓(𝑐)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑−𝑐
Reduces to:
𝑐+𝑑
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑐 𝑑
[31] 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + ⎯
𝑓(𝑢) − 𝑓(𝑣)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑢−𝑣
Reduces to
1
1 − ⎯⎯⎯
𝑣𝑢
We dropped a minus somewhere
1. Functions Page 3
Discarded Work
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
[33] 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 + 𝑥 + (4 − 𝑥) + 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑= 16 + 𝑥 + 16 − 8𝑥 + 𝑥 + 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑= 16 + 𝑥 + 25 − 8𝑥 + 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑= 16 + 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 5) − 13𝑥
TRASH
[35] Find a function that represents the surface area of a cylinder

Area of Circle= 𝜋𝑟
(Width) Diameter=2𝜋𝑟
We want the width of the cylinder times height (=y)

+ two times the area
Cylinder
2π r
r=x
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝜋𝑟 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ 2𝜋𝑥
[37]
x -2 -1 0 1/2 1 2 3
𝑥 +𝑥 5 0 0 3/4 2 6 12
[39]
f(0)=0
1. Functions Page 4
f(0)=0
f(1)= 3
f(2)= 6
f(3) 9
[41] 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓(3 + ℎ) − 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
𝑓(3 + ℎ) − 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
f(1)=7
f(0.01)6.01
f(-0.01)=5.99
f(0.0001)=6.001
(d) It approaches 6
[43]
(a) 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) ≠ 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)
(b) 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)
(c) 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)
(d) 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) ≠ 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)
(e) 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) ≠ 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)
[45] If 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(1) = 3

𝑓(1 + 1) = 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(1) = 3
𝑓(2) = 6
𝑓(1 + 0) = 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(1) = 3
𝑓(0) = 0
𝑓(2 − 1) = 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(−1)
3 = 6 + 𝑓(−1)
−3 = 𝑓(−1)
𝑓(3) = 𝑓(2 + 1) = 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(1) = 9
𝑓(−2) = 𝑓(−1) + 𝑓(−1) = −6
𝑓(−3) = (𝑓(−2 − 1) = 𝑓(−2) + 𝑓(−1) = −9
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥
[47] 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 2𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 2$ $
Where $x$ means the largest integer less than or equal to x
[49] 𝑓(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑦)

𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = −4 log 𝑥
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/fimshpg8od
1. Functions Page 5
1. Functions Page 6
Composite Functions (1.2 Exercises)
Monday, April 23, 2018 3:38 PM
[1] 𝑦 = 𝑢 , 𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
y=𝑥
⎯⎯
[3] 𝑦 = √ 𝑢, 𝑢 = (1 + 2𝑣), 𝑣 = 𝑥
⎯⎯
[3.1] 𝑦 = √ 𝑢, 𝑢 = 1 + 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
[3.2] 𝑦 = (1 + 2𝑥 )
[5] 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
(𝑓 o 𝑔)(𝑥)
[5.1] 𝑢 = (1 + 𝑥 )
[5.2] 𝑦 = 𝑢
[7]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑦= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1+𝑥
[7.1] 𝑢 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯
[7.2] 𝑦 = √⎯⎯
𝑢
[9] 𝑤 = (3𝑡)
𝑤 = 27𝑡
[11] 𝑢 = 1/𝑥
𝑦 =1+𝑢
𝑤 = √⎯⎯𝑦
1
𝑦 = 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
1
𝑦 = 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑤= 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑤= 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
[13] Solution: Finding Commutative Functions
1. Functions Page 7
[13] Solution: Finding Commutative Functions
(𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔)(𝑥)
"f commutes with g"

'Commutes with' = ⚬
⚬ = 26ac (+alt +x)
[15] (a) Show that the constant function 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 is both odd and even
Intuitively, it is symmetric with respect to x and y axis…
Well, 𝑓(−1) = 𝑓(1) ∵ 0=0

This conforms with the property of an even function
𝑓(−1) = −𝑓(1) ∵ 0=0

This conforms with the properties of an odd function
(b) Are there other functions with this property?
Maybe something with absolute values?
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|
𝑓(−1) = 𝑓(1) ∵ 1 = 1
But 𝑓(−1) ≠ −𝑓(1)
What about 𝑓(𝑥) = −|𝑥| ? No, this is even but not odd…
It turns out not. Stein says "for any x 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑜 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) "
The only number equal to its negative is 0
[17] Find 𝑓(0)when f is odd

𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
Then 𝑓(0) = 0
𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 | + 1
The f is not odd
0?It will always be zero.
Proof:
𝑓(0) = 𝑐
Since f is odd, then for any x, 𝑓(−0) = −𝑐
But 𝑓(−0) = 𝑓(0) (A property of zero)
So 𝑐 = −𝑐
Hence, 𝑐 = 0
[19] Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 Is there a function g(x) such that (𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 for all numbers x? If so, how many
such functions are there?
Yeah 𝑔(𝑥) = √⎯⎯

𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
But also 𝑔 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯
√𝑥
And so on, just pile on the fifth roots to the fifth
1. Functions Page 8
And so on, just pile on the fifth roots to the fifth
Stein says there is only one such function.
[21] Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 How many functions are there of the form 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 where a and b are
constants such that a ≠ 0 and (𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔) = (𝑔 ⚬ 𝑓)
(𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔) = (𝑔 ⚬ 𝑓)
2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 3 = 𝑎(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝑏
(2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏) + 3 = (2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑎) + 𝑏
𝑏 + 3 = 3𝑎
𝑏 = 3𝑎 − 3
𝑏 = 3(𝑎 − 1)
"When b equals 3(a-1)
[23] Is the function even, odd, or neither?
(a) Odd
(b) Even
(c) Even?
(d) Neither
(e) Even
(f) Neither (∵ domain is restricted)
(g) Neither
(h) Odd
I gots them all right!
1. Functions Page 9
One to One and Inverse Functions (1.3 Exercises)
[1]
(a) Not one to one
(b) Yes One to One. Inverse function 𝑦 = √⎯⎯
𝑥 with Domain: [0, 16]
[3] 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥
(a) [0, 1] Yes, is One to One
(b) [-100, 100] Yes, is One to One
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Inverse: (𝑦 − 1)
(a) Inverse Domain = [1,2]
(b) Inverse Domain= [−100 + 1,100 + 1]
We wrote that as 'sqrt(5&(x-1))' where the & separates that root value
[5] Yes, is one to one
[7] Solution:
[9] 𝑥 + 2𝑥 is an increasing function so it is One to one

(i.e., if we pick a value for x, any larger value of x will be be greater than the previous for both 2x and 𝑥
so, by the property of inequalities if 𝑥 < 𝑥 and 2𝑥 < 2𝑥 then 𝑥 + 2𝑥 < 𝑥 + 2𝑥
[11] 𝐴 = {1,2,3} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}

List the Tables for all the one to one functions from A to B
The inverse of the first table looks like
a b c
1 2 3
[13] True or false, if f and g are one to one, then so is 𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔

Well, try to produce a counterexample:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔 = 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 = 𝑥 ≠ 𝑥
SO this example preserves the one to one
Stein says: Yes . If (𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔)(𝑦) and (𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔)(𝑥) then f(g(x))=f(g(y)). SInce f is one to one this implies that
g(x)=g(y). Since g is one to one, we must have x=y
[15] IF 𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔 is one to one then f is one to one

Well… 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
And 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
Then f(g(x)) is not one to one. Try again:
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
1. Functions Page 10
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 ⎯⎯
f(g(x)) is 𝑥 which is one to one ;D
Stein says: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ⬚ and let (𝑔(𝑥) = 2 then 𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔 (𝑥) = 4 which is one to one!
[17] If f is increasing and g is increasing then f ⚬ g is increasing.

𝑥 < 𝑥 → 𝑔(𝑥 ) < 𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑜 𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥 ) < 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔(𝑥 )
[19] If f is increasing and g is decreasing

𝑥 < 𝑥 → 𝑔(𝑥 ) > 𝑔(𝑥 ) and 𝑓(𝑥 ) < 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑓 𝑔(𝑥 ) > 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )
𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔(𝑥 ) > 𝑓 ⚬ 𝑔(𝑥 )
f is decreasing?
[21] Is there a function g such that 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 for all real numbers x?
Well, our immediate worry is that the 5th root function cannot handle negative numbers
So no?
Ah. Our mistake: thinking that the 5th root cannot handle negative numbers. As an odd function, it can,
think of it as the range of our 5th power = the domain of our 5th root and you probs won't make that
mistake next time. Or just remember: odd powered roots can handle negative inputs
[23] Is the following function one to one: (No cheating with the graphy bits)
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+1
for ∀(𝑥) ≠ −1
Hold up:
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 1
⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+1
Wow!
No help there. I mean 1/x is a hyperbola that is one to one. I mean ultimately I would just start graphing
some points.
I am going to say yes after looking at the graph.
The inverse is:

𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+1
𝑦(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥
Solution: 1.3 # 23 Find the inverse of a function
[25] Let 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥) is f one-to-one if the domain is take to be:

(a) the entire x-axis?
Nope
(b) interval [0, 360]
Nope again
(c) interval [0, 180]
Nononono
(d) Yes!
[27] Hard question! Let A be the set of positive integers

(a) Explain why each integer in A can be written uniquely in the for 2 (2𝑏 − 1) where a and b are
positive integers.
I dunno, let's throw some numbers at it
a=1
b=1
2 (2 − 1)
1(1)
Hmmm
2 (2𝑏 − 1)
(b) Let B be the set of fraction of the form ⎯ where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are positive integers. Show that there is a
one-to-one function from A to B with range B (this means that there are just as many positive integers
as there are fractions.) Incidentally, each positive ration number is represented by an infitine number of
such fractions ⎯ = ⎯ = ⎯ = ⎯
Quiz on Functions!
(Evens AND Odds!)
[1] [see table]

(a) No, f is not one-to-one
(b) Yes!
[2] (a) Graph 𝑥 + 1

(done!)
(b) because it is an odd function
(c) Done!
(d) Yessss
1.Q.2
[3] Simplify the Expression:
Assume that x+h ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
For h≠ 0 when
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
3𝑥(𝑥 + ℎ) + ℎ
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯
−1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥(𝑥 + ℎ)
1.Q.3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
[4] Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 10 − 𝑥
See what happens when x gets really large
(Hypothesis: it approaches zero)
1.Q.4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
[5] Express the function 𝑦 = (1 + 2𝑥) + √1 + 2𝑥
As the composition of three functions
𝑢 = 1 + 2𝑥
𝑣=𝑢
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
𝑦=√ 𝑢 + √𝑣
Review Exercises for Functions
[1] Well, what is volume of cylinder?

ℎ*𝜋𝑟
When x=a h=0
When x=0, h=2a
So h maybe =
ℎ = 2(𝑎 − 𝑥)
and r equals 𝑥
∴
2(𝑎 − 𝑥)*𝜋𝑥
2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝜋
2𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)𝜋
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Nope! The height is 2√𝑎 − 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
So the volume is 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝜋𝑥 √𝑎 − 𝑥
We can see that our answer was wrong because the cylinder does not have a volume when x is 0 but our
formula shows it as having a volume.
[3] 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦, 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) where a b c and d are constants. For what values of a,b,c,d make
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) one-to-one?
I am not sure what the question is asking!
F is one-to-one iff ad ≠ bc
[5] Give the domain and range of:

⎯⎯
√𝑥
Domain= All real numbers
Range= −∞ , +∞
[7] 𝑥
Well…
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√𝑥 = √𝑥 ∗ √𝑥
Domain= All real numbers (the same set of valid inputs)

Range= All positive numbers
[9]
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√𝑥 + 1
For x≠ -1
Domain: (−1, ∞)
Domain: (−1, ∞)
Range: (∞, 0)
[11] Evaluate:
IF
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
EVALUATE
𝑓(2 + 0.1) − 𝑓(2)
4.41 − 4
0.41
[13]
Algeeebra
−1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
((𝑎 + 1) + ℎ)(𝑎 + 1)
[15]
Come back to this problem to develop a more intuitive way for solving expressions of the form:
𝑢 −𝑣
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑢−𝑣
See steps 12 to 13
1.R.15
[17]
[19]
For x≠ 1 or -1
Domain: (−∞, −1)(1, ∞)
[21]
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 1)
For x ≠ 1
Asymptote at going up from both negative and positive direction at x=1
[23]
1
3 = ⎯⎯⎯
3
So we should expect 𝑓(0) = 1, 𝑓(1) = ⎯𝑓(−1) = 3

Hence, going way up to our left and approaching zero to our right
[25]
(𝑥 − 1)
(0,1),(1,0)(-1,4)(2,1)
[27] For which of the following functions is 𝑓(𝑏 + 1) = 3𝑓(𝑏)
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
Not equal
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
(0,1) (1,3) (-1, 1/3) (2, 9)
Equal
Equal
(c)
3
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯
2
Intuition is : not equal
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 ∗ 2
(-1, 1/6) (0, 1/2) (1, 3/2) (2, 9/2)
Equal
(d)
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯
(-1, -1/3)(0, 0)(1, 1/3)
Not equal
[29]
1.R.29
[31]
[33]
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 100
100 − 2𝑥 = 2𝑦
50 − 𝑥 = 𝑦
2𝑥 + (2(50 − 𝑥) = 100
(100 − 48𝑥 ) = 100
???
𝑥(50 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
50𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Domain (0, 50)

1.R.33
[35]
(a) Hmmm, I'm not sure what the question is asking!
(b)Find a function such that (𝑔 ⚬ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 for all numbers x

Well, 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑎 − 𝑥) is one such function, as 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑎 − (𝑎 − 𝑥)) for any constant a,
Hence there are infinitely many such functions
[37]
I only found trivial answers, such as 0𝑥 and the like
The proof is complex! Feel free to come back to it

Basically you take your standard polynomial form as a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
And you take 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
As your other function. Find (𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) and 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) , do the algebra and you end up seeing that a must
equal 1 because it cannot equal 0 and still be a polynomail of degree 3, solving for the rest of the
variables solidifies the intuition that this is true.
[39] 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
(a) How many polynomials of degree 2 commute with f?
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑎(𝑥 + 1) +𝑏(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) +1
𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 +1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑏(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐

𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) +1
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 1

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑐𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑐𝑥 + 𝑎𝑐𝑥 + 𝑏𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 + 1
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑎 𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑐𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 + 1
You can phrase these more nicely in terms of powers of x
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑎 𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑥 + (2𝑎𝑐 +𝑏 )𝑥 +2𝑏𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 + 1

𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + (2𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 +𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
Equate the coefficients:
[1] FOR 𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝐼𝐹𝐹 𝑎 = 1
(assume a ≠ 0)
[2] For 𝑥
2𝑎𝑏 = 0
(Because there is no 𝑥 term here, a=1, so b must be 0)
[3] For 𝑥
There is no first power of x in 𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) so 2bc=0
So c could = any number
But we know that 𝑐 = 𝑐
So c must be 1
So c must be 1
Hence, there is only one polynomial of degree 2 that commutes with 𝑓(𝑥), namely, 𝑓(𝑥) itself
(b) Are there any of degree 3, if so, how many?
Limit of Function (2.1 Notes)
Example 2
2.1.E.2
Example 3:
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯
|𝑥|
We might well ask, What happens to 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 ⟶ 0?
2. Limits Page 1
Clearly it equals 1 as we approach it from the right and -1 as we approach from the left
This is interesting because it is not the case that f(x) is near any specific number at 0
In other words ~∃ lim 𝑓(𝑥)
⟶
Even more precisely ~∃ lim ⎯⎯

| |
⟶
Thus, the limit for this function exists for all numbers ≠ 0
Whether a function has a limit at a has nothing to do with f(a) itself
We write 'the limit of f(x) as x approaches a' as
⟶
Or
𝑓(𝑥) ⟶ 𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑎
Right Hand limit
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 OR as 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑎 , 𝑓(𝑥) ⟶ 𝐿

⟶
"the limit of f as x approaches a from the right is L" or "as x approaches a from the right f(x) approaches
L"
Left hand limit, just replace the plus with a minus
So in example 3 we have:
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯= 1
⟶ |𝑥|
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯= −1
⟶ |𝑥|
"If both the right and left hand limits of f exist at a and are equal, the ∃ lim 𝑓(𝑥)
⟶
But if they are not equal then ~∃ lim 𝑓(𝑥)
⟶
When a function is just a constant (we picked 3, but we could have picked any number 'L'") then
⟶
2. Limits Page 2
This is equivilant to saying that the "limit of L is L"
For example:
1+𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= lim 1 = 1
⟶ 1+𝑥 ⟶
"we are getting there with fluid math commands"
I actually kind of like this better, because the slash commands make me feel as though I am issuing a
command that must be obeyed by something, it makes me feel powerful and knowledgeable, even
though it is possibly just slowing me down.
2. Limits Page 3
Limit of a Function (2.1 Exercises)
1-14 Find the Limits
[1]
lim (𝑥 + 7) = 12
⟶
[3]
𝑥 −4 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= lim (𝑥 + 2) = 4
⟶ 𝑥−2 ⟶ 𝑥−2 ⟶
[5]
(𝑥 −1) (𝑥 −1)(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯=
⟶ (𝑥 − 1) ⟶ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) ⟶ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1)
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) (1 + 1)(1 + 1) 4
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) (1 + 1 + 1) 3
[7]
1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥+2
1/5
[9]
lim 25
⟶
25
[11]
⎯⎯
lim √ 𝑥 =0
⟶
2. Limits Page 4
[13]
𝑥−1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ |𝑥 − 1|
-1?
Close, but you should not have thought of the numerator as negative, why did you do that Michael?
[15]
(1 + ℎ) − 1 4−1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 3
⟶ ℎ ⟶ 1
That there limit exists! And it's 3
[17]
1 1 2−𝑥
⎯⎯
𝑥 − ⎯⎯
2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥 2−𝑥 2−𝑥 2−𝑥 2−𝑥 2−𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥−2 ⟶ 𝑥−2 (𝑥 − 2)2𝑥 2(𝑥 − 2𝑥) 2(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1) 2( (𝑥 − 1) −1) ( 2(𝑥 − 1) −2)
Well…
Did it right that time!
2.1.17
[19]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

√𝑥 + 4 − 2 (√𝑥 + 4 − 2)√𝑥 + 4 (𝑥 + 4 − 2√𝑥 + 4) (√𝑥 + 4)(√𝑥 + 4) − 2√𝑥 + 4 (√𝑥 + 4)(1 − 2) (−1)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯=
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯=
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯=
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 𝑥(√𝑥 + 4) 𝑥(√𝑥 + 4) 𝑥(√𝑥 + 4) 𝑥(√𝑥 + 4) 𝑥
2. Limits Page 5
We done gone messed up
~∃ lim 𝑓(𝑥)
⟶
Solution: 2.1.19
[21]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

lim √𝑥 − 4 + 2 = √𝑥 − 4 + 2 √𝑥 − 4 − 2 = 𝑥 − 4 − 4 = 𝑥 − 8 = 𝟒
⟶
No! Why you do the algebra bad
Why not just 'see' that it is close to 2?
So the limit would not have existed if we had been coming from the negative direction
[23]
2. Limits Page 6
[23]
lim 64
⟶
Lim ∃ & =1
[25]
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 1
(d) 2
[27]
(a) 0
(b) 0
(c)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
𝑥−4 (√ 𝑥 + 2)(√ 𝑥 − 2) ⎯⎯
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ = √ 𝑥+2 =4
⟶ √ 𝑥−2 √𝑥 − 2
[29]
But how were we supposed to know?
[31] I would say yes, the limit exists!
[33]
For which numbers a does the lim 𝑓(𝑥) Exist?

⟶
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| − 𝑥
a=(−∞, 0) or something like that
Now that I see the graph, I think the answer is all real numbers. ℝ
2. Limits Page 7
Now that I see the graph, I think the answer is all real numbers. ℝ
[35] `
2. Limits Page 8
Computations of Limits (2.2 Notes)
Saturday, April 28, 2018 1:17 AM
We gots these 6 Properties of Limits!
[1] lim 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥)

⟶ ⟶ ⟶
[2] lim f(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥)

⟶ ⟶ ⟶
[3] lim 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 lim 𝑓(𝑥) for any constant k

⟶ ⟶
[4] lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)

⟶ ⟶ ⟶
( ) ( )
[5] lim ⎯⎯⎯
( )
⟶
= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( )
if lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
⟶ ⟶
⟶
( )
( )
[6] lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ⟶
if lim 𝑓(𝑥) > 0
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
@1,2,3,4 : We can distribute over any number of terms, not just two
( )
@5: If we know only that 𝑓(𝑥) ⟶ 0 and g(x) ⟶ 0 as 𝑥 ⟶ 0, we do not know how ⎯⎯⎯
( )
behaves as 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑎
@3: apparently we can (sometimes) move functions out like constants as in
lim f 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 lim 𝑔(𝑥)

⟶ ⟶
We are taking the limit "inside"
While we're taking notes:
1
lim ⎯⎯⎯= 0
⟶ 𝑥
lim 𝑥 = ∞
⟶
∞ is not a number, and the limit DOES NOT EXIST
Let 𝑓(𝑥)be a polynomial and let 𝑎𝑥 be its term of highest degree.

Let 𝑔(𝑥) be another polynomial and let 𝑏𝑥 be its term of highest degree, then
( ) ( )
lim ⎯⎯⎯
( )
= lim ⎯⎯⎯ and lim ⎯⎯⎯
( )
= lim ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶
2. Limits Page 9
2. Limits Page 10
Computations of Limits (2.2 Exercises)
Examine the given limits and compute the ones that exist
[1]
lim (𝑥 − 100𝑥 )
⟶
I mean, we know it will trend towards ∞ but how tot think about it correctly?
lim 𝑥 (𝑥 − 100)
⟶
Ah, like this:
100 100
lim 𝑥 1 − ⎯⎯⎯ = lim 𝑥 lim 1 − ⎯⎯⎯ = ∞ (1) =
⟶ 𝑥 ⟶ ⟶ 𝑥
We got the answer right, but we showed how we got there incorrectly.
[3]
lim (6𝑥 + 21𝑥 ) = lim 𝑥 6𝑥 + 21 = lim 𝑥 lim 6𝑥 + 21 = lim 𝑥 lim 6𝑥 + 21 = − ∞ × ∞

⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶
Not quite
21 21
lim (6𝑥 + 21𝑥 ) = lim 𝑥 6 + ⎯⎯⎯ = lim 6 + ⎯⎯⎯ lim 𝑥 = lim (6 + 0) (-∞ ) = 6 × -∞ = -∞
⟶ ⟶ 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑥 ⟶ ⟶
𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑜
[5]
lim (−𝑥 )
⟶
Well, we know it is positive ∞, but I'm not sure how to prove, we could factor x into two positives and one negative?
Like this:
lim −𝑥 = lim −1(𝑥 ) = − 1 lim (𝑥 ) = −1 − ∞

⟶ ⟶ ⟶
[7]
⎯⎯ ( )( )
⟶
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( )
= ⎯⎯= Not helpful
⟶ ⟶ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⟶
1
6𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 6 − ⎯⎯⎯ (6 − 0) 6
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯= 0
⟶ 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 8 ⟶ 5 8 ⟶ 𝑥 (2 + 0 + 0) ∞
𝑥 2 + ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
[9]
𝑥 + 1066𝑥 + 1492𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 2𝑥 − 1984
𝑥 (1 + 0 + 0)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 (2 − 0)
𝑥(1)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ∞
⟶ (2)
[11]
2. Limits Page 11
[11]
𝑥 +1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 +2
𝑥 (1 + 0)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 (1 + 0)
1
lim ⎯⎯= 0
⟶ 𝑥
[13] lim ⎯⎯
⟶
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ∞
𝑥 ⟶0
[15] lim ⎯⎯
⟶
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ∞
𝑥⟶0
[17]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
lim 𝑥 + 100 − 𝑥
⟶
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100
lim 𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯ − 𝑥
⟶ 𝑥
⎯⎯
lim 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥
⟶
lim 𝑥 − 𝑥
⟶
1
lim 𝑥 1 − ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
lim 𝑥 (1 − 0)
⟶
Try Again
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
lim 𝑥 + 100 − 𝑥
⟶
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ √𝑥 + 100 + 𝑥
lim 𝑥 + 100 − 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶
√𝑥 + 100 + 𝑥
𝑥 + 100 − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶
√𝑥 + 100 + 𝑥
100
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶
√𝑥 + 100 + 𝑥
2. Limits Page 12
100
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶
√𝑥 + 100 + 𝑥
100
lim ⎯⎯⎯ = 0
⟶ ∞
[19]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
lim 𝑥 + 100𝑥 − 𝑥
⟶
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ √𝑥 + 100𝑥 + 𝑥
lim 𝑥 + 100𝑥 − 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶
√𝑥 + 100𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥 + 100𝑥 − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶
√𝑥 + 100𝑥 + 𝑥
(100𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶
√𝑥 + 100𝑥 + 𝑥
(100𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 100
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +𝑥
100𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 100
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 +𝑥
100𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 100
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
100
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (1 + 0) + 1
lim (50)
⟶
Nice and neat
[21]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 1
𝑥 4 + ⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 1
𝑥 4 + ⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 1
4 + ⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4 + 0 + 0)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3
2
lim =
⟶ 3
2. Limits Page 13
2
lim = ⎯⎯
⟶ 3
This seems illegitimate, but it is hard to know when it is legitimate to reduce a quantity to zero
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 √4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3𝑥 √4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3𝑥(√4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
1
𝑥 4𝑥 + 2 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3𝑥(√4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
1
4𝑥 + 2 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3(√4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
4𝑥 2𝑥 1
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3(√4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3(√4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
:( It looks like we had it right the first time!
[23]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4𝑥 + 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (9𝑥 − 3𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 4 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶
3
𝑥 9 − ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 4 + ⎯⎯ 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶
3
𝑥 9 − ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
4 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3
9 − ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4 + 0
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ √9 −0
2
lim ⎯⎯
⟶ 3
[25]
1
(𝑎) lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥−1
This tends towards positive ∞
2. Limits Page 14
1
(𝑐) lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥−1
~∃
1
(𝑏) lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥−1
This tends towards negative ∞
When the limit "equals" ∞, we are just specifying the reason why the limit doesn't exist: Growth
without bound.
[27]
3𝑥 + 2𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 3𝑥
⟶ 𝑥+5
𝑥(3𝑥 + +2)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 3𝑥
⟶ 5
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
(3𝑥 + +2)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 3𝑥
⟶ 𝑥 5
⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
5+𝑥
(3𝑥 + 2) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 3𝑥(⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯)
⟶ 5+𝑥 5+𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
5+𝑥
(3𝑥 + 2) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎛⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 3𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎞
⟶ 5 + 𝑥 5+𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
⎝ ⎠
Turn Back, Start over.
3𝑥 + 2𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 3𝑥
⟶ 𝑥+5
3𝑥 + 2𝑥 3𝑥(𝑥 + 5)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥+5 𝑥+5
3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥(𝑥 + 5)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥+5
3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 15𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥+5
2𝑥 − 15𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥+5
𝑥(2 − 15)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 5
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
(2 − 15)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 5
1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
(−13)
lim
⟶ 𝑥 5
+
2. Limits Page 15
(−13)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 5
⎯⎯+
𝑥 ⎯⎯𝑥
(−13)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (5 + 𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
(−13𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (5 + 𝑥)
The -13 has the greater magnitude, so it should tend towards …don't be a dullard, you're not done!
𝑥(−13)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 5
𝑥 ⎯⎯
𝑥+1
(−13)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 5
⎯⎯
𝑥+1
(−13)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (0 + 1)
We did 29 in our heads

Write down the proof of ⋆ 31⋆
Let P(x) be a polynomial of degree n, with lead term ax^n, a>0 and let Q(x) be a polynomial of degree m
with lead term bx^m, b>0. What is the lim 𝑃(𝑥)/𝑄(𝑥) when
⟶
(a) m=n
(b) m<n
(c) m>n
[35]
2. Limits Page 16
Asymptotes and their Use in Graphing (2.3 Notes)
Horizontal Asymptote:
⟶
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) gets arbitrarily close to L as x increases. Same thing for 𝑥 ⟶ −∞
Vertical Asymptote:
lim f(𝑥) = ∞ Or lim = ∞ the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) resembles the vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑎 for x near a. The line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is
⟶ ⟶
called the Vertical Asymptote.
Look forward to that Exercise 25
You will need to know that the graph of y=Ax) /B(x) (Where A is at least as large of a power as B)
Do long division of B(x) into A(X, obtaining a quotient Q(x) ( a polynomial) and a remainder (R(x))
[ a polynomial of degree less than the degree B(x)] Then:
A(x) = Q(x)B(x) + R(x)
And
( ) ( )
⎯⎯⎯
( )
= 𝑄(𝑥) + ⎯⎯⎯
( )
( )
lim ⎯⎯⎯
( )
= 0 y=A(x)/B(x) is asymptotic to the graph of y=Q(x)
⟶
If the degree of Q(x) is 1, the graph of y= Q(x) is a line, if 2, it is a curve.
An Example:
Graph:
(𝑥 +1)
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
First
1
𝑥(𝑥 + ⎯⎯) 1
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
When x is large, 1/x ⟶ 0, So the graph will resemble a parabola
Moreover, for positive x, f(x) is larger than 𝑥 and for negative x, f(x) is smaller than x
At x=o, there is a vertical asymptote and:
2. Limits Page 17
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞ & lim 𝑓(𝑥) = -∞
⟶ ⟶
2. Limits Page 18
Saturday, April 28, 2018 9:28 PM
Note that We only have answers for 11, 23 and 25
[1]
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥−2
So we have an asymptote at x=2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∞
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
Horizontal Asymptote @ 0
Vertical Asymptote @ 2
[3]
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1
2. Limits Page 19
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
⟶
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
We failed to mention the vertical asymptote @ x=-1, but it is hard to believe we did not notice it
[5]
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 −𝑥
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
Vertical asymptote at x=1 and x=0
2. Limits Page 20
Vertical asymptote at x=1 and x=0
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∞
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
⟶
2.3.5
Nice!
[7]
1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 −𝑥
1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
Hmm…
1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 1 − ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
Well,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
2. Limits Page 21
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∞
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
⟶
Also:
1 1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
So we have asymptotes at +1& -1
SO:
⟶
We forgot the asymptote at 0 (Kind of, we mention that it goes towards

− ∞ from both sides, what do you want from me? )
[9]
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
FIND X INTERCEPTS;
2. Limits Page 22
FIND X INTERCEPTS;
When x=1 & x=0
Also: we have a Horizontal asymptote at y=1 on both sides
I feel like we must be missing some intercepts
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
1
𝑥 1 − ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1
1 − ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥−1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥 +1
(𝑥 − 1)𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
1
𝑥 1 − ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1
1−𝑥
𝑦=
1
2. Limits Page 23
1
1 − ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
Well, we can see that
1−0
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
⟶ 1+0
1+0
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
⟶ 1+0
1
lim f(𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0
⟶ (0 + ∞)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
SO we have a Horizontal asymptote at y=1 on both sides
Hmmm
Nope, we got it!
[11]
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 4
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
__________________________________________
MANIPULATE
1 4
𝑥 𝑥 + 2 + ⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
2. Limits Page 24
1 4
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 + ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
lim 𝑦 = ∞
⟶
lim 𝑦 = −∞
⟶
lim 𝑦 = ∞
⟶
lim 𝑦 = ∞
⟶
Not asking me to find the intercepts so I won't bother!
Ah! I can see the tilted asymptote, lets see if I can find it.
SO when x is arbitrarily large, y=x+2
Sweet.
[13]
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
MANIPULATE:
𝑥 (𝑥)
𝑦=
1
𝑥 1+
2. Limits Page 25
𝑥 (𝑥)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
(𝑥)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
(𝑥)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 1
𝑥 ⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 1
⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 1
⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1+𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
So
−∞
lim 𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= −∞
⟶ 1+0
lim 𝑦 = ∞
⟶
𝑓(0) = 0
For arbitrarily large |x|, y=x is an asymptote
2. Limits Page 26
What to do about
0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯?
1+∞
Well, 0 over anything is 0
𝑥 (1 + 1)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 1(1 + 1)
𝑥 (1 + 1)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 1(1 + 1)
[15]Graph
𝑦 =2 +2
MANIPULATE
1
𝑦 = 2 + ⎯⎯⎯
2
2 1
𝑦=2 ⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯
2 2
2 2 +1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
2 +1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
IDK:
lim 𝑦 = ∞
⟶
lim 𝑦 = ∞
⟶
f(0)=2
f(1)=5/2 (?)
f(-1)=5/2
2. Limits Page 27
[17] Graph
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
f(1)=1/2
f(0)=0
f(-1)=1/2
MANIPULATE
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1
lim 𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
⟶ 1+0
Likwise:
1
lim 𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
⟶ 1+0
So we have a horizontal asymptote y= @ 1
At
1
lim 𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 0
⟶ 1+∞
I think We can imagine it
2. Limits Page 28
[19]
4𝑥 + 3𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥 + 1
MANIPULATE
𝑥(4𝑥 + 3)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 2 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
(4𝑥 + 3)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
2 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
∞
lim 𝑦 = ⎯⎯ = ∞
⟶ 2
lim 𝑦 = − ∞
⟶
Asymptote at -1/2
𝑛
lim 𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ∞
⟶ ⎯⎯
(𝑥 ⟶ 0)
lim 𝑦 = −∞
⟶
𝑓(0) = 0
𝑓(1) = 7/3
1
𝑓(−1) = ⎯⎯⎯= −1
−1
4(4) − 6 10
𝑓(−2) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯
−4 + 1 −3
3
2𝑥 2𝑥 + ⎯⎯
2
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
2𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥
2. Limits Page 29
3
2𝑥 + ⎯⎯
2
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
1 + ⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥
Tilted Asymptote at 2x for arbitrarily large |x|
3
4(𝑥 + ⎯⎯
4 𝑥)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥 + 1
3 3 3
4(𝑥 + ⎯⎯
4 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
8 − ⎯⎯
8)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥 + 1
3 3
4 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
8 − ⎯⎯
8
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥 + 1
3 3
4 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
8 − ⎯⎯
2
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥 + 1
3 3 3
3 4(0) − ⎯⎯
2 − ⎯⎯
2 − ⎯⎯
2 = −3(8) −3(2)(2) −6
𝑓 − ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯
8 3 6 8 14 28 7(2) 7
2 ⎯⎯ + 1 ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
8 8 8 8
Welp.
2. Limits Page 30
[21] GRAPH
(𝑥 +1)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +2
MANIPULATE
(𝑥 +1)
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +2
1
𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
THUS,
∞
lim 𝑦 = ⎯⎯= ∞
⟶ 1
lim 𝑦 = − ∞
⟶
2. Limits Page 31
lim 𝑦 = − ∞
⟶
1
𝑓(0) = ⎯⎯
2
Tilted asymptote at y=x
𝑓(−1) = 0
Jenga says:
43we222222222`
Squeeze out One more x
1
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 2
𝑥 ⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1
1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 2
⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
[23] Show that
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+1
has a tilted asymptote and give its equation
𝑐
𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
2. Limits Page 32
𝑐
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
∞+𝑏+0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ∞
⟶ 1
And
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∞
⟶
But for arbitrarily large x, the asymptote is going to be something like y=ax
[25]
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 𝑥)
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 1
𝑥 − 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯
2 2
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 1
𝑥 − 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯
4 4
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 1
𝑥 − ⎯⎯
2 − ⎯⎯
4
So x reaches a local max when x= 1/2, y=-4

P(1/2,-4)
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
4 𝑥 − ⎯⎯
2 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 − ⎯⎯
4
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
4 𝑥 − ⎯⎯
2 −1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
4
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
4 𝑥 − ⎯⎯
2 −1
Minumums at x⟶ 0 and x⟶ 1= − ∞
(1/2
2. Limits Page 33
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
2. Limits Page 34
Sunday, April 29, 2018 3:56 AM
The Squeeze Principle:
𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) & lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 = lim ℎ(𝑥) ⟶ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
We shall want to have proofs of the two theorems for sin and cos
Sin (x) is often replaced by x when x is small enough
______________________________________________________________________________________
It would be good of you to record the proofs of the trigonometric Limit theorems
We will also need to use this formula occasionally:
Percent of the area of a circle:
𝜃 𝜃𝑟
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = ⎯⎯⎯× 𝜋𝑟 = ⎯⎯⎯
2𝜋 2
3 Theorems to Put on our cheatsheet:
sin 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1
⟶ 𝜃
1 − cos 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 0
⟶ 𝜃
"When θ is small, 1- cosθ is much smaller than θ "

See proofs on pp 44 for more info (but we are a bad person for not proving them to ourselves)
Also
tan 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 1
⟶ 𝑥
2. Limits Page 35
Sunday, April 29, 2018 4:20 AM
[1] Area of a sector of a circle of

(a) Radius 3 and angle π /2
𝜋
⎯⎯
2 𝜋𝑟 = 1
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯𝑟
2𝜋 4
𝜋
⎯⎯
2 𝜋𝑟 = 9𝜋
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
2𝜋 4
(b) radius 1, angle θ
𝜃
⎯⎯
2
(c) radius 2, angle θ
4𝜃
⎯⎯⎯= 2 𝜃
2
[3] Examine the Limit
sin 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 2𝑥
sin 𝑥 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ 2𝑥 2
sin 𝑥 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 2
1
⎯⎯
2
[5]
sin 3𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 5𝑥
3
sin 3𝑥 ⎯⎯
5
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 5𝑥 3
⎯⎯
5
2. Limits Page 36
sin 3𝑥 3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ 3𝑥 5
3
1 ⎯⎯
5
[7]
sin 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
(sin 𝜃)(sin 𝜃)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
(sin 𝜃)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯(sin 𝜃)
⟶ 𝜃
1 ×0=0
[9]
tan 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
lim 1 tan 0
⟶
(1 0)
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃)(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝜃 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
1 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1 sin 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ θ cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1 sin 𝜃
lim lim lim
⟶ θ ⟶ cos 𝜃 ⟶ cos 𝜃
2. Limits Page 37
sin 𝜃 1 sin 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ θ ⟶ cos 𝜃 ⟶ cos 𝜃
0
1 × 1 lim ⎯⎯ = 0
⟶ 1
[11]
1 − cos 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐼𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝐼 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
⟶ 𝜃
1 − cos 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐿𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
⟶ 𝜃
1 − cos 𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃
1 − cos 𝜃 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃 ⟶ 1 + cos 𝜃
1
(1) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1+1
1
⎯⎯
2
[13]
1 − cos 𝜃
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝜃
Similar to [11], but I will have one ⎯ left over and this will go to ∞
[15]
1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ sin 𝜃
2. Limits Page 38
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
⎯⎯
∞
So fucking clean
[17] What is the domain of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯

Domain=ℝ
(b) Show that f is even
sin −𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−𝑥
− sin 𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
(c) Find
~∃ lim 𝑓(𝑥)
⟶
"it is not the case that there exists a limit such that f of x approaches that limit as x goes to ∞ "
We forgot that it was over x >_<
Well, x will just get bigger and bigger while sinx goes between - and + 1, so I can only imagine it
heads towards 0
(d)
Sin is zero at
π /2 and 3π /2
SO π /2 + (π ∙ k) or some shit
And the numerator is all the matters

Whoops, that’s cosine!
So Multiples of π
(e)
Ask Ian about #20
[19] Examine
𝑎
𝑥 lim ∞ 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
⟶ 𝑏
lim
2. Limits Page 39
𝑎
𝑥 lim ∞ ⎯⎯ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑏
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ lim lim ⬚
⟶ ⟶
1 − sin 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝜋
⟶⎯⎯ 𝑥 − ⎯⎯
2
That sure is some Hint. Let θ = x - π/2
𝜋
1 − sin 𝜃 + ⎯⎯
2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶⎯⎯ 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
1 − 1(sin(𝜃) sin ⎯⎯+ cos 𝜃 sin ⎯⎯)
2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
⟶⎯⎯ 𝜃
sin(A+B)=sin (A) cos (B) + cos(A) sin(B)
1 − 1(1 sin(𝜃) + cos 𝜃 1

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶⎯⎯ 𝜃
1 + (−sin(𝜃) − cos 𝜃)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶⎯⎯ 𝜃
1 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶⎯⎯ 𝜃 𝜃
1 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶⎯⎯ 𝜃 ⟶⎯⎯ 𝜃
1 − cos 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 1
⟶⎯⎯ 𝜃
𝜋
1 − cos ⎯⎯
2 (−1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝜋
⎯⎯
2
1−0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝜋 (−1)
⎯⎯
2
1 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ (−1)
𝜋
−2
⎯⎯⎯
𝜋
I am just not feeling it tonight for some reason.
2. Limits Page 40
I am just not feeling it tonight for some reason.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____
𝜋 𝜋
1 − 1(sin(𝜃) cos ⎯⎯+
2 cos 𝜃 sin ⎯⎯
2)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶⎯⎯ 𝜃
1 − 1(sin(𝜃) 0 + cos 𝜃 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶⎯⎯ 𝜃
1 − cos 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶⎯⎯ 𝜃
𝜋
1 − cos ⎯⎯
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝜋
⎯⎯
2
2 (1 − 0)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝜋
2
⎯⎯
𝜋
Oh! We didn't substitute it in the Limit!
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___
θ = x - π/2
∴
θ ⟶ 0 as x⟶ π /2
1 − 1(sin(𝜃) cos 0 + cos 𝜃 sin 0)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
1 − 1(sin(𝜃) 1 + cos 𝜃 0
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
1 − 1(sin(𝜃))
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
1 − sin(𝜃)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
1 sin(𝜃)
lim ⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃 𝜃
2. Limits Page 41
1 sin(𝜃)
lim ⎯⎯ − lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃 ⟶ 𝜃
1
lim ⎯⎯ − 1
⟶ 𝜃
FUCKS
𝜋 𝜋
1 − 1(sin(𝜃) cos ⎯⎯+
2 cos 𝜃 sin ⎯⎯
2)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
1 − 1(sin(𝜃) 0 + cos 𝜃 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
1 − 1(cos θ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
1 − cos θ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝜃
1−1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0
0
This is not a convincing answer.
I thought that was going to be an easy one
[27] Just graph the thinguu
2. Limits Page 42
Definition
Continuous Function. Let f be a function whose domain is the x-axis or is made up of open intervals.
Then f is continuous function if it is continuous at each number a in its domain.
So 1/x is continuous because, even though it explodes at 0, ∀ x ≠ 0, it is continuous.
The key to being continuous is that the function is continuous at each number in its domain. The
number 0 is not in the domain of 1/x
A function whose domain is in the closed interval [a,b] is continues if it is continuous at each point
in the open interval (a, b) from the right at a and continuous from the left at b
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Hence, √1 − 𝑥 is continuous on the interval [-1, 1]
We prove in Appendix G that any rational function (the quotient of Two Polynomials) is continuous
Algebraic combinations of continuous functions are continuous.
A limit can go inside of a continuous function like so:
Find:
⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⟶ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
⟶ 𝑥
⎯⎯
√1
1 4
So, for continuous f "f" and "lim" can be switched
lim 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 lim 𝑔(𝑥) ⋆

⟶ ⟶
"A function whose domain is the x axis can fail to be continuous at a given number a for either of
two reasons.
1 2
⟡ ~∃ lim 𝑓(𝑥) OR ∃ lim 𝑓(𝑥) & ~ 𝑓(𝑎) = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
Why does lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 only exist when L is a real number?

⟶
2. Limits Page 43
(1-8, see respective Graphs)
[1]
(a) lim f(𝑥) = 1
⟶ /
(b) f is continuous at 1/2
[3]
(a) No the limit does not exist
(b) f is not continuous at 1/2
[5]
~∃𝑥 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥
⟶
(b) I am going to say that because the limit doesn't exist at 0 the function isn't continuous at 0
[7]
(a) Yes its 1/4
(b) Nope
(c) Nope
(d) Haaael no
(e) Yes, 𝑓(1/2) = 1/2
(f) Nope
[9] 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙(𝑥)

(b) ∃ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
⟶
(c) ∃ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 5
⟶
(d) No, the left and right hand limit do not agree
(e) No, F is not continuous at 4 because the left and right hand limits do not agree
(f) Anywhere it is not equal to an integer, or if a is not an integer then
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
⟶
(g) Anywhere it is equal to an integer, or if n is an integer
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛 ≠ 𝑛 + 1 = lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
⟶ ⟶
[11]
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ , 𝑥 ≠ 0
Is it possible to define 𝑓(0) in such a way f is continuous throughout the x axis
1 − cos 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1 − cos 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
1 1 + cos 𝑥 + (− cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)

𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
2. Limits Page 44
1 1 + cos 𝑥 + (− cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
1 1 − cos 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 sin 𝑥
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
𝑓(𝑥) = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 1 + cos 𝑥
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 ⎯⎯
2
1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯
⟶ 2
Just do it again:
1 − cos 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1 − cos 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
1 1 + cos 𝑥 + (− cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
1 1 − cos 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
(sin x) 1
𝑓(𝑥) = (sin x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
(sin x) 1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (sin x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⟶ 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
1
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 lim sin x
1 + cos 𝑥
2. Limits Page 45
1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 lim (sin x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⟶ 1 + cos 𝑥
1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 lim 0 ⎯⎯
⟶ ⟶ 2
1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 0 ⎯⎯
⟶ 2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
However, to the question at hand I would answer "Yes" let's just define it as 0, and then the function
will be continuous at 0
𝑧
𝑦
𝑥
𝑢
𝑣
𝑎
𝑏
𝑐
𝑑
𝑒
𝑓
[13]
𝑓(𝑥) =2- 𝑥 if 𝑥 <1 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 for 𝑥 >1
Graph: 2.6.13
(b) Can 𝑓(1) be defined in such a way that 𝑓 is continuous through the x axis?
I would assume we just define 𝑓(1) as 1?
[15]
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 1 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 1

2.5.15
(b) Yeah, just make 𝑓(1)=0
[17]
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 for x≠ 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ∞
⟶
2. Limits Page 46
⟶
Jenga says "7458"
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0?
⟶
Let's see what we need to revise on the graph

Ah, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
⟶ ⟶
Here we were thinking that 2 was approaching a bigger and bigger number, but it is looking
increasingly like 2
No it is not possible to define 𝑓(0)
[19]
2.5.19
(b) It's gotta be that 𝑓(0)=1
[21]
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 for rational x and let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 for irrational x
(b) Obviously I am tempted to say that 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous for 𝑥 =1 & x=0
I can't think of a counterargument so that is my answer
Stein Says:
When lim 𝑎 = lim 𝑎

⟶ ⟶
You Do the Algebra
𝑎 =𝑎
𝑎 −𝑎 =0
𝑎 (𝑎 − 1) = 0
[22]
Let 𝑓 be a continuous function defined for ∀ x, Assume that 𝑓(𝑥) =0 when 𝑥 is rational. Explain why
𝑓(𝑥)=0 when 𝑥 is irrational as well.
I mean, if its continuous it would have to be equal to 0 for irrational numbers as well or it would
have these instantaneous leaps or whatever between each rational and each neighboring irrational
(I think?)
[23]
Let 𝑓 and g be continuous functions de ined for ∀x Assume that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) for all rational 𝑥 .
Deduce that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) for all real Numbers (∀ x(ℝ𝑥⟶ (𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)))
IDFK
That is a totes unsatisfying answer. But this is our last question for the night.
[25] Let 𝑓 be a continuous function whose domain is the 𝑥 axis and which has the proerty that
2. Limits Page 47
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑦)
For ∀ n (x & y)
This will show that 𝑓 must be of the form 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑐𝑥 for some constant 𝑐 [That the function does
satisfy the equation 𝑓(𝑥+𝑦)=𝑓(𝑥) +𝑓(𝑦), since 𝑐(𝑥+𝑦)=𝑐𝑥+𝑐𝑦
2. Limits Page 48
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Max-min Theorem:
Let f be continuous throughout the closed interval [𝑎 , 𝑏] Then there is at least one number in [a, b]
at which 𝑓 takes on a maximum value.
For some number 𝑐 in [𝑎, 𝑏]

𝑓(𝑐)≥ 𝑓(𝑥) ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎 , 𝑏]
Similarly 𝑓 takes on a minimum value somewhere in the interval.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________
The Intermediate Value theorem:
Let 𝑓 be continuous throughout the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏 ]. Let 'm' be any number between 𝑓(𝑎) and
𝑓(𝑏).
Formally:
[𝑓(𝑎)≤ 𝑓(𝑏)]⟶[∃ 'm' (𝑓(a)≤ 'm' ≤ 𝑓(𝑏)) ]

[ 𝑓(𝑎)≥ 𝑓(𝑏)] ⟶ [∃ m(𝑓(a)≥ 'm' ≥ 𝑓(𝑏)) ]
Then there is at least one number 𝑐 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝑓(c)='m'
C=Continuous
(𝐶𝑓 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]) &𝑓(𝑎) ≤ 𝑓(𝑏) ⟶ ∃𝑚 𝑓(𝑎) ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 𝑓(𝑏) ⟶ ∃𝑐 (𝑐 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]) → 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑚
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________
Any polynomial of odd degree has a real root
Maximum and minimum values are often also called extreme values or extrema
1: If a continuous function defined on an interval is positive somewhere in the interval and negative
somewhere in the interval, then it must be 0 at some number in that interval
2: To show that two functions are equal at some number in an interval, show that their difference is
0 at some number in the interval
2. Limits Page 49
Thursday, May 10, 2018 10:30 PM
[1] Does the following function

𝑥 +𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 5𝑥 + 𝑥
(a) a maximum value for 𝑥 in [1, 4]?

(b) A minimum value for 𝑥 in [1, 4]?
Does it |have| one, not what is it.

MANIPULATE
𝑥 +𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 5𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯+ 5 + 𝑥
𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
⎯⎯⎯+ 5 + 𝑥
𝑥
Hmmm…It looks like all we do is just prove that the function is continuous in the interval [1, 4] and then say
that ∵ it is continuous it attains a maximum and mimumum value
[3] Does the function 𝑥 attain a maximum value for x in

(a) [2, 4]?
Yes (at 4) (But how to prove? We can show that 𝑥 is continuous….)
(b) [-3, 5]
Yes (at 5)
(c) (1, 6)?
No, ∵ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 216 but 𝑓(𝑥) will never reach the value 216 in an open interval
⟶
[5] Does the function 2 − 𝑥 have

Observe that 𝑓 is confintuous throughout (-1, 1)
(a) a maximum value for x in (-1, 1)?
Yes, when 𝑥 is 0 (But how to prove?)
∀𝑥(2 − 𝑥 ≤ 2)
(𝑥 = 0) → 2 − 𝑥 = 2
(b) a minimum value for x in (-1, 1)?
No ∵
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 & lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
⟶ ⟶
In an open interval
[7] The leading power is odd so

⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∞
⟶
2. Limits Page 50
Try again
Show that the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 has at least one real root in the interval [0, 1 ]
We are going to use the intermediate value theorem here.
0 + 3(0) +(0) = 2
𝑓(0) = −2
&
1 + 3(1) +1 = 2
𝑓(1) = 3
𝑓(0)<𝑓(1)
𝑓(0)<m<𝑓(1)
-2<m<3
For m=0
So there exists some 𝑐 such that
𝑓(c)=0
Via the intermediate value theorem
[9] Function 3𝑥+5; interval [1, 2]; m=10
𝑓(1)=8
𝑓(2)=11
𝑓(1)<𝑓(2)
𝑓(1)<m<𝑓(2)
8<10<11
3𝑥 +5=10
𝑥=5/3
1< ⎯ <2
[11]Function sin 𝑥; interval [π/2, 11π/2]; m=0

Sin 𝑥 =0 @ π , 2π , 3π, 4π , 5 π
We write this more clearly as:
(c=nπ) ⟶ (sin 𝑐=0) where n is any integer

So c=π , 2π , 3π, 4π , 5π
[13] Function cos 𝑥; interval [0, 5π ]; m=⎯

(c=(π/3))⟶ cos c=1/2
π /3
5π /3
7π /3
11π /3
13π /3
Not sure how to arrange that in a pattern like π /3 +n(6π /3) and 5π/3+n(6π /3)
Apparently the pattern is : c=(2n+1/3)π or c=(2n-1/3)π for any integer n
[15] Function 𝑥 − 𝑥 ; Interval [-1,2] m=0
𝑥 −𝑥 =0
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0
2. Limits Page 51
(c=1)⟶ (𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0)
(c=0)⟶ (𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0)
(c=−1)⟶ (𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0)
[17] Does the equation 𝑥 + sin x =1 have a solution?

Hmm
𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 1
MANIPULATE
𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 1
sin 𝑥
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1
𝑥
sin 𝑥
lim 𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯ =1
⟶ 𝑥
0(1 + 1)( lim (1 + 1) = 1

⟶
Hmmm. Okay, we can solve with Desmos and get an answer (0.511) but we don’t know how to get it other
than through intermediate value theorem?
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − 1
For 𝑓(0)=-1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯+ 1 − 1 = ⎯⎯
2 2 2
So there is some c between 0 and π /2 such that 𝑓(c)=0
It is perhaps slightly more to the point if we do not transmute the equation into a function. Just show that
when x=0 it is less than 1, and when x=π /2, it is more than 1, so there is some c such that
𝑐 +sin 𝑐=1
[19] 3𝑥 + 11𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 2
Has a solution.
I prefer doing it this way:
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 11𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 2
𝑓(0) = 3(0) +11(0) −5(0) − 2

𝑓(0) = −2
𝑓(1) = 3(1) + 11(1) − 5(1) − 2

𝑓(1) = 14 − 7
𝑓(1) = 7
-2<0<7
So there is some value 𝑐 such that 𝑓(𝑐)=0
∵ 𝑓(𝑥) is a continuous function
Showing that an equation has no solution seems much more difficult than showing it has one. Also, how am I to
know which values I should pick for the equation itself?
2. Limits Page 52
know which values I should pick for the equation itself?
[21] Let 𝑓 and g be two continuous function defined at least on the interval [a, b]. Assume that 𝑓(𝑎)≤𝑔(𝑎) and
that 𝑓(𝑏) > 𝑔(𝑏) prove that there is a number 𝑐 in [a, b] such that 𝑓(𝑐)=g(𝑐)
Hint: Apply intermediate value theorem to the function h defined as ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
Well, h(a) is negative number and h(b) is a positive number so there must be some 𝑐 such that h(c)=0, and
h(c) only equals 0 when both functions equal zero. i.e. (𝑓(𝑐) − 𝑔(𝑐) = ℎ(𝑐) = 0) ↔ 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑔(𝑐)
[23] The factor theorem from algebra asserts that the number r is a root of the polynomials P(x) ↔ 𝑥-r is a
factor of P(x). For example, 2 is a root of the polynomial 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2 and 𝑥−2 is a factor of the polynomial
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) This is reviewed in appendix C
(a) Show that every polynomial of odd degree has a factor of degree 1
(b) Show that none of the polynomials 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 + 1, 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 1 has a first degree factor
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
(c) Check 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 + √2 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − √2𝑥 + 1
(It can be shown using complex numbers that every polynomial is the product of polynomials of degrees at
most 2)
Jenga says "Zxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
\]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]"
[25] Find two positive numbers whose sum is 4 and whose product is as large as possible. Hint: Call one of
numbers 𝑥 what is the other?
3.5*0.5=1.75
2.1*1.9=3.99
I am guessing that we cannot get a product larger than 4? It seems that they must both be 2
I Dunno!
Stein says:
If one number is 𝑥 then the other is 4-𝑥, so their product is 𝑥(4-𝑥 )

Complete the square:
4𝑥 − 𝑥 = −1(𝑥 − 4𝑥) = −1(𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 4) =

−1((𝑥 − 2) − 4)
4 − (𝑥 − 2)
So we can see that the function's maximum value is 4. It occurs when x=2, but if there were more factors it
would occur at those numbers as well. Interesting!
[27] Let L be a line in the plance and let K be a convex set. Show that there is a line parallel to L that cuts K into
two peices of equal area. Hint: Consider all lines parallel to L that meet K and notice how they divide K. Apply
the intermediate-value theorem to an appropriate function.
I can see from my drawings on the paper how this is kind of intuitively obvious; just given the nature of how a
line will expand across something convex like any ol' blob. It will start off cutting two small peices, until the
2. Limits Page 53
line will expand across something convex like any ol' blob. It will start off cutting two small peices, until the
small peice becomes the larger peice. Stein says:
Blah Blah Blah, do it with better symbols and more precise. But we also could (should) have started with Line
L outside of our K and defined some points on it using (a)'s and (b)'s
[29]
Let 𝐾 and 𝐾 be two convex sets in the plane. Is there a line that simultaneously cuts 𝐾 into two peices of
equal aream and cuts 𝐾 into two peices of equal area? (This is known as the "two pankakes" question.)
Again, using our spatial intuition, the answer seems to be yes. We could probably use some Lines and some a's
and b's
Woooow! The proof for this one is quite beautiful!
[31]
Let K be a convex set. Show that there are two perpendicular lines that cut K into four peices of equal area. (It
is not known whether it is always possible to find two perpendicular lines that divide K into four peices whose
areas are 1/8, 1/8, 3/8 and and 3/8 of the area of K, with the parts of equal area sharing an edge as in fig 2.52)
2. Limits Page 54
Friday, May 11, 2018 3:08 AM
Precise Definitions of lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞ & lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿

⟶ ⟶
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Precise Definition of lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞
⟶
For each number E there is a number D such that for all 𝑥> D, it is true that:
𝑓(𝑥) > 𝐸
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Precise definition of lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿

⟶
For each positive number ϵ , there is a number D such that for all x>D, it is true that
|𝑓(𝑥) − 𝐿| < 𝜖
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Use the precise definition of limits to show that lim 1 + ⎯ = 1

⟶
We must show that for each number ϵ, however small, there is a number D such that for all x>D,
𝑓(𝑥)=(1+1/x)
L=1
1
1 + ⎯⎯ − 1 < 𝜖
𝑥
So this seems to take the form

𝑓(𝑥)-L < ϵ ?
Anyways, it reduces to
|1/x | < ϵ
∴
x>1/ϵ
2.7.E
2. Limits Page 55
Wednesday, May 16, 2018 2:10 AM
[1]
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3x
(a) Find a number D such that for 𝑥>D, it follows that 𝑓(𝑥) >600
200?
"Let D=200"
(b) Find another number D such that, for 𝑥 > D it follows that 𝑓(𝑥) >600
Let D=201
(c) What is the smallest number D such that, for 𝑥>D, it follows that 𝑓(𝑥) >600
Let D=200?
"𝑓(𝑥)> 600 only when x>200, so 200 is the smallest number D such that, for x>D, it follows the 𝑓
(𝑥) >600"
[3]
Let 𝑓(𝑥) =5x
Find a number D such that, ∀ x (𝑥 >D)
(a) 𝑓(𝑥)>2000
Well, 2000/5=400
Let D=400
(b) 𝑓(𝑥)> 10,000
Let D=2000
In 5-12, use the precise Definition

[5]
lim 3𝑥 = ∞
⟶
When E=1, and D=2 there ∃x such that for all x > D, 𝑓(𝑥) >E
Nope as fuck buddy.
3x>E when x>E/3 so Let D=E/3
[7]
lim (𝑥 + 5) = ∞
⟶
x+5>E when x>E-5, so Let D = E-5
[9]
lim (2𝑥 + 4) = ∞
⟶
2x+4>E when
(E-4)
𝑥 > ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
In other words:
(E-4)
(2x + 4 > E) ⟶ 𝑥 > ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
So let
2. Limits Page 56
(𝐸 − 4)
𝐷 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
[11]
lim (4𝑥 + 100 cos 𝑥) = ∞
⟶
(4𝑥 + 100 cos 𝑥 ) > 𝐸

𝐸
(𝑥 + 25 cos 𝑥 ) > ⎯⎯
4
Well, I am thinking here that as x⟶ ∞ , 25 cos x just becomes a +1(25) or -1(25)
𝑥 𝐸
⎯⎯⎯+ cos 𝑥 > ⎯⎯⎯
25 100
𝑥 𝐸
⎯⎯⎯+ cos 𝑥 > ⎯⎯⎯
25 100
Well, what is the solution anyways? We had the right idea: cos x ≥ -1 ∴ 100 cos x ≥ -100
Hence,
(𝑥 + 25 cos 𝑥 ) ≥ 𝑥 − 25
𝐸
(𝑥 − 25) > ⎯⎯
4
𝐸
(𝑥) > ⎯⎯+ 25
4
So Let
𝐸
𝐷 = ⎯⎯+ 25
4
This is not really a property of inequalities

a≥b
a≥c
~∴b>c
But I understand that what we are saying here is essentially that the lowest that our equation is
going to get is when cos x=-1, so we are just insuring that D will always be higher if we just assume
cos is negative for a particular value of 𝑥 even if cos 𝑥 is positive.
For example, let E=100, then D=(25)+25=50

So ∀ x(x>50) 𝑓(𝑥) >E
Even though 𝑓(50)≅300, and 𝑓(47.569) would have sufficed.
[13]
Let 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥
Well no 𝑓(𝑥)
Hmmm f𝑓(𝑥)
There it is.
2. Limits Page 57
(a) Find a number D such that, for 𝑥 >D, 𝑓(𝑥) >100
Let D=10
(b) Let E be any nonnegative number. Find a number D such that, for x> D, it follows that
𝑓(𝑥) >E
𝑥 >𝐸
𝑥 > log 𝐸
Let D = log (E)

⎯⎯
Not log 𝐸, √𝐸
⎯⎯
So Let D=√𝐸
(c) Let E be any negative number, Find a number D such that, for x>D it follows that 𝑓(𝑥) >E
⎯⎯
Because √𝐸 is UNDF when E is negative
⎯⎯⎯
We can just √−𝐸 ?
Ah, we were not understanding the question! E is any ol negative number, so any value of D will do
because our 𝑥 function is always (+)
(d) Using the precise definition of limits show that lim 𝑥 = ∞

⟶
⎯⎯⎯
from (b) and (c) it follows that 𝑥 > |𝐸| ⟶ (𝑓(𝑥) > 𝐸)
For questions 15-22 use the precise definition 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳

𝒙⟶
[15] Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3+1/x if x≠ 0
(a) Find a number D such that, for x>D, it follows that |𝑓(𝑥) -3|< ⎯⎯
Well…
|𝑓(𝑥)|< ⎯⎯ + 3
|𝑓(𝑥)|< ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯
|𝑓(𝑥)|<⎯⎯
1 31
3 + ⎯⎯ < ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 10
1 31 30
⎯⎯ < ⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 10 10
1 1
⎯⎯ < ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 10
𝑥
(1) < ⎯⎯⎯
10
(10) < 𝑥
i.e.
1 31
3+ < ⟶ 𝑥 > 10
𝑥 10
2. Limits Page 58
1 31
3 + ⎯⎯ < ⎯⎯⎯ ⟶ (𝑥 > 10)
𝑥 10
1
(𝑥 > 10) ⟶ |𝑓(𝑥) − 3| < ⎯⎯⎯
10
(I think, let me check graphically)

It looks like we are forgetting the negative solution, as per when x=-10
So part of the answer here is just to say that

Let D=10
I am not sure how to phrase the negative part.
2.7.15
(b)
Well, when x>11, we are still good.
But we can say this more formally like:
|𝑓(𝑥) -3|< ⎯⎯
1 1
3 + ⎯⎯ − 3 < ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 10
1 1
⎯⎯ < ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 10
1 1
⎯⎯⎯ < ⎯⎯⎯
11 10
1 1
⎯⎯⎯ < ⎯⎯⎯
11 10
oh so maaaath
(c) What is the smallest number?

It seems like a trick question and I want to answer − ∞
But I am going to say 10 anyways.
(That is the correct answer)
(d) Use the Precise definition thing.
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
⟶
1
3 + ⎯⎯− 3 < 𝜖
𝑥
1
⎯⎯< 𝜖
𝑥
1
⎯⎯< 𝑥
𝜖
Let ϵ be any positive number
2. Limits Page 59
Let ϵ be any positive number
𝑓(𝑥)-3< ϵ
When 𝑥 > ⎯
These ϵ limits are harder than the ∞ limits. Maybe go through and follow the example once.
[17]
sin 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0
⟶ 𝑥
Hint: |sin(x)|≤1 for all x
𝑓(𝑥)-L
sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 0 < 𝜖
𝑥
1
⎯⎯< 𝜖
𝑥
1
⎯⎯< 𝑥
𝜖
This is more or less correct!
[19]
4
lim ⎯⎯⎯ = 0
⟶ 𝑥
4
⎯⎯⎯< 𝜖
𝑥
4
⎯⎯< 𝑥
𝜖
⎯⎯
4
⎯⎯< 𝑥
𝜖
2
⎯⎯⎯<
⎯ 𝑥
√𝜖
[21]
1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 0
⟶ 𝑥 − 100
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 0 < 𝜖
𝑥 − 100
1
⎯⎯< 𝑥 − 100
𝜖
1
+ 100 < 𝑥
𝜖
2. Limits Page 60
1
⎯⎯+ 100 < 𝑥
𝜖
[23]
Show that
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ∞
⟶ 𝑥+1
Is false
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ∞ < 𝜖
𝑥+1
anything minus infinity is -∞

Consider not using the epsilon; we are talking about infinity not an L
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯> 𝐸
𝑥+1
When
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ > 𝐸
1
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯> 𝐸
1
1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
1 1
⎯⎯> 1 + ⎯⎯
𝐸 𝑥
1 1
⎯⎯− 1 > ⎯⎯
𝐸 𝑥
1
𝑥 ⎯⎯− 1 > 1
𝐸
1
𝑥 > ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
⎯⎯−
𝐸 1
1
𝑥 > ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 𝐸
⎯⎯−
𝐸 ⎯⎯𝐸
1
𝑥>
1−𝐸
2. Limits Page 61
1
𝑥 > ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1−𝐸
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝐸
𝐸
𝑥 > ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 − 𝐸)
So Let D=⎯⎯⎯⎯
( )
So, if E=1.2, then
1.2/(-0.2)=-6.0
if E=0.9
0.9/(0.1)=9
[25]
Use the precise definition of lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
⟶
show that the claim that lim 3𝑥 = 6 is false
⟶
3𝑥 − 6 < 𝜖
3𝑥 < 𝜖 + 6
𝜖+6
𝑥 < ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
𝜖
6 ⎯⎯+ 1
6
𝑥 < ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
𝜖
𝑥 < 2 ⎯⎯+ 1
6
Let
𝜖+6
𝐷 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
When ϵ is small enough, D=2

___________________________________________________
The book says:
Suppose lim 3𝑥 = 6
⟶
Let 𝜖 = 3
There must be a D such that |3x-6|< 3 for x> D
But this inequality only holds when 1<x<3
2. Limits Page 62
Why are we letting ϵ =3?
[27]
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∞
⟶
IDFK
"First, there is a number 𝑐 such that 𝑓(𝑥) is defined for all 𝑥>𝑐 .
Second, for each number E there is a number D such that for all x> D,
it is true that 𝑓(𝑥)<E ."
∀𝑥(𝐸𝑥) ∧ ∃𝑥 𝐷𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑥(𝑥 > 𝐷) ⊃ 𝑓(𝑥) < 𝐸
[29]
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∞
⟶
First, there is a number 𝑐 such that 𝑓(𝑥) is defined for all 𝑥>𝑐 .
Second, for each number E there is a number D such that for all x< D,
it is true that 𝑓(𝑥)<E ."
So we got it wrong.
First, there is a number 𝑐 such that 𝑓(𝑥) is defined for all 𝑥<𝑐 .
Why should x be defined for values less than c?

The intuitive answer is simply that 𝑐 must be some point on the graph which after which the
function is defined as we move to the left. Or, as we move to the left past 𝑐 our function never
becomes undefined (it is always deifned).
[31]
∀ x ∈ 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓(𝑥)=5
5-5 < ϵ
0<ϵ
ϵ is (+) by ≔
2. Limits Page 63
Harry Hansen
@R2
520 ⟶ 590
@R3
1250
@R4
625
2. Limits Page 64
Friday, May 18, 2018 1:44 AM
Precise Definition
Show that the lim 𝑥 = 0

⟶
In this case 𝑎=0, L=0. Let ϵ be a positive number
Find δ such that 0 < |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿 it follows that 𝑥 − 0 < 𝜖
⎯
So, when |𝑥| < √ 𝜖
⎯
Hence δ = √𝜖 suffices
lim 3𝑥 + 5 = 11
⟶
a=2, L=11
Find δ such that 0<x-2<δ
Find ϵ first
3𝑥 + 5 − 11 < 𝜖
3𝑥 − 6 < 𝜖
𝜖
(𝑥 − 2) < ⎯⎯
3
STOP
Here we have our x-a, which is what we are looking for. SO let δ < ϵ /3
So when x=2, ϵ >12
2. Limits Page 65
Friday, May 18, 2018 2:17 AM
OKAY! In retrospect, this section has offered us more conceptual difficulty than any of the previous
sections (more or less). As such, I think it would behoove us to do some research on these precise
definitions, either by browsing the other Calc book or by doing research online.
[1]
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯= 0
⟶ 4
Okay, find that ϵ
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯− 0 < 𝜖
4
𝑥 < 4𝜖
⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 < √4𝜖
⎯
𝑥 < 2√ 𝜖
Let ϵ =0.1
δ=2√ϵ
This is a good one!
2.8.1
[3]
lim (3𝑥 + 5) = 8
⟶
(3𝑥 + 5) − 8 < 𝜖
(3𝑥 − 3) < 𝜖
3(𝑥 − 1) < 𝜖
2. Limits Page 66
𝜖
(𝑥 − 1) < ⎯⎯
3
So here we have δ , the question, then, it whether
[4]
5𝑥 + 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯< 𝜖
4
5𝑥 < 4𝜖 − 3
4𝜖 − 3
𝑥 < ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
4𝜖 − 3
𝛿 < ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 1
5
2.8.4
Couldn't figure this one out for δ !
[5]
Give an example of a number δ >0, such that
𝑥 − 4 < 1 if 0 < |𝑥 − 2| < 𝛿
So, this is similar to asking what
lim 𝑥 − 4 − 1
⟶
(I think)
Well, the above equation balances to -1
IDFK, here is a guess at the strat
𝑥 −4−1<𝜖
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 < √𝜖 + 5
So x-2<δ
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝛿 < −2 + √𝜖 + 5
I would give partial credit for getting δ more or less correct. Why did the text choose δ =1/5 ?
I dunno, Let's do [7], and then maybe a pattern will emerge (or maybe it won't)
2. Limits Page 67
[7]
(a) Show that if 0<δ <1and |𝑥 − 3| < 𝛿 then 𝑥 − 9 < 7𝛿
Well
𝑥 − 9 < 7𝛿
𝑥 + 9 < 7𝛿
𝑥 < 7𝛿 − 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 < √7𝛿 − 9
∴ We are doing this wrong. Try again
|(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)| < 7𝛿
𝑥 −9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ < 𝛿
7
Okay.…
(b) From (a) deduce that lim 𝑥 = 9

⟶
[9] Show that if 0<δ < 1and |x-3|<δ the 𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 24 < 12 𝛿

Hint: First factor 𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 24
Okay
5 5
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯ −24
2 2
5 5
𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯ −24
2 2
5 25
𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ − 24
2 4
5 25 96
𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
2 4 4
5 121
𝑥+ −
2 4
2. Limits Page 68
5 121
𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
2 4
so when x=−5/2 ∧ x= 6/2 (i.e. 3), 𝑓(𝑥) =0, and when
So, when x⟶ 3, 𝑓(𝑥) ⟶ 0
So, |x-3|<δ is saying δ is (+)
But we are dealing with something like
5 121
𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
2 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
12
5
𝑥 + ⎯⎯
2 121
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯
12 48
5
4 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
2 121
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯
48 48
5
4 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
2 − 121
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
48
_____________________________________________________________________
Okay, so say that we know that the roots of the equation are 3 and -8 (however we figure this out)
We know that
0<δ<1 ∧ |x-3| <δ
so we know that
−𝛿 < |𝑥 − 3| < 𝛿
−𝛿 + 3 < |𝑥| < 𝛿 + 3
∵ 0<δ<1, 2 < |𝑥| < 4

∴ 10< x+8 <12
∴ 𝑥 + 8 < 12 ∧ 𝑥 − 3 < 𝛿
Multiply the inequalities
(𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 − 3) < 12𝛿
Hmmm…
From (a) deduce that lim 𝑥 + 5𝑥 = 24

⟶
2. Limits Page 69
[11] In 11-16, phrase definitions in terms of a challenge, E or ϵ and response δ
⟶
"First, There is a number b, a<b such that 𝑓(𝑥) is defined for all x in (a,b).
Second, for each positive number ϵ there is a positive number δ such that for all x that satisfy the
inequality 0<x-a<δ it is true that |𝑓(𝑥)-L|<ϵ "
[13]
⟶
[15]
⟶
13 and 15 don't not make sense, but there was no way I was going to get those questions right
either. Ask IAN to walk you through.
[17]Let
𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥
(a) Find δ > 0 such that, for 0< |x-0|<δ it follows that 9𝑥 − 0 < ⎯⎯⎯
let δ=1/30
(b) Let ϵ be any positive number. Find a positive number δ such that for 0<|x-0|<δ it follows that
|9𝑥 − 0|<ϵ
Let δ=√ϵ/3
(c) Show that lim 9𝑥 = 0

⟶
If ϵ>0
[19] Not even going to write it down ∵ I don't understand it!
2. Limits Page 70
Friday, May 18, 2018 6:34 PM
Only #3,4,5 &6 are covered, but we will do all 8 anyways.
[1 & 2] I believe I know and understand the informal definitions of these concepts
[3] See Fig. 2.61

(a) Yes, the ∃𝑥 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥
⟶
(b) No, 𝑓 is not continuous @ 2
(c) No, ∵ lim ≠ lim
⟶ ⟶
(d) Yes, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
⟶
Do not take the limit if one of the hands lies outside the given Domain
(e) Haaael No
(f) Yes
[4] Examine these them limits:
(a) lim (𝑥 + 5𝑥) = 6

⟶
(b)
3𝑥 − 100𝑥 + 3 3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯
⟶ 5𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 1 5
MANIPULATIONS
3𝑥 − 100𝑥 + 3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 5𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 1
100 3
𝑥 3 − ⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 7 1
𝑥 5 + ⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
100 3
3 − ⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 7 1
5 + ⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
(3)
⎯⎯⎯
(5)
(c)
3𝑥 − 100𝑥 + 3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = −3
⟶ 5𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 1
2. Limits Page 71
MANIPULATIONS
3𝑥 − 100𝑥 + 3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 5𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 1
3(0) − 100(0) + 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5(0) + 7(0) − 1
−3
(d)
500𝑥 − 𝑥 − 5
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 +𝑥
MANIPULATIONS
500𝑥 − 𝑥 − 5
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 +𝑥
1 5
𝑥 500 − ⎯⎯
𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 1
𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1 5
500 − ⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 1
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
500
⎯⎯⎯
−∞
(e)
sin 3𝑡
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 6𝑡
MANIPULATIONS
sin 3𝑡
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 6𝑡
sin 3𝑡
lim
⟶ 2 3𝑡
2. Limits Page 72
sin 3𝑡
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 2 3𝑡
sin 3𝑡 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ 3𝑡 2
1
1 lim ⎯⎯
⟶ 2
1
⎯⎯
2
(f)
−6𝑥 + 4𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 +𝑥+5
MANIPULATIONS
−6𝑥 + 4𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 +𝑥+5
4
𝑥 −6𝑥 + ⎯⎯ 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 1 5
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
4
−6𝑥 + ⎯⎯ 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 1 5
1 + ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
−(− ∞)
(g)
lim 2
⟶
MANIPULATIONS
lim 2
⟶
1
lim =0
⟶ 2
2. Limits Page 73
1
lim ⎯⎯⎯= 0
⟶ 2
(h)
𝑥 +8
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 4
⟶ 𝑥+2
8
⎯⎯= 4
2
(i)
𝑥 +8
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥+2
𝑥 +8
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥+2
𝑥 +2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥+2
𝑎 + 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑎 – 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2 )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥+2
lim (𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2 )
⟶
(4 − 2(−2) + 4)
(4 + 4 + 4)
12
(j)
1
lim sin ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
1
lim sin ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
2. Limits Page 74
1
1 ⎯⎯
𝑥
lim sin ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 1⎯⎯
𝑥
1 𝑥
lim sin ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 𝑥
1
sin ⎯⎯
𝑥 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ 1 𝑥
⎯⎯
𝑥
1
1 lim ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
Here is our mistake: We are not approaching 1/x from the left or right, so the lim is UNDF, but we can
anticipate that it will fluctuate between ± 1
1 ∞
(k)
lim sin 𝑥
⟶
𝑥
lim sin 𝑥 ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
sin 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥
⟶ 𝑥
sin 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥
⟶ 𝑥
UNDF (between 1 & -1)
(l)
1 + 3 cos 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0
⟶ 𝑥
1 − cos 𝜃
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 0
⟶ 𝜃
2. Limits Page 75
1 + 3 cos 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
We can "see" that cos x will continue to go up and down between (+) and (-) 1, leaving us with ⎯⎯
Which will end up as 0
(m)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
lim 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥
⟶
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
lim 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥
⟶
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ √4𝑥 + 5𝑥 + √4𝑥 + 𝑥
lim 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶
√4𝑥 + 5𝑥 + √4𝑥 + 𝑥
4𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶
√4𝑥 + 5𝑥 + √4𝑥 + 𝑥
(4𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎞
⟶ ⎛ 5 1
𝑥 4 + ⎯⎯ + 𝑥 4 + ⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
⎝ ⎠
(4𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎞
⟶ ⎛ 5 1
𝑥 4 + ⎯⎯
𝑥 + 𝑥 4 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎝ ⎠
(4𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎞
⟶ ⎛ 5 1
𝑥 4 + ⎯⎯
𝑥 + 4 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎝ ⎠
(4)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎞
⟶ ⎛ 5 1
4 + ⎯⎯
𝑥 + 4 + ⎯⎯ 𝑥
⎝ ⎠
4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1
2+2
2. Limits Page 76
(n)
⎯⎯
√𝑥 − 4
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 − 16
⎯⎯
√𝑥 − 4
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ (√ 𝑥 + 4)(√ 𝑥 − 4)
1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
⟶ (√𝑥 + 4)
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4 + 4)
1
⎯⎯
8
[5]
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
⟶
lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 4
⟶
(a)
12
(b)
(3/4)
(c)
(d)
UNDEFINED
(e)
0 OR ~∃
Consider why.
[6]
(a)
∞
2. Limits Page 77
(b)
UNDEFINED
(0?)
Don't think of it algebraically as (0/0), think of it as both functions cumulatively getting closer to 0
(c)
0 OR DNE
(d)
∞
(e)
UNDEF
[7]
(a&b)
No thank you
[8]
(a & b)
Nope
2. Limits Page 78
Sunday, May 20, 2018 11:41 PM
Just the Odds up to 47 are important. I think finishing this section would be good, especially, if we
want to just get a few pages through the Derivative section and then at least read the proofs of these
Limit Properties.
[1]
𝑥 +1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 +1
2
⎯⎯
2
[3]
𝑥 − 16 8
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 −8 3
Just for funsies
𝑥 −2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 −2
(𝑥 − 2 )(𝑥 + 2 )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 −2
𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
(𝑥 − 2 )(𝑥 + 2 )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2 )
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2 )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2 )
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2 )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2 )
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2 )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 2 )
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2 )
lim
⟶ 𝑥+1 −1+2 )
2. Limits Page 79
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2 )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 1) − 1 + 2 )
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 1) − 3)
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 2 − 4𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 1) − 3)
(𝑥 + 2)((𝑥 + 2) −4𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 1) − 3)
(4)8)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
6
4 8)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 3
⎯⎯ Which I think is incorrect! Nice waste of time though.
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2 )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2 )
(4)(4 + 4)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4 + 4 + 4)
(16 + 16)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(16)
Mutherfucking Multiply correctly
(32) 16 2 8 2 8
⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯
(12) 2 6 2 3 3
8
⎯⎯
3
[5]
𝑥 −𝑥 +1 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯
⟶ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 300 2
2. Limits Page 80
𝑥 −𝑥 +1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 300
1 1
𝑥 1 − ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 1 300
𝑥 2 + ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
1 − ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯ 1
𝑥 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯
⟶ 1 300 2
2 + ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
[7]
𝑥 +1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= −∞
⟶ 𝑥 +1
𝑥 +1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 +1
1
𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 1
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= − ∞
⟶ 1
1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
[9]
⎯⎯
√𝑥 − 2 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥−4 4
⎯⎯
√𝑥 − 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥−4
⎯⎯
√𝑥 − 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ (√ 𝑥 + 2)(√ 𝑥 − 2)
2. Limits Page 81
1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
⟶ (√𝑥 + 2)
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2 + 2)
1
⎯⎯
4
[11]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
lim 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
⟶
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
lim 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
⟶
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ √𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 + √𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
lim 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ √𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 + √𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ √𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 + √𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
4𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ √𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 + √𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
4𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 2 3 2 3
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯+
𝑥 𝑥⎯⎯⎯ + 𝑥 1 − ⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
4𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 2 3 2 3
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯+
𝑥 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ + 1 − ⎯⎯
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
4
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 2 3 2 3
1 + ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯ + 1 − ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 1)
2. Limits Page 82
2
[13]
1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ∞
⟶ 𝑥−1
[15]
lim 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟(2𝑥) = 5
⟶
lim 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙(2𝑥) = 6
⟶
[17]
lim 2⎯⎯
⟶
lim 2⎯⎯
⟶
I mean, look at the algebraic solution, but it is easy enough to see how it goes to ∞. Perhaps it looks
something like the above figure.
[19]
lim 2⎯⎯= 1
⟶
lim 2⎯⎯
⟶
[21]
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2
lim
𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 12
2. Limits Page 83
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 12)
3 2
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 7 12
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
3 2
1 + ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 7 12
1 + ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
(1 + 0 + 0)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 0 + 0)
[23]
cos 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ / 1 + sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶⎯⎯1 + sin 𝑥
𝜋
cos ⎯⎯
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝜋
1 + sin ⎯⎯
2
0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1+1
[25]
sin 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3𝑥
sin 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 3
1
⎯⎯
3
2. Limits Page 84
[27]
lim cos 𝑥 = 0
⟶ /
[29]
lim sin 𝑥 = 1
⟶
[31]
1
lim sin ⎯⎯ = 0
⟶ 𝑥
1
lim sin ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
1
sin ⎯⎯
∞
sin(0)
0
[33]
lim 𝑥 cos 𝑥
⟶ /
π 𝜋
⎯⎯ cos ⎯⎯
4 4
⎯⎯
π √2
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
16 2
⎯⎯
𝜋 √2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
32
[35]
lim (cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 )
⟶
lim cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃

⟶
lim (1)
⟶
2. Limits Page 85
[37]
𝑓(𝑥)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 , lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 ∧ lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 5
⟶ ⟶ ⟶ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) 5𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯= 5
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥
[39]
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 , lim 𝑔(𝑥) = ∞ , ∧ lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 20
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = 20𝑥
[41]
lim f(𝑥) = ∞ , lim 𝑔(𝑥) = ∞ ∧ lim [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = 3
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
[43]
𝑓(𝑥) =x + sin x
(a) in [0, 100], Yes, 𝑓(𝑥) would achieve a maximum value around 100
(b) in [0, ∞ ), No, 𝑓(𝑥) will just keep increasing
[45]
𝑓(𝑥) = 1/(1 + 𝑥 )
(a) In (-1, 1), 𝑓(𝑥) achieves max value when x=0
(b) In (-1, 1), 𝑓(𝑥) achieves min values as x approaches -1, and +1, but never reaches said minimum
values.
[47]
Find solution for
𝑥 =2
For x<2 and x>2
Well if we use our proof that all odd powered functions have at least one real solution…
I'm stumped!
[49]
(a) Does (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 )
Have a MAX value? If so, find it.
(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 )
sin 𝑥 − 2sin x cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
1 − 2 sin x cos 𝑥
So whenever sin x or cos x is (+), the function is not at MAX value, hence, it achieves max value
when one is negative, so at 3π/4 it = 3. This is incorrect, as I was thinking that sin x cos x=1 for
⎯⎯
√
some reason, but because ⎯⎯ = ⎯= ⎯
So it achieves MAX value of 2
2. Limits Page 86
So it achieves MAX value of 2
(b)
Likewise, we can find the MIN value by maxing sin x cos x as large as possible. This happens at, e.g.
π /4
[51]
2 = 2, 2 = 256
1<4<256 So there must be some value 𝑐 such that 𝑓(c)=4
[53]
tan x, [0, π/3], m=1
Well, tan [0]=0,

⎯⎯
√3
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
2 = √3
tan(𝜋 /3) = ⎯⎯⎯
1
⎯⎯
2
0<1<√3
So there must be some 𝑐 such that 𝑓(c)=m
[55]
tan 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
tan 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥(1 − cos 𝑥)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥(1 − cos 𝑥) 1 1

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2. Limits Page 87
(1 − cos 𝑥) 1 1
lim sin 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 − cos 𝑥) 1 1
lim sin 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 − cos 𝑥) sin 𝑥 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
0 (1) 0
[57]
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin ⎯⎯
𝑥
Define 𝑓(0) so that x is continuous through x axis
Well…
1
𝑓(0) = lim 𝑥 sin ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥
1
1 ⎯⎯
x
𝑓(0) = lim 𝑥 sin ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 1
⎯⎯
𝑥
1
sin ⎯⎯ 1
𝑥
𝑓(0) = lim ⎛𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎞
⟶ 1 𝑥
⎯⎯
⎝ 𝑥 ⎠
1
sin ⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(0) = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ 1 𝑥
⎯⎯
𝑥
1
sin ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑓(0) = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 1
⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑓(0) = 1
We got the wrong answer here, as it is clear that the function would be continuous if 𝑓(0)=0,
however, it it not clear how to get that result, maybe by showing that the absolute value function
(i.e. |x|) meshes up with all the points that need to be hit.
2. Limits Page 88
It is a weird but easy proof, I might as well record it. These muthafucking inequalities be fucking me
up
1
sin ⎯⎯ ≤ 1
𝑥
1
|𝑥| sin ⎯⎯ ≤ |𝑥|
𝑥
1
lim |𝑥| sin ⎯⎯ = 0
⟶ 𝑥
We got three questions left. If we can get through them before heading to Mukiltown, that would be
most excellent.
[59]
Show that if 𝑓(𝑥) is in [0, 1] when x is with [0, 1], then there is some number 𝑐 such that 𝑓(c)=𝑐
Well, here is how far I got:

2.R.59
So I proved for my chosen function that f(1)=1, but this is not enough to prove the general rule. But
I think that for any function that fits the above criteria, 𝑓(𝑥) - 𝑥 will =0, or in other words, 𝑓(𝑐)-c=0.
But I know that I should probably be invoking that intermediate value theorem
That's a nice proof! Copy that down at some point
[61]
2.R.61
(a) I can see how there would be a chord of length 1/2

(b) I can also see how there would be a horizontal chord of length 1/n (where n is an integer)
(c) For the given functions I have used, I would think that a chord of length 2/3 would exist. i.e. I
can solve the equation such that the length of my chord is 2/3 (y=0.3756), but I am not sure how to
prove this about a general graph
(d) My graph seems to fulfill this function.
[63]
IDFK
Okay, I am going to read through the answers for 55-63 and correct my work later. I would like to
then at least get through the first section of the derivatives exercises before proving the properties
of limits.
2. Limits Page 89
Sunday, May 20, 2018 11:42 PM
There are motherfuckin 6 sections in this chapter, @ 1 a day we can get through them in about a
week
General Idea of this section: Slope, speed, magnification, and density can all be modeled in terms of
limits at a given point.
A rock initially at rest falls 16𝑡 feet in t seconds. What is its speed after 2 seconds?
Well, we can get close to the answer by knowing that speed is D/t (Distance over time), so @ 2
seconds, the rock has traveled
4*16=64
64 feet
At 2.1 seconds it has traveled
2.1*2.1=4.41
4.41*16=70.56
70.56 feet, so
70.56-64=6.56 feet in 0.1 seconds
6.56/0.1=65.6
~65.6 feet/second
So we are really looking at the equation
16[(2 + ℎ) − 2 ]
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
(4 + 4ℎ + ℎ −2 ]
16 lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
(4ℎ + ℎ ]
16 lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
ℎ(4 + ℎ) ]
16 lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
16 lim ((4 + ℎ))

⟶
16 4
64
Problem 3:
a lens projects points on a slide to a screen. For any point at coordinates 𝑥 on the slide, it is
projected onto the screen at point x^2, so an interval of length [2,3] would have length [4,9], which
is 5 times as long as the original, we say that the magnification in the interval [2,3] is 5, So
magnification is the length of the interval over the interval (just like speed is Distance over time), so
we could denote it as L⋆/L, where L⋆ is the magnified length of the interval and L is the actual
3. Derivatives Page 1
we could denote it as L⋆/L, where L⋆ is the magnified length of the interval and L is the actual
length.
What is the magnification at x=2?
Well, we can model the problem similarly:
[(2 + ℎ) −2 ]
Magnification at 2 = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 4
⟶ ℎ
Problem 4: Density
Total Mass
Density = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Total Valume
Gram
Density = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Centimeter
Monday, May 21, 2018 11:50 PM
[1]
(3 + ℎ) − 9
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 6
⟶ ℎ
I builded the machine! You find the slopes and then use the x,y coordinates as your new origin
3.1.1
[3]
At -2, 4
(2 + ℎ) − 4
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 4
⟶ ℎ
3.1.3
[5]
Find slope of 𝑥 at (2, 8) (It's 12)
3.1.5
(2 + ℎ) − 8
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
(2 + ℎ)(2 + ℎ)(2 + ℎ) − 8
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
4 + 4ℎ + ℎ (2 + ℎ) − 8
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
4(2 + ℎ) + 4ℎ(2 + ℎ) + ℎ (2 + ℎ) − 8
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
(8 + 4ℎ) + 8ℎ + 4ℎ + 2ℎ + ℎ − 8
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
8 + 12ℎ + 6ℎ + ℎ −8
lim
ℎ
8 + 12ℎ + 6ℎ + ℎ − 8
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
12ℎ + 6ℎ + ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
ℎ 12 + 6ℎ + ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
lim 12 + 6ℎ + ℎ
⟶
12
[7]
We already know that the slope at this point would be 0
[9]
Speed of Rock after 3 seconds=
(3 + ℎ) − 9
lim 16 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 96
⟶ ℎ
16(3 + ℎ) − 9
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
16 9 + 6ℎ + ℎ − 9
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
135 + 96ℎ + 16ℎ

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
135
ℎ ⎯⎯⎯ + 96 + 16ℎ
ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
135
lim ⎯⎯⎯ + 96 + 16ℎ
⟶ ℎ
Here we are doing it wrong! Start over
(3 + ℎ) − 9
lim 16 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
16 6
16 6
[11]
Should be easier this time
(1 + ℎ) − 1 32ft
lim 16 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ sec
2ℎ + ℎ
16 lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
16 lim (2 + ℎ)
⟶
16 2
32
[13]
(a) It travels 1.261
2*2*2=8
2.1*2.1*2.1=9.261
9.261-8=1.261
(b) What is its speed?

Speed=Distance/Time
1.261/0.1=12.61
Around 12, would be my guess.
(c)
(2 + ℎ) − 8
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
(3)(4)ℎ + (3)(2)ℎ + ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
12ℎ + 6ℎ + ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
ft
12 + 6ℎ + ℎ ⎯⎯⎯
sec
(d) Okay, I must have misunderstood c, ∵ the answer here is 12
[15]
1.9*1.9=3.61
4-3.61=0.39
0.39/0.1=3.9
(a)
m=3.9
(b)
1.99*1.99=3.9601
4-3.9601=0.0399
m=3.99
(c)
I am just done with this problem
[17]
This pretty much fulfills (a), (b), (c) and (d)
(This is a good Graph!)

3.1.17
[19]
(a)
Well, the length of the original interval (L) is 0.1
The length of the Magnified interval (L⋆ ) is 0.21
Magnification=M=(L⋆ /L)=(0.21/0.1)=2.1
(b) 1.01*1.01=1.0201
0.0201/0.01=M=2.01
(c)
1.0001*1.0001=1.0002
0.0002/0.0001=2
(d)
2!
[21]
It would be great if you can finish the problems in this section by tonight!
You got 10 more problems and you have already finished 10
(a) In the interval [0.49, 0.5] we have a magnification of 0.99
0.5*0.5=0.25
0.49*0.49=0.2401
0.25-0.2401=0.0099
0.0099/0.01=0.99
0.49-0.5=-0.01
(b) In the interval [0.499, 0.5], Magnification is basically 1

0.499*0.499=0.249
0.25-0.249=0.001
0.5-0.499=0.001
(c)
(0.5 + ℎ) + 0.5
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
1ℎ + ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
ℎ(1 + ℎ)
lim
⟶ ℎ
ℎ(1 + ℎ)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
lim (1 + ℎ))
⟶
[23]
(a) Mass= (Bigger number) − (smaller number) = 0.0601
(b) 6.01
3.01*3.01=9.0601
9.0601-9=0.0601
0.0601/0.01=6.01
(c) 5.99
2.99*2.99=8.9401
9-8.9401=0.0599
0.0599/0.01=5.99
(d)
We know it will be 6, just look at how the book works it.
(e) It looks like the book is using the standard like:

𝑦 −𝑦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 −𝑥
[25]
Find the equation of tan line to y=𝑥 at (-1, 1)
(−1 + ℎ) − 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
−2ℎ + ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
lim (−2 + ℎ)
⟶
-2
3.1.25
Feels good!
Well, we technically got the answer right, though we thought the question was just asking for the
slope, oh well! It wanted to the equation and we have something like
−2(𝑥 + 1) + 1
Which reduces to
(−2𝑥 − 2) + 1
−2𝑥 − 1
Which is the right answer, so I will give it to you, in some ways your answer is more clear about
what is going on/what you are actually doing.
[27]
(a) 0.041
(a) 0.041
2.01*2.01=4.0401
4.0401-4=0.0401
0.0401/0.01=4.01
(b)4.01grams/min
(c)4
[29]
Graph 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥
Find slope @ (1,3)
(2(1 + ℎ) + (1 + ℎ) − 3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (1 + ℎ) − 1
(2(1 + 2ℎ + ℎ ) + (1 + ℎ) − 3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
(2 + 4ℎ + 2ℎ + (1 + ℎ) − 3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
(5ℎ + 2ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
lim (5 + 2ℎ)
⟶
3.1.29
(e) The estimate of my slope was off by 1, though I could have refined it, I am sure. In fact, it would
have been better to adda slider.
Yeah, I can get the actual slope with the slider, pretty neat!
Question for Ian: is there a Maths term to describe what I am doing when I approaching the slope by
[31] down the line on the function, i.e. from the top like typical rather than from the bottom as
going
well?
Find the typical slope of 𝑥
(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑥
𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (ℎ)
lim (2𝑥 + ℎ)
⟶
2𝑥
Congrats, yay!
[33] This is the same problem, yes?

I skips it then
I skips it then
[35]
𝑦 =𝑥 −𝑥
Find that 'typical tangent'

Three probs left.
How to phrase:
(𝑥 + ℎ) − (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑥 − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
(𝑥 + ℎ) − (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑥 − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
𝑥 (𝑥 + ℎ) + 2𝑥ℎ(𝑥 + ℎ) + ℎ (𝑥 + ℎ) − (𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ ) − 𝑥 − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
𝑥 + ℎ𝑥 + 2𝑥 ℎ + 2𝑥ℎ + 𝑥ℎ + ℎ − (𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ ) − 𝑥 − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
𝑥 + ℎ𝑥 + 2𝑥 ℎ + 2𝑥ℎ + 𝑥ℎ + ℎ − 𝑥 − 2𝑥ℎ − ℎ − 𝑥 + 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
ℎ𝑥 + 2𝑥 ℎ + 2𝑥ℎ + 𝑥ℎ + ℎ − 2𝑥ℎ − ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
ℎ(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ + ℎ − 2𝑥 − ℎ)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
lim (𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ + ℎ − 2𝑥 − ℎ)
⟶
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥0 + 0 + 0 − 2𝑥 − 0)
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑥)
(3𝑥 − 2𝑥)
Looks good, Checked with Desmos: 3.1.35
[37]
Slope equals:
(1 + ℎ) − (1)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
lim ((2 + ℎ))

⟶
2
So the slope at 1,1 =2
But the actual equation of the tangent line is 2(x-1)+1

Simplified, 2x-1
Does not pass through the point (6,12) ∵ (2 6)-1=11
Graphical Proof:
3.1.37
[39] We did not get the negative solution
So I think the general strategy for this exercise would be to find the derivative and then solve for 2
𝑥 −𝑥
(𝑥 −𝑥) − (𝑥 −𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
((𝑥 + ℎ) −(𝑥 + ℎ)) − (𝑥 −𝑥)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⟶ ℎ
(𝑥 + 3𝑥 ℎ + 3𝑥ℎ + ℎ ) − (𝑥 + ℎ)) − (𝑥 −𝑥)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
⟶ ℎ
𝑥 + 3𝑥 ℎ + 3𝑥ℎ + ℎ − 𝑥 − ℎ −𝑥 +𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3
⟶ ℎ
3𝑥 ℎ + 3𝑥ℎ + ℎ − ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4
⟶ ℎ
3𝑥 ℎ + 3𝑥ℎ + ℎ − ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5
⟶ ℎ
lim 3𝑥 + 3𝑥ℎ + ℎ − 1 6
⟶
3𝑥 + 3𝑥(0) + 0 − 1 7
3𝑥 − 1 8
Now Solve for 2
3𝑥 − 1 = 2
3𝑥 = 3
3𝑥 = 3
𝑥 =1
𝑥=1
And also there is this general strategy:
𝑦 −𝑦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 3𝑥 − 1
𝑥 −𝑥
Why is it x_1 rather than x_2?
𝑦 − 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 )
𝑦 − (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 )
𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 = −3𝑥 + 𝑥 + (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 )
𝑦 − 𝑥 = −3𝑥 + (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 )
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 )
Find 𝑥 such that (2,2) is on the line, so let x = 2 and y = 2
2 = −2𝑥 + (3𝑥 − 1)(2)
2 = −2𝑥 + (6𝑥 − 2)
0 = −2𝑥 + (6𝑥 − 4)
0 = 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 4
0 = 2(𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2)
0 = 2(𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2)
Q: how do we go from this line to the nest? Rational root ?
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 3𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
0 = 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 2)
0 = (𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 2)
0 = (𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 − 2)
0 = (𝑥 − 1) − 1 − 2
0 = (𝑥 − 1) − 3
3 = (𝑥 − 1)
⎯⎯
√3 = 𝑥 − 1
⎯⎯
√3 + 1 = 𝑥
2 1
𝑥 = ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯
3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 1
𝑥= ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯
3 3
x=1
3 2 −1=0
13 ≠ 0
Somewhat interestingly, we were able to solve it intuitively graphically by just doing the following:
Plug in the equation to desmos
Plot the derivative
see about where the tangent looks like it would strike through 2
I also attempted a graphical solution that I can revisit later.
Come back and Prove the Power rule. We have a basic understanding of how it is done, but it could
be amplified
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥
1
𝑥 ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯𝑥 /( )
𝑛
Tuesday, May 29, 2018 3:06 PM
[1]
(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
(𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ )(𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ ) − 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 ℎ + 𝑥 ℎ + 2𝑥 ℎ + 4𝑥 ℎ + 2𝑥ℎ + 𝑥 ℎ + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ ) − 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
(4𝑥 ℎ + 6𝑥 ℎ + 4𝑥ℎ + ℎ )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
ℎ(4𝑥 + 6𝑥 ℎ + 4𝑥ℎ + ℎ )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
(4𝑥 + 6𝑥 ℎ + 4𝑥ℎ + ℎ )
(4𝑥 )
[3]
2𝑥
2(𝑥 + ℎ) − 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
2
[5]
𝑥 +3
((𝑥 + ℎ) +3) − (𝑥 +3)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ + 3 − 𝑥 − 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
2𝑥ℎ + ℎ
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
ℎ(2𝑥 + ℎ)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ
2𝑥
[7]
−5𝑥 + 4𝑥
−5(𝑥 + ℎ) + 4(𝑥 + ℎ) − (−5𝑥 + 4𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
−5 𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ + 4(𝑥 + ℎ) − (−5𝑥 + 4𝑥)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
−5𝑥 − 10𝑥ℎ + −5ℎ + 4𝑥 + 4ℎ + 5𝑥 − 4𝑥)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
−10𝑥ℎ + −5ℎ + 4ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
ℎ(−10𝑥 − 5ℎ + 4)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
lim (−10𝑥 − 5ℎ + 4)
⟶
−10𝑥 + 4
[9]
This problem was supposed to be 7√𝑥
⎯⎯
9√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
9√𝑥 + ℎ − 9√ 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
9√𝑥 + ℎ − 9√ 𝑥 9√𝑥 + ℎ + 9√ 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ 9√𝑥 + ℎ + 9√ 𝑥
(81(𝑥 + ℎ) − 81𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ(9√𝑥 + ℎ + 9√ 𝑥)
(81ℎ)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ(9√𝑥 + ℎ + 9√ 𝑥)
(81)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⟶ (9√𝑥 + ℎ + 9√ 𝑥)
81
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
18√ 𝑥
9
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥
[11]
1
𝑥
1
⎯⎯
𝑥
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥 + ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
1(𝑥) 1(𝑥 + ℎ)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥) 𝑥(𝑥 + ℎ)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
1(𝑥) − 1(𝑥 + ℎ)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
1(𝑥) − 1(𝑥 + ℎ)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (ℎ)(𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑥)
−1ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (ℎ)(𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑥)
−1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑥)
1
− ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
[13]
1
⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + ℎ) 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
2ℎ ℎ
1 1 1 + ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥 ⎞
⎛⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ 𝑥 2ℎ ℎ
1 + ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
⎝ 𝑥 𝑥 ⎠
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
2ℎ ℎ
1 1 + ⎯⎯⎯+
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ 𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
2ℎ ℎ
1 − 1 − ⎯⎯⎯−
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
2ℎ𝑥 ℎ
− ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
2ℎ𝑥 − ℎ
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ +ℎ
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ
2ℎ𝑥 − ℎ
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ℎ(𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ )
2ℎ𝑥 − ℎ
lim − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 )ℎ(𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ )
ℎ(2𝑥 − ℎ)
lim − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 )ℎ(𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ )
(2𝑥 − ℎ)
lim − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 )(𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ )
2𝑥
− ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
2
− ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
[15]
6
3 − ⎯⎯
𝑥
This one was a doozey!

(Some wasted effort brings us to)
6
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + ℎ)𝑥
6
⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
[17]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓`(𝑥) = 4𝑥
𝑓`(−1) = (4)(−1) = −4
[19]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓`(𝑥) = 5𝑥
𝑓`(𝑎) = 5(𝑎)
[21]
⎯
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑡 = 𝑡 ⎯⎯
1 1 1
𝑓`(𝑥) = ⎯⎯𝑡 ⎯⎯= ⎯⎯𝑡 ⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 3
3 𝑡 ⎯⎯
1 1 1 1
𝑓`(8) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯
3 2 12
3 8 ⎯⎯ 3 2 ⎯⎯
[23]
𝑓(𝑥) = √⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥 ⎯⎯ 𝑥 ⎯⎯ 1
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 4
4 𝑥 ⎯⎯
1 1 1 1 1
𝑓 (16) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ 4(2 ) 4 8 32
4 16⎯⎯ 4 2
[25]
3.641
𝑓 (𝑥) = 4𝑥
𝑓 (1) = 4
[27]
(a) 4.0604
(b) 4
[29]
(𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ) ⟶ (𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 )
𝑓 (1) = 3
So the slope at 1 is 3, hence the equation for the line that runs tangent is
3(𝑥 − 1) + 1
I am just now realizing that there is a subtle distinction between a derivative and the 'line that runs
tnagent to the curve'. The derivative can give me the slope of the line that runs tangent to the curve
tnagent to the curve'. The derivative can give me the slope of the line that runs tangent to the curve
at any point.
Anyways,
3𝑥 − 3 + 1 = 3𝑥 − 2
∴3 2−2=4
[31]
𝑥 = 2 ⟶ ~∃ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
⟶
I guess it also DNE for 0 and 4, although the left and right hand limits exist respectively
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 & 3?
Also 1
Differentiable functions are even "better" than continuous functions because they have more
necessary conditions. i.e. a differentiable function is necessarily continuous. A function can be
continuous without being differentiable.
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ Δ𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
The difference in outputs is also often called Δ𝑓 like
𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = Δ𝑓

∴
𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = Δ𝑓 + 𝑓(𝑥)
"The value of the function at x + Δ𝑥 is equal to the value of the function at x plus the change in the
function"
So we can phrase the notion like
Δ𝑓
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Example 1:
Find 𝑥 using Δ notation
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑥 Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
2𝑥 Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑥(2𝑥 + Δ𝑥)
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim (2𝑥 + Δ𝑥)

⟶
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥
We also have some other notions like

𝑑𝑓
⎯⎯⎯= 𝐷(𝑓)
𝑑𝑥
Also like
Also like
𝑑𝑦
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑜𝑟 𝐷(𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
For example
𝑑 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 3𝑥 or 𝐷 𝑥 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
We write
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑓(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
When the equation is long.
Here is this other notation peeps use for the derivative:
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥−𝑎
Differentiable functions are even "better" than continuous functions because they have more
necessary conditions. i.e. a differentiable function is necessarily continuous. A function can be
continuous without being differentiable.
Read back over the proof for the following theorem

Dx⟶ Cx
If x is differentiable then x is continuous
We can prove that the converse is not necessarily true, i.e.
(Dx⟶ Cx) ∧ ~ ⌑ (Cx⟶ Dx)
Just because a function is continuous at a does not mean it is differentiable at a. For example, the
absolute value function |x| is continuous at 0 but not differentiable
Use Δ notation for 1-10

[1]
𝑑(𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑥 ) (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
𝑥 + 3𝑥 Δx + 3𝑥Δx + Δx − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
3𝑥 Δx + 3𝑥Δx + Δx
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δx(3𝑥 + 3𝑥Δx + Δx )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
lim (3𝑥 + 3𝑥Δx + Δx )

⟶
3𝑥
[3]
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
𝑑 √ 𝑥 √𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − √x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − √x
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
√𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − √x √𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + √ x
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 √𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + √x
𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑥
lim
⟶ Δ𝑥( 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + x )
𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥(√𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + √x)
Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥(√𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + √x )
1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
⟶ (√𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + √x )
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
(√𝑥 + 0 + √x )
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯
2√x
[5]
𝑑(5𝑥 ) 5(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 5 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
5(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 5 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
5 𝑥 + 2𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 5𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
10𝑥Δ𝑥 + 5Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
lim 10𝑥 + Δ𝑥
⟶
10𝑥
[7]
3
𝐷 ⎯⎯
𝑥
3 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯−
𝑥 + Δ𝑥 ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯ = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑥
3 3 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯−
𝑥 + Δ𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Δ𝑥
3 𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯ = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑥
3 − 3 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + Δ𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯ = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
−3Δ𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + Δ𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯ = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
3 −3Δ𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯ = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 ⟶ (𝑥 + Δ𝑥)𝑥Δ𝑥
3 −3
𝐷 ⎯⎯ = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 ⟶ 𝑥 + 𝑥Δ𝑥
3 −3
𝐷 ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥0
3 3
𝐷 ⎯⎯ = − ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
[9]
𝑑 3
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯− 4𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3 3
𝑑 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 4(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 2 − ⎯⎯− 4𝑥 + 2
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯− 4𝑥 + 2 = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 4(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 2 − ⎯⎯
𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 2
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 4Δ𝑥 − ⎯⎯
𝑥
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑥
3 4Δ𝑥(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) 3 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 ⎞
⎛⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎜ (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) Δ𝑥
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯ ⎟
𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⎝ Δ𝑥 ⎠
Δ𝑥
3 − 4Δ𝑥 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 3 1 +
𝑥
𝑥 + Δ𝑥
Δ𝑥
3 − 4Δ𝑥(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 3 1 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
−4Δ𝑥(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)𝑥 −3Δ𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
−4Δ𝑥(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)𝑥 − 3Δ𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 Δ𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + Δ𝑥)(𝑥 Δ𝑥)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 𝑥Δ𝑥 )
−4𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 4Δ𝑥 𝑥 − 3Δ𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 𝑥Δ𝑥 )
Δ𝑥(−4𝑥 + 4Δ𝑥 𝑥 − 3)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑥Δ𝑥)
(−4𝑥 + 4Δ𝑥 𝑥 − 3)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 𝑥 Δ𝑥)
(−4𝑥 + 4(0) 𝑥 − 3)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 𝑥 0)
(−4𝑥 − 3)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
3
𝑥 −4 − ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
3
−4 − ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
[11] Δ𝑓 = 𝑦 − 𝑦
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
(a)
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑥 (1 + 0.1) − 1 1.21 − 1 0.21
( 𝑥 = 1 ∧ 𝛥𝑥 = 0.1) ⊃ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯= 2.1
Δ𝑥 0.1 0.1 0.1
(b)
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑥 (3 − 0.1) − 9 −0.59

( 𝑥 = 3 ∧ 𝛥𝑥 = −0.1) ⊃ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 5.9
Δ𝑥 −0.1 −0.1
[13]
(a)
𝑑(6𝑥 + 3)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(6𝑥 + 3) 6(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 3 − (6𝑥 + 3)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
6𝑥 + 6Δ𝑥 + 3 − 6𝑥 − 3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
6Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
(b)
It is going to be 6, not worth doing
(c)
Also just 6
(d) Also just 6
(e)
6x+1
6x+2
6x+3
6x+4
6x+5
"6x+C"
[15]
(a) (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥
(b) (17𝑥 ) = 4 17𝑥 = 68𝑥
(c) (𝑘𝑥 ) = 𝑘 4𝑥
(d) 𝑥 + 𝐶
[17]
𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑘 6𝑥
𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑘 6𝑥
𝑘(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) +𝐶 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶 = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
𝑘(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) +𝐶 − 𝑘𝑥 − 𝐶
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
𝑘(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) +𝐶 − 𝑘𝑥 − 𝐶
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
𝑘((𝑥 + Δ𝑥) −𝑥 )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
((𝑥 + Δ𝑥) −𝑥 )
𝑘 lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
(1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯+ 𝑥 + ⋯+𝑥
2 𝑘
(𝑥 + 6𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 20𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 6𝑥Δ𝑥 ) − 𝑥 )
𝑘 lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑥(6𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 20𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 6𝑥Δ𝑥 )

𝑘 lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
𝑘 lim (6𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 20𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 6𝑥Δ𝑥 )

⟶
𝑘 6𝑥
(b) (? ) ′ = 𝑥
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯+ 𝐶
6
[19]
First off, f is not continuous at:
[0 & 2]
So
(a) @ a=0
∃ ( lim 𝑓(𝑥) ) = 𝑛
⟶
"The limit at zero exists"
The Limit at 2 DNE
(b)
𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 3 but not differentiable at 3
[21]
Nice Graph
3.3.21
[23]
1
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 5
1 1
1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 5 3𝑥 + 5
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 5 ⟶ Δ𝑥
First try, forgot our Δ𝑥

3Δ𝑥
1 1 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 +5 ⎞
⎛⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 5 3𝑥 + 5 3Δ𝑥
1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎝ 3𝑥 + 5 ⎠
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
3Δ𝑥
1 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 5 3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 5
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
3Δ𝑥
1 − 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 5
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
3Δ𝑥
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 +5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 5
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
−3Δ𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 5)(3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 5)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
−3Δ𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(9𝑥 + 15𝑥 + 9𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 15Δ𝑥 + 15𝑥 + 25)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
−3Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 (9𝑥 + 30𝑥 + 9𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 15Δ𝑥 + 25)
−3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (9𝑥 + 30𝑥 + 9𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 15Δ𝑥 + 25)
−3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(9𝑥 + 30𝑥 + 9𝑥 (0) + 15(0) + 25)
3
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9𝑥 + 30𝑥 + 25
First try, forgot our Δ𝑥 , started to go around in circles. Also dropped a negative.
We can find the asymptote!
Wrong Answer
10𝑥 10 10 25
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ = − ⎯⎯⎯
3 6 6 9
10 25 10
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯ = − ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
6 9 6
10 100 100
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯ = − ⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯
6 36 36
10
𝑥 = − ⎯⎯⎯
6
So the graph explodes towards negative ∞ as 𝑥 ⟶ − ⎯⎯

In other words:
1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ∞
⟶ / 3𝑥 + 5
Nice
[25]
𝐷(cos 𝑥)
This should be fun.

Hey we dids it without looksing at the book!
So it is a little messy, whatevs :P
cos(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − cos 𝑥

𝐷(cos 𝑥) = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
cos(x) cos(Δx) − sin(x) sin(Δx) − cos 𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin(x) sin(Δx)
cos(x) cos(Δx) − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯−
cos 𝑥 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin(x) sin(Δx)
cos(x) −1 − cos(Δx) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+
cos 𝑥 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin(x) sin(Δx)
1 − cos(Δx) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
lim cos(x) −1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin(x) sin(Δx)
1 − cos(Δx) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
lim cos(x) −1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
sin(x) sin(Δx)
1 − cos(Δx) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
−1 lim cos(x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
sin(x) sin(Δx)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
0 + −1 lim cos(x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
(sin(x) sin(Δx))
0 + −1 lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin(Δx)
0 + −1 lim sin(x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
0 + −1 1 lim sin(x)
⟶
0 + −1 1 sin(x)
This is one of the better proofs you have done.
[27]
Antiderivatives:
(a)
(a)
2𝑥 + 𝐶
(b)
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯+ 𝐶
2
(c)
7𝑥 + 𝐶
(d)
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯+ 𝐶
3
For any constant C
Monday, June 4, 2018 1:13 AM
It is pretty easy to prove that the derivative of any constant function is 0.
It is more interesting to bother to prove:
𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
⎯⎯⎯(𝑓 + 𝑔) = ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
"The derivative of the sum is the sum of the derivatives."
It extends to any finite number of differentiable functions.
Proof:
Define 𝑢(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

∴
𝑢(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)
The difference in outputs for u is
Δ𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑢(𝑥)
So now we can substitute:
𝑢(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑢(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑢(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = Δ𝑓 + Δ𝑔
…this is not the whole proof, but we are following along just fine.
The Delta notation is nice because you can kind of use it like regular addition/ multiplication with
functions like:
𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(Δ𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
Sacrilege
It is unambiguously wrong and an abuse of notation
"The derivative of the produce is not the product of the derivatives."
"The derivative of the product is the first function times the derivative of the second plus the
second times the derivative of the first"
𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓𝑔 + 𝑓 𝑔
(𝑓𝑔) = 𝑓𝑔 + 𝑓 𝑔
Copy that there proof down at some point
Practice:
𝑑 ⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 −√ 𝑥+5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 𝑑
𝑥 +𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 − √ 𝑥+5 + 𝑥 −√ 𝑥 + 5 ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 ⎯⎯ 𝑑 ⎯⎯ 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 +𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯√ 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯5 + 𝑥 −√ 𝑥+5 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 ⎯⎯
𝑥 +𝑥 4𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + 0 + 𝑥 −√ 𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 + 3𝑥
2√ 𝑥
Stahp
1 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
4𝑥 𝑥 +𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ 𝑥 +𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑥 −√ 𝑥+5 + 3𝑥 𝑥 −√ 𝑥+5
2√ 𝑥
𝑥 +𝑥 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
4𝑥 + 4𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 √ 𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 √ 𝑥 + 15𝑥
2√ 𝑥
𝑥 +𝑥 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
6𝑥 + 7𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + −2𝑥 √ 𝑥 + 10𝑥 + −3𝑥 √ 𝑥 + 15𝑥
2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯
𝑥 +𝑥 ⎯⎯ 2√ 𝑥 ⎯⎯
6𝑥 + 7𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + −2𝑥 √𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯+
⎯⎯ 10𝑥 + −3𝑥 √𝑥 + 15𝑥
2√ 𝑥 2√𝑥
⎯⎯
𝑥 +𝑥 −4𝑥 √ 𝑥 ⎯⎯
6𝑥 + 7𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+
⎯⎯ 10𝑥 + −3𝑥 √ 𝑥 + 15𝑥
2√ 𝑥 2√𝑥
⎯⎯
𝑥 + 𝑥 − 4𝑥 ⎯⎯2√𝑥
6𝑥 + 7𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + 10𝑥 + −3𝑥 √ 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯+
⎯⎯ 15𝑥
2√ 𝑥 2√ 𝑥
𝑥 − 3𝑥 −6𝑥
6𝑥 + 7𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + 10𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+
⎯⎯ 15𝑥
2√ 𝑥 2√ 𝑥
−5𝑥 − 3𝑥
6𝑥 + 7𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + 10𝑥 + 15𝑥
2√ 𝑥
Δ𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = Δ𝑓 + 𝑓(𝑥)
Tuesday, June 5, 2018 1:24 AM
[1]
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥 + −2𝑥 + (3)
5𝑥 + (−4𝑥) + 0
5𝑥 − 4𝑥
Notation question:
𝑑 Δ𝑓 (x + Δx) −𝑥
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 = lim ⎯⎯⎯= lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
Can we write:
Δ(𝑥 )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
[3]
2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2
2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2 = (2𝑥 )′ − 6𝑥 + (5𝑥) + (2)
8𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 5 + 0
8𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 5
[5]
(𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2𝑥)
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2𝑥
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2𝑥
𝑥 + (3𝑥) + (1) 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 ( 𝑥 − (2𝑥)′)
(2𝑥 + 3 + 0) 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 (3𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 (2𝑥 + 3) − 2𝑥(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝑥 (3𝑥 − 2) + 3𝑥(3𝑥 − 2) + 1(3𝑥 − 2)
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2
5𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 2
[7]
3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7
7 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2 7
7
7 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2 (7)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7
7 (3𝑥 ) − 𝑥 + (5𝑥) + (2) − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2 (0)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7
7 (3𝑥 ) − 𝑥 + (5𝑥) + (2) −0

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7 7
7 12𝑥 − (2𝑥) + 5 + 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7 7
12𝑥 − (2𝑥) + 5 + 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7
12𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7
[9]
𝑑 ⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯(5√ 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯
5 √𝑥
5 𝑥 ⎯⎯
1
5 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥
5
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥
[11]
12
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥 (12) − 12 (𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥 0 − 12 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
12
− ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
[13]
3+𝑥
𝐷
3+𝑥
3+𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3+𝑥
3 + 𝑥 (3 + 𝑥) − ((3 + 𝑥) 3 + 𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3 + 𝑥 )
3 + 𝑥 (0 + 1) − ((3 + 𝑥)(0 + 2𝑥))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3 + 𝑥 )
3 + 𝑥 − ((3 + 𝑥)(2𝑥))
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3 + 𝑥 )
3 + 𝑥 − ((3(2𝑥) + 𝑥(2𝑥)))
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3 + 𝑥 )
3 + 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3 + 𝑥 )
3 + 𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3 + 𝑥 )
3 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3 + 𝑥 )
STAHP
[15]
𝑡 − 3𝑡 + 1
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑡 +1
(𝑡 + 1) 𝑡 − 3𝑡 + 1 −((𝑡 − 3𝑡 + 1)(𝑡 + 1)′)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑡 + 1)
(𝑡 + 1)(2𝑡 − 3 + 0) − ((𝑡 − 3𝑡 + 1)(3𝑡 + 0))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑡 + 1)
(𝑡 + 1)(2𝑡 − 3) − ((𝑡 (3𝑡 ) − 3𝑡(3𝑡 ) + (3𝑡 )))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑡 + 1)
𝑡 + 1 (2𝑡 − 3) − (3𝑡 ) + 9𝑡 − (3𝑡 )

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑡 + 1)
𝑡 2𝑡 − 3 + 2𝑡 − 3 − 3𝑡 + 9𝑡 − (3𝑡 )
𝑡 +1
𝑡 (2𝑡 − 3) + (2𝑡 − 3) − (3𝑡 ) + 9𝑡 − (3𝑡 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑡 + 1)
2𝑡 − 3𝑡 + 2𝑡 − 3 − (3𝑡 ) + 9𝑡 − (3𝑡 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑡 + 1)
+2𝑡 − 3 − (𝑡 ) + 6𝑡 − (3𝑡 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑡 + 1)
−𝑡 + 6𝑡 − 3𝑡 + 2𝑡 − 3)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑡 + 1)
[17]
𝑑 ⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 1 + √ 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
1+√ 𝑥 𝑥 + 1+√ 𝑥 𝑥 ′
1 ⎯⎯
0 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 1+√ 𝑥 3𝑥
2√ 𝑥
𝑥 ⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 √𝑥
2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯
𝑥 ⎯⎯ 2√𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 √𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
2√𝑥 2√ 𝑥
𝑥 6𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + 3𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥 2√ 𝑥
7𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + 3𝑥
2√ 𝑥
[19]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
8 (𝑥 )′
8 3𝑥
24𝑥
[21]
1 1
𝐷 1 − ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
(1)′ − ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑥) 𝑥
(0) − − ⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 (𝑥 )
1 2𝑥
(0) + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
1 2𝑥
⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
1 2
⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 2
⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥−2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
[23]
1
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
(𝑥 )′ + (2𝑥)′ + (1)′
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
3𝑥 + 2
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
3𝑥 + 2
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
3𝑥 + 2
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 2𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
3𝑥 + 2
−
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
3𝑥 + 2
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1)
3𝑥 + 2
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 1
[25]
𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 −1
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5𝑥 + 3
𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 −1 5𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 5𝑥 + 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 −1 5𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 10𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 −1 + 𝑥 +𝑥 +1 𝑥 −1 5𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 10𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 (2𝑥) + 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 5𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 10𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 5𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 10𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
(5𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1) 5𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 10𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
(5𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1) 5𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 10𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 𝑥 10𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 10𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
(5𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1) 5𝑥 + 3 − 10𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 10𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
(5𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1) 5𝑥 + 3 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
5𝑥 5𝑥 + 3 + 2𝑥 5𝑥 + 3 − 5𝑥 + 3 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥
5𝑥 5𝑥 + 3 + 2𝑥 5𝑥 + 3 − 5𝑥 + 3 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
25𝑥 + 15𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 3 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
15𝑥 + 15𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 16𝑥 − 3

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 3)
[27]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ (2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 1)
2 (2𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1) 2
(4𝑥 + 2) + (4𝑥 + 2)
(8𝑥 + 4)
4 (2𝑥 + 1)
Out of curiosity:
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
(8𝑥 + 4)
[29]
1
1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
1 − ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥 1
⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 1
⎯⎯
𝑥 − ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥+1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥−1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥+1
𝐷
𝑥−1
𝑥+1
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥−1
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 1)
1 (𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 + 1) 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥−1−𝑥−1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 1)
2
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 1)
[31]
1
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√𝑥
1
− ⎯⎯𝑥
2
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥
1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√𝑥
[33]
⎯⎯
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2
Νοπε
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
1
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5
2 𝑥
⎯⎯ 1 ⎯⎯
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 (2𝑥 + 3) √ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √𝑥 3𝑥 − 5
2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 √𝑥 + 3√ 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5
2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯ 2√ 𝑥 ⎯⎯
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 √𝑥 + 3√ 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5
2√ 𝑥 2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
2𝑥 √𝑥 + 3√ 𝑥 2√ 𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5
2√𝑥 2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
4𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5
2√ 𝑥 2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
4𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5
2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
5𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 √ 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5
2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 5𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − 𝑥 √ 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5 + 3𝑥 √ 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5 + √ 𝑥 3𝑥 − 5
2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 5𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − 3𝑥 √𝑥 − 5𝑥 √ 𝑥 + 9𝑥 √𝑥 − 15𝑥 √ 𝑥 + 3𝑥 √ 𝑥 − 5√𝑥
2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 5𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − 3𝑥 √𝑥 + 9𝑥 √𝑥 − 2𝑥 √ 𝑥 − 15𝑥 √ 𝑥 − 5√𝑥
2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 5𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 1 ⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 2√x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − 3𝑥 √ 𝑥 + 9𝑥 √ 𝑥 − 2𝑥 √ 𝑥 − 15𝑥 √ 𝑥 − 5√ 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√𝑥 2√𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 5𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 1 6𝑥 + 18𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 30𝑥 − 10𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥 2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 5𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 1 − 6𝑥 + 18𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 30𝑥 − 10𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥 (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
5𝑥 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 + 9𝑥 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 − 6𝑥 + 18𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 30𝑥 − 10𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥 (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
5𝑥 − 25𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 45𝑥 + 18𝑥 + 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2 − 6𝑥 − 18𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 30𝑥 + 10𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥 (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
5𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 24𝑥 − 35𝑥 + 13𝑥 + 2 − 6𝑥 − 18𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 30𝑥 + 10𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥 (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
−𝑥 − 9𝑥 − 20𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 23𝑥 + 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥 (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)
[35]
(a)
(𝑢)′ = 𝑥
𝑥
⎯⎯ =𝑥
4
(b)
(𝑢) = 𝑥
𝑥
⎯⎯ =𝑥
2
(c)
1
(𝑢) = ⎯⎯
𝑥
(𝑢) = 𝑥
1 1
⎯⎯(𝑢) = ⎯⎯𝑥
3 3
1
(−1 𝑥 ) = ⎯⎯
𝑥
1 1
− ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
(d)
1
(𝑢) = ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑢 =𝑥
(𝑢) = 𝑥
𝑥
− ⎯⎯⎯ =𝑥
2
1
⎯⎯
𝑥
− ⎯⎯⎯ =𝑥
2
1
− ⎯⎯⎯ =𝑥
2𝑥
[37]
Find slope @1 of
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥
This also worked
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥 ) − (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 2(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
(1 + Δ𝑥 ) − (1 + Δ𝑥) + 2(1 + Δ𝑥) − (1 − 1 + 2)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
1 + 3Δ𝑥 + 3 Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 1 + 2 Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + 2 + 2 Δ𝑥 − 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ⎯⎯
𝑓(𝑥) √𝑥 (𝑥 +2)
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2
𝑓 (𝑥) =
3 1−2 1+2
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√𝑥′ (𝑥 + 2) + √𝑥 1(𝑥+ 2+ 2)′
3
1 ⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯(𝑥
⎯⎯ +2) + 2𝑥 √ 𝑥
2√ 𝑥
[39]
⎯⎯ 1 4𝑥
𝑦=√ 𝑥 (𝑥 +2) ⎯⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 +2) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
2 √𝑥 2√ 𝑥
(𝑥 +2) + 4𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥
𝑓 (4) =
16 + 2 + 4 16
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2
18 + 64
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
41
⎯⎯⎯
2
18+64=82
82/2=41
[41]
⎯
𝑓(𝑥) = 5√ 𝑡
𝑓 (𝑥) =
1
5 ⎯⎯⎯
⎯
2√ 𝑡
5
⎯⎯⎯
⎯
2√ 𝑡
𝑓 (9) =
5
⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 3
5
⎯⎯
6
[43]
⎯⎯⎯
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥)
1
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
3 √𝑥
1 1
𝑓 (8) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯
3 4 12
4*4*4=64
[45]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 √⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√𝑥 + 𝑥 √𝑥
1
1 √⎯⎯
𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
3 √𝑥
⎯⎯ 𝑥
√𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
3 √𝑥
𝑓 8 =
𝑓 (8) =
8
2 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
3 √64
8
2 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 4
2
2 + ⎯⎯
3
8
⎯⎯
3
[47]
Skip
[49]
(𝑓𝑔ℎ) = (𝑓𝑔)(ℎ) = (𝑓𝑔) ℎ + ℎ (𝑓𝑔) = (𝑓 𝑔 + 𝑔 𝑓)ℎ + ℎ (𝑓𝑔) = 𝑓 𝑔ℎ + 𝑔 𝑓ℎ + ℎ 𝑓𝑔
[51]
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑔(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Δ𝑔 + 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑔
1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 1 𝑔(𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Δ𝑔
1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑔(𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑔
1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 𝑔(𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Δ𝑔 + 𝑔(𝑥) Δ𝑔 + 𝑔(𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑔
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑔(𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Δ𝑔 + 𝑔(𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑔
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑔
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(Δ𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) )
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑔
lim − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥(Δ𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) )
Δ𝑔 1
lim − ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 (Δ𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) )
−g (𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (Δ𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) )
−g (𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(0 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) )
−𝑔 (𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑔(𝑥)
[53] I didn't quite understand this one and I am interested in the general problem
𝑥 = −𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2
2𝑥 = +2𝑥 − 2
𝑥 = +𝑥 − 1
𝑥 −𝑥+1 = 0
2x-1
(𝑥 + √𝑥)(𝑥 − √𝑥) + 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)() + 1 + 1 = 0
2𝑥 = −2𝑥 + 2
4𝑥 = 2
2𝑥 = −2(𝑥 − 1)
−𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1
1 = 2𝑥
1
⎯⎯= 𝑥
2
But I wouldn't be surprised if it is +2
[55]
Well,
1 1
𝐷 ⎯⎯= ⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
For any value of a, the line whose slope is tangent to the curve 1/x can be represented as the
function:
𝑓(𝑎 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎)
⟶ Δ𝑥
Think of 𝑎 as any point on our original function.

Anyways, here is our slope:
1
𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑎
1
⎯⎯ (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑎
We can find the x intercept by setting the equation =0
1
⎯⎯ (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎) = 0
𝑎
Solve for x:
(𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑎)𝑎 + 𝑎
But of course, 𝑓(𝑎) = ⎯ ∴
1
(𝑥) = ⎯⎯𝑎 + 𝑎
𝑎
(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑎
(𝑥) = 2𝑎
So our x intercept is 2a, and our y intercept is 𝑓 (𝑎)

To find the triangle that results from this rectangle, we just
1 1 1
𝑓 (𝑎) 2𝑎 ⎯⎯ = 𝑓 (𝑎) 𝑎 = − ⎯⎯ 𝑎 = ⎯⎯
2 𝑎 𝑎
Whatever, we basically proved it graphically, I am not worried, as long as we can find the solution
and understand how it works:
The Basic Idea is:
1. Find the derivative (obviously)
2. Plot the derivative tangent to the curve Like this:
𝑓(𝑎 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎)
⟶ Δ𝑥
3. Find the x and y intercepts of the tangent slope

3.1 y intercept = 𝑓 (𝑎)
3.2 (Solve) x intercept =𝑓 (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎) = 0
4. x intercept y intercept = area of rectangle
5. Area of triangle=1/2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
Dear Erica
[57]
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 8𝑥
There are four points where the associated tangent passes through (− ⎯⎯, 49)
Find the x coordinates
1, -3
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 − 8𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 16𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 4 𝑥(𝑥 − 4 = 4𝑥(𝑥 − 2 ) = 4𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)

So y=0 when x= 2,-2, 0,
Maybe solve for the derivative tangent like
𝑓 (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎) = 49
4𝑥(𝑎 + 2)(𝑎 − 2)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑎 − 8𝑎 = 49
Solve for x
(4𝑎 − 16𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑎 − 8𝑎 = 49
(4𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎) − 16𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑎)) + 𝑎 − 8𝑎 = 49
( 4𝑎 𝑥 − 4𝑎 − 16𝑎𝑥 − 16𝑎 ) + 𝑎 − 8𝑎 = 49
4𝑎 𝑥 − 3𝑎 − 16𝑎𝑥 + 8𝑎 = 49
−3𝑎 + 4𝑎 𝑥 + 8𝑎 − 16𝑎𝑥 = 49
Well, we are not so sure about this one :(
The answer seems simple enough though, we model it as
𝑦 −𝑦 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 − 8𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
So out point, (− ⎯⎯, 49) occurs at
𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 49 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 − 8𝑥
11 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − − ⎯⎯⎯
3
Take the derivative
𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 49
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 4𝑥 − 16𝑥
11
𝑥 − − ⎯⎯⎯
3
Simplify:
𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 49
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 4𝑥 − 16𝑥
11
𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
3
𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 49
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 4𝑥 − 16𝑥
3𝑥 + 11
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
3 𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 49
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 4𝑥 − 16𝑥
3𝑥 + 11
3 𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 49 = 4𝑥 − 16𝑥 3𝑥 + 11
3𝑥 − 24𝑥 − 147 = 4𝑥 (3𝑥 + 11) − 16𝑥(3𝑥 + 11)
3𝑥 − 24𝑥 − 147 = 12𝑥 + 44𝑥 − (48𝑥 + 176𝑥)
0 = 9𝑥 + 44𝑥 − 24𝑥 + 176𝑥 + 147
0 = 9𝑥 + 44𝑥 − 24𝑥 + 176𝑥 + 147
0 = 9𝑥 + 44𝑥 − 24𝑥 + 176𝑥 + 147
Thursday, June 7, 2018 3:09 AM
[1]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(sin 𝑥 − x cos 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
(sin 𝑥) − (𝑥 cos 𝑥)
(sin 𝑥) − (𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 )
cos 𝑥 − (1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
−𝑥 − sin 𝑥
𝑥 sin 𝑥
[3]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
(2x sin 𝑥)′ + (2 cos 𝑥)′ − (𝑥 cos 𝑥)′
( 2x sin 𝑥 + 2x sin 𝑥 ) + 2 (cos 𝑥)′ − (𝑥 cos 𝑥)′
( 2x sin 𝑥 + 2x sin 𝑥 ) + 2 (cos 𝑥)′ − (𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 )
( 2 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 𝑥) + 2 − sin x −(2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 −sin x)
2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 −sin x
𝑥 sin x
[5]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(tan 𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
(tan 𝑥)′ − (𝑥)
sec 𝑥 − 1
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 1
cos 𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 1
1 − sin 𝑥
1 1 − sin 𝑥
−
1 − sin 𝑥 1 − sin 𝑥
1 1 − sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − sin 𝑥 1 − sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥
1
lim 1 + ⎯⎯ = 𝑒
→ 𝑛
[7]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 cos 𝑥) − (2 sin 𝑥) + 𝑥 sin 𝑥
(2𝑥 cos 𝑥 ′ + 2𝑥′ cos 𝑥) − 2(sin 𝑥) + (𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑥 ′)
(2𝑥 −sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥) − 2 cos 𝑥 + (2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
−2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑥 cos 𝑥
[9]
1 + sin 𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥) − ((1 + sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥 ′ ) − ((1 + sin 𝑥) − sin 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 (0 + cos 𝑥 ) − ( 1 + sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 (0 + cos 𝑥 ) − ((1 + sin 𝑥) − sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 − (− sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
1 + sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
[11]
1 + 3 sec 𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
tan 𝑥
tan 𝑥 (1 + 3 sec 𝑥)′ − (tan 𝑥 (1 + 3 sec 𝑥))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
tan 𝑥
tan 𝑥 (1′ + (3 sec 𝑥)′) − (sec 𝑥 (1 + 3 sec 𝑥))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
tan 𝑥
tan 𝑥 (0 + 3 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) − (sec 𝑥 (1 + 3 sec 𝑥))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
tan 𝑥
(3 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) − ((sec 𝑥 + 3 sec 𝑥))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
tan 𝑥
3 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 − 3 sec 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
tan 𝑥
3 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 3 sec 𝑥 − sec 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
tan 𝑥
3 sec 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥) − sec 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
3 sec 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − (1 + tan 𝑥)) − sec 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
3 sec 𝑥 (−1) − sec 𝑥

sin 𝑥
3 sec 𝑥 (−1) − sec 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
−3 sec 𝑥 − sec 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
3 1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 cos 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 3 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥
3cos x 1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥
3cos x 3 cos 𝑥 + 1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥
3 cos 𝑥 + 1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
Nice work
cos 𝑥 (3 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 − 3 sec 𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
1 1 3
cos 𝑥 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯tan 𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥

3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯tan 𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
3
3 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 1 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 3
3 cos 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 1 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥 cos x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 1 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos x cos x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥 cos x
cos 𝑥 − 3
sin 𝑥 1 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 − 3
1 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 3
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
[13]
𝑑 csc 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 √⎯⎯𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√𝑥 csc 𝑥 − √𝑥 csc 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√𝑥
⎯⎯ x /
√𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 csc 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√𝑥
⎯⎯ 1
√𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ csc 𝑥
3 √⎯x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√𝑥
⎯⎯ csc 𝑥
√𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 √⎯
x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√𝑥
1
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
√𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 √⎯x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√𝑥
⎯⎯ 1
√𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯
3 √x sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√𝑥
1
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯
√𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 3 √x sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
√𝑥 √𝑥
⎯⎯
√𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 3 ⎯
√𝑥 √𝑥 √x sin 𝑥
⎯⎯
√𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ 3x sin 𝑥
√𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯
√𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 3√x sin 𝑥 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
3√x sin 𝑥 3x sin 𝑥
√𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯
√𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 3 √x sin 𝑥 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ 3 √x sin 𝑥 3x sin 𝑥
√𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯
√𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 3 √x sin 𝑥 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3x sin 𝑥 3x sin 𝑥
3 x sin 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 3 x sin 𝑥 − 1

3x sin 𝑥
3 √⎯
x sin 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 3 √⎯
x sin 𝑥 − 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3x sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥 3 √⎯x sin 𝑥

3 √⎯
x sin 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1
sin 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3x sin 𝑥
3 √⎯
x sin 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cos 𝑥 3 √⎯
x −1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3x sin 𝑥
3 √⎯
x sin 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 3 √⎯
x −1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3x sin 𝑥
Damn
− csc 𝑥 (𝑥 cot 𝑥 + 1/3)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
[15]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 )
(cos x tan 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥 sec 𝑥)
sin 𝑥 1
cos x ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + (sin 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯)
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1
(sin 𝑥) + tan x ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
tan x
(sin 𝑥) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
(cos x sin 𝑥) tan x

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
(cos x sin 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
cos x sin 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
cos x sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
cos x sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
cos x sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
cos x(sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥/ cos 𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥/ cos 𝑥
1
sin 𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥
sin 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
Whatever
[17]
cot 𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1+𝑥
1+𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ( 1 + 𝑥 cot 𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
1 + 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 − (2𝑥 cot 𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
− 1 + 𝑥 csc 𝑥 − (2𝑥 cot 𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
1+𝑥 csc 𝑥 + (2𝑥 cot 𝑥)

−
1+𝑥
1 + 𝑥 csc 𝑥 + (2𝑥 cot 𝑥)
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
To no avail:
[19]
Done!
[21]
Find the slope of the curve for y= cos x at the point for which x is (a) 0, (b) π /6, (c) π /2
Well, we know that when x is 0 the slope is 0,

but how to find the slope? Well,
𝑓(𝑎 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(0 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(0)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
No, model it like,

𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎)
So, 𝑓 (𝑥) = −sin 𝑥

− sin 0 (𝑥 − 0) + 𝑓(0) =
− sin 0 (𝑥 − 0) + 𝑓(0) =
0 (𝑥 − 0) + 𝑓(0) =
cos 0 = 1
Ah, we should disregard the 𝑓(a) part; we are only concerned with the slope, which is 0, that is, you
need only see what -sin[x]=
(b) sin ⎯ = −1/2
(c) -1
[23]
A mass bobbing up and down on the end of a spring has the y coordinate y=3 sin t centimeters at time 't'
seconds.
(a) How high does it go?
(b) How Low
(c) What is its velocity when 't' =0 and when 't' = π ?
(d) What is its speed when 't' =0 and when 't'=π
Hmm.
[25] At what angle does the graph of y= tan x cross the x axis?
Visually, it looks to be at about a 45° (π /2)
Can we take the limit of the slope?

Closer: Can we take the limit of the slope as
𝑓(𝑎 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
of the function, as a approaches 0
Yeah, the derivative of tan x, gives the slope at any point along the curve of tangent, so just plug 0 into
the derivative of tangent and you get the slope.
So sec (0) = 1
Hence, the slope is 1, and the angle is π /2 ∨ 45°
But just to check, tan also crosses the x axis at π, so sec 𝜋 = 1
Check Check.
[27]
Give two antiderivatives for each of the functions
(a) cos x
sin x + C
(b) 5 cos x
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(5 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶) = 5 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(c) sin x
-cos x?
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(− cos x) = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(d) -3 sin x
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(3cos 𝑥) = −3 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
[29]
𝐷(cos 11𝑥) = −11 sin 11𝑥
cos(𝑎 + 𝑏) = cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏) − sin(𝑎) sin(𝑏)
11𝜋 12𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 6 𝜋
𝐷(cos 11𝑥) = 𝐷 cos ⎯⎯⎯⎯𝑥 = 𝐷 cos ⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯ 𝑥 = 𝐷 cos ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 =
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐷(cos 11𝑥) =
11/π + π /11?
121 𝜋 121 + 𝜋 11
⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ≠ ⎯⎯⎯
11 𝜋 11 𝜋 11 𝜋
cos 11 (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − cos 11𝑥

𝐷(cos 11𝑥) = lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
cos(11x) cos(11Δx) − sin(11x) sin(11Δx) − cos 11𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
cos(11x) cos(11Δx) − cos 11𝑥 − sin(11x) sin(11Δx)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
cos(11x) cos(11Δx) − cos 11𝑥 sin(11x) sin(11Δx)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
(cos 11Δ𝑥 − 1) −sin(11x) sin(11Δx)

lim cos 11𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
−sin(11x) sin(11Δx)
0 cos11𝑥 − lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin(11Δx)
0 cos11𝑥 − lim −sin(11x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin(11Δx) 11
0 − lim −sin(11x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 11
sin(11Δx)
0 − lim −sin(11x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 11
⟶ 11Δ𝑥
0−1 lim (−sin(11x) 11)
⟶
0 − 1 (−sin(11x) 11)
−11sin(11x)
Whew! Tough one!
[31]
Find 𝐷(csc 𝜃)
1
𝐷(csc 𝜃) = 𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 𝑥
1 (sin 𝑥)
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ =
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
(sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ =
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥 1 cos 𝑥
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯=
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
csc 𝑥 tan 𝑥
Monday, June 25, 2018 6:57 PM
[1]
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯
𝑦=√ 𝑢 𝑢 =1+𝑥
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 ⎯⎯ 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯√ 𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯ 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ 2𝑥
2√𝑢
2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑢
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√𝑢
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1 + 𝑥
[4]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Differnetiate (1 + 𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
⎯⎯
𝑦=√ 𝑢
𝑢=𝑣
𝑣 =1+𝑥
𝑑 ⎯⎯ 𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯√ 𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯𝑣 ⎯⎯⎯ 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ 5𝑣 2𝑥
2√𝑢
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 5(1 + 𝑥 ) 2𝑥
2√𝑣
5(1 + 𝑥 ) 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 (1 + 𝑥 )
5(1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
5(1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 )
5𝑥(1 + 𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
⎯⎯
5𝑥(1 + 𝑥 ) 1+𝑥
/
5𝑥(1 + 𝑥 )
[5]
D(sin 3𝑥)
sin 3𝑥
𝑦=𝑢
𝑢 = sin 𝑣
𝑣 = 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯sin 𝑣 ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥)
2𝑢 cos 𝑣 3
2(sin 𝑣) cos 3𝑥 3
2(sin 3𝑥) cos 3𝑥 3
6 sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥
Tuesday, June 26, 2018 3:19 PM
Composite Functions
[1]
𝑥 +𝑥 −2
𝑦=𝑢
𝑢 =𝑥 +𝑥 −2
[3]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√𝑥 + 3
⎯⎯
𝑦=√ 𝑢
𝑢 =𝑥+3
[5]
sin 2𝑥
𝑦 = sin 𝑢
𝑢 = 2𝑥
[7]
cos 2𝑥
𝑦=𝑢
𝑢 = cos 𝑣
𝑣 = 2𝑥
[9]
2𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑦=𝑢
𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
40𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯2𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
40𝑢 6𝑥 − 1
40(2𝑥 − 𝑥) 6𝑥 − 1
[11]
3
𝐷 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑦=𝑢
𝑦=𝑢
3
𝑢 = 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 3
⎯⎯⎯𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯ 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 3
4𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑
4𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯(3 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
4𝑢 3 −1𝑥
4𝑢 −3 𝑥
1
4𝑢 −3 ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
3 −3
4 1 + ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
3 −12
1 + ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
[13]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +𝑥+2
⎯⎯
𝑦=√ 𝑢
𝑢 =𝑥 +𝑥+2
𝑑 ⎯⎯ 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯√ 𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ 3𝑥 + 1 + 0
2√ 𝑢
3𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2
[15]
sin 3𝑥
𝑦 = sin 𝑢
𝑦 = sin 𝑢
𝑢 = 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(sin 𝑢) ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
(cos 𝑢) 3
3 cos 3𝑥
[17]
𝑥 tan(1/𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1+𝑥
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ tan(1/𝑥)
1+𝑥
𝑥 1 𝑥 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ tan ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ tan ⎯⎯
1+𝑥 𝑥 1+𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 1 𝑥 1+𝑥 −𝑥 1+𝑥 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ tan ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ tan ⎯⎯
1+𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑥
𝑦 = tan 𝑢
1
𝑢 = ⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥 d 𝑑 1 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 − (𝑥 1+𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯tan(𝑢) ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ tan
1+𝑥 du 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 )
𝑥 1 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 − (𝑥 1+𝑥 ) 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ sec u − ⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ tan ⎯⎯
1+𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑥
1
𝑥 sec ⎯⎯
x 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 − (𝑥 1+𝑥 ) 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ tan ⎯⎯
1+𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑥
1
𝑥 sec ⎯⎯ 3𝑥 1 + 𝑥 − (𝑥 2𝑥) 1
x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ tan ⎯⎯
1+𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑥
1
𝑥 sec ⎯⎯ 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 1
x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ tan ⎯⎯
1+𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑥
1 1
−𝑥 sec ⎯⎯ x (3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) tan ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 )
1 1
𝑥 (−𝑥 sec ⎯⎯) (3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) tan ⎯⎯
x 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 )
1 1
−𝑥 sec ⎯⎯ x (3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) tan ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 )
1 1
−𝑥 sec ⎯⎯ (1 + 𝑥 ) (3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) tan ⎯⎯
x 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 )
1 1
−𝑥 sec ⎯⎯x 1+𝑥 + (3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) tan ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
1 1 1
−𝑥 sec ⎯⎯
x − 𝑥 sec ⎯⎯ x + (3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) tan ⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
Oh Well!
[19]
(2𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 + 1)
𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦=𝑢
𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑢) ⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
5𝑢 2 3𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
5𝑢 2 (3𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
10(2𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦=𝑢
𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 1
𝑑 𝑑
10(2𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯(𝑢) ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
10(2𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1) 7𝑢 3
10(2𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1) 21𝑢
10(2𝑥 + 1) (3𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1) 21(3𝑥 + 1)
(3𝑥 + 1)
(3𝑥 + 1) 10(2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ (2𝑥 + 1) 21
(3𝑥 + 1)
(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1)
(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1) 10 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 21
(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1)
(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1) (10 (3𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1) 21)
(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1) 30𝑥 + 10 + (42𝑥 + 21)
(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1) (72𝑥 + 31)
[21]
𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ sin 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ sin 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦=𝑢
𝑢 = sin 𝑣
𝑣 = 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯(sin 𝑣) ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥)
2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑥 5𝑢 (cos v) 3
2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑥 15 (sin 3𝑥) cos 3𝑥
2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 15𝑥 (sin 3𝑥) cos 3𝑥
[23]
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 + 3)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦=𝑢
𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3
−5(2𝑥 + 3) (2)
−10(2𝑥 + 3)
10
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 + 3)
[25]
(2𝑥 + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
(2𝑥 + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
𝑑 𝑑
(3𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥 + 1) − ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
(3𝑥 + 1) 3(2𝑥 + 1) 2 − 4(3𝑥 + 1) 3 (2𝑥 + 1)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
6(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1) − 12(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
6(3𝑥 + 1) − 12(2𝑥 + 1)
(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
18𝑥 + 6 − 24𝑥 + 12
3𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 + 1
3𝑥 + 1
(18𝑥 + 6) − (24𝑥 + 12)
(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
−6𝑥 − 6
(3𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
−6𝑥 − 6
(2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
−6(𝑥 + 1)
(2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
[27]
𝑥 − 1 cot 5𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑥 − 1 cot 5𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 − 1 cot 5𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 𝑥 − 1 cot 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 − 1 cot (5𝑥) + 𝑥 − 1 ⎯⎯⎯cot (5𝑥) − 𝑥 − 1 cot (5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯cot (5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦=𝑢
𝑢 = cot 𝑣
𝑣 = 5𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯(cot 𝑣) ⎯⎯⎯5𝑥 = 3(cot 5𝑥) − csc 5𝑥 5
= −15(cot 5𝑥) csc 5𝑥
cos 5𝑥 1
−15 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 5𝑥 sin 5x
cos 5𝑥
−15 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin 5𝑥
cos 5𝑥
𝑥 5 𝑥 − 1 (3𝑥 ) cot 5𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 −15 − 𝑥 −1
sin 5𝑥
cos 5𝑥
𝑥 5 𝑥 − 1 (3𝑥 ) cot (5𝑥) + 𝑥 − 1 −15 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 𝑥 − 1
sin 5𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
cos 5𝑥
𝑥 15 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 ) cot (5𝑥) + −15 𝑥 − 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 𝑥 − 1
sin 5𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
⎛ cos 5𝑥
15𝑥 𝑥 cot (5𝑥) + 𝑥 − 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 𝑥 − 1 cot
⎜ sin 5𝑥
𝑥 −1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎝ 𝑥
[29]
1 + 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 3𝑥
𝑑 1 + 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 1 + 3𝑥
1 + 2𝑥 1 + 2𝑥
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 3𝑥 1 + 3𝑥
1 + 2𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥) (1 + 3𝑥) − (1 + 2𝑥) (1 + 3𝑥)

4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 3𝑥 (1 + 3𝑥)
1 + 2𝑥 2 (1 + 3𝑥) − (1 + 2𝑥) 3
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 3𝑥 (1 + 3𝑥)
1 + 2𝑥 (2 + 6𝑥) − (3 + 6𝑥)
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 3𝑥 (1 + 3𝑥)
1 + 2𝑥 −1
4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 3𝑥 (1 + 3𝑥)
(1 + 2𝑥) −4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 3𝑥) (1 + 3𝑥)
−4(1 + 2𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 3𝑥)
[31]
⎯⎯
tan √ 𝑥
𝑦=𝑢
𝑢 = tan 𝑣
𝑣 = √𝑥
⎯⎯ 𝑑 ⎯⎯ 𝑑 ⎯⎯
2 tan √ 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯tan √ 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯√𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯ 1
2 tan √ 𝑥 sec (√ x ) ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯ 1
tan √ 𝑥 sec (√ x ) ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√𝑥
⎯⎯
sin √ 𝑥 1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
cos √𝑥 cos (√x ) √𝑥
⎯⎯
sin √ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯ ⎯
√x cos (√x )
[33]
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1 − 𝑥
1
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1 − 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1 − 𝑥
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1 − 𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −2𝑥
− 2√1 −𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1−𝑥
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1 − 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1−𝑥
𝑥
1−𝑥
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 − 𝑥 )
[35]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5(3𝑥 − 2) + 1
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 5(3𝑥 − 2) + 1
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯(5(3𝑥 − 2) + 1)
2 5(3𝑥 − 2) + 1 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
20(3𝑥 − 2) ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥 − 2)
2 5(3𝑥 − 2) + 1 𝑑𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
20(3𝑥 − 2) (3)
2 5(3𝑥 − 2) + 1
60(3𝑥 − 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 5(3𝑥 − 2) + 1
30(3𝑥 − 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5(3𝑥 − 2) + 1
[37]
cos 3𝑥 sin 4𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(cos 3𝑥 sin 4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
(cos 3𝑥 (sin 4𝑥) + (cos 3𝑥)′ sin 4𝑥)
cos 3𝑥 (cos 4𝑥) 4 + (−sin 3x) 3 sin 4𝑥)
4 cos 3𝑥 (cos 4𝑥) − 3(sin 3x) sin 4𝑥
[39]
⁄
𝑥
7
𝑥
5
7 ⁄
⎯⎯𝑥
5
[41]
⁄
𝑥 +2
⁄
7
⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 2 (3𝑥 )
9
21𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9(𝑥 + 2) ⁄
7𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3(𝑥 + 2) ⁄
[43]
⎯⎯
√𝑥 𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯√⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯ 𝑥 + ( √⎯⎯
√𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 )
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 + ( √⎯⎯
𝑥 3𝑥 )
3 √𝑥
⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 ⎯⎯ 3 √𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ + √𝑥 3𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
3 √𝑥 3 √𝑥
𝑥 9𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
3 √𝑥 3 √𝑥
10𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯
3 √𝑥
𝑥 ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯= 𝑥 −𝑥 =𝑥 −𝑥 =𝑥
𝑥 ⁄
⁄
⎯⎯ 𝑥
[49]
(a) sin(sin 3𝑥)
𝑦 = sin 𝑢
𝑢 = sin 𝑣
𝑣 = 3𝑥
cos(sin 3𝑥) cos 3𝑥 3
(b)
cos (tan 5𝑥)
𝑦=𝑢
𝑢 = cos 𝑣
𝑣 = tan 𝑤
𝑤 = 5𝑥
cos (tan 5𝑥)
2 cos(tan 5𝑥) − sin(tan 5𝑥) sec 5𝑥 5
−10 cos(tan 5𝑥) sin(tan 5𝑥) sec 5𝑥
[51]
cos 3𝑥
1
⎯⎯ sin 3𝑥
3
[53]
cos 2𝑥
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
𝑑 cos 2𝑥 1 𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= − ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯(cos 2𝑥) = − ⎯⎯ −sin 2𝑥 2 = sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2
sin 2𝑥
[55]
1 1
− ⎯⎯cos(3𝑥) + ⎯⎯cos 3𝑥
3 9
𝑑 1 1
⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯cos(3𝑥) + ⎯⎯cos 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 9
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯cos(3𝑥) + ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯cos 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 9
1 𝑑 1 𝑑
− ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯(cos(3𝑥)) + ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ cos 3𝑥
3 𝑑𝑥 9 𝑑𝑥
1 1
− ⎯⎯ (− sin 3𝑥 3) + ⎯⎯ 3 cos 3𝑥 (− sin 3𝑥) (3)
3 9
−(− sin 3𝑥) + cos 3𝑥 (− sin 3𝑥)
(sin 3𝑥) − cos 3𝑥 (sin 3𝑥)
(sin 3𝑥)[1 − cos 3𝑥 ]
(sin 3𝑥)(sin 3𝑥)
(sin 3𝑥)
[57]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 4 + tan 2𝑥
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯5 4 + tan 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 ⎯⎯⎯ 4 + tan 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑢⎯⎯
𝑢 = 4 + (v)
𝑣 = tan 𝑤
𝑤 = 2𝑥
𝑑 ⁄ 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
5 ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑢 ⎯⎯⎯ 4 + 𝑣 ⎯⎯⎯(tan 𝑤) ⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑥
1
5 ⎯⎯ (2𝑣) sec 𝑤
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
2√ 𝑢
1
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ (2 tan 2𝑥) sec 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
2√4 + tan 2𝑥
10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ (tan 2𝑥) sec 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√4 + tan 2𝑥
10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ (tan 2𝑥) sec 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2 + tan 2𝑥
[59]
⎯⎯
√
The slope is ⎯⎯?
So the equation of the line is ⎯ ⎯⎯

⎯ 𝑥 − ⎯ + ⎯ ⎯⎯
⎯
√ √
Simplified
1 4𝑥 π 1
⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√2 4 4 √2
4𝑥 − 𝜋 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
4√2 √2
4𝑥 − 𝜋 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
4√2 4√2
4𝑥 − 𝜋 + 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
4√2
𝑥 4−𝜋
⎯⎯⎯+
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√2 4√2
𝜋
4(𝑥 − ⎯⎯+
4 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
4√2
𝜋
(𝑥 − ⎯⎯
4 + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√2
(b)
𝜋 ⎯⎯
𝑦 = tan 2𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ⎯⎯, √3
6
Well, tan 2𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
So sin 2 ⎯= √3/2
𝜋 1
cos 2 ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯
6 2
So
⎯⎯
√3
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
2 = √3
⎯⎯⎯
1
⎯⎯
2
The derivative of tan 2𝑥 = sec 2𝑥 2
1 1 1
sec 2𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯= 4
cos 2𝑥 1 1⁄4
⎯⎯
2
Times two, is 8, so the slope must be 8
Times two, is 8, so the slope must be 8
Hence, the Equation of the tangent line is:
𝜋 ⎯⎯
8 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ + √3
6
4𝜋 ⎯⎯
8𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯ + √3
3
⎯⎯
4𝜋 3√3
8𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 3
⎯⎯
4𝜋 + 3√3
8𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
[61]
Well, the derivative of 1/x
𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 = −𝑥 = − ⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Guide Quiz On Chapter 3
Wednesday, June 27, 2018 2:59 PM
[1]
𝑓(𝑎 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
[2]
(a)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(5𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑥
5(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 2(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 2 − (5𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
5 𝑥 + 3𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 3𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 2(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 2 − 5𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
5𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 15𝑥Δ𝑥 + 5Δ𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 2Δ𝑥 + 2 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 15𝑥Δ𝑥 + 5Δ𝑥 − 2Δ𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑥 15𝑥 + 15𝑥Δ𝑥 + 5Δ𝑥 − 2

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
lim 15𝑥 + 15𝑥Δ𝑥 + 5Δ𝑥 − 2

⟶
15𝑥 + 15𝑥 0 + 5 0 − 2
15𝑥 − 2
[2]
(b)
𝑑 5
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 + 2
5 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 6(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+
3𝑥 + 2
6𝑥
3(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
5 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 6𝑥 + 6Δ𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯−
3𝑥 + 2 6𝑥
3(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
5 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 6Δ𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 2
3(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
5 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + 6Δ𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
lim 3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 + 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
5 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + 6Δ𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2
3𝑥 + 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2
5 5
3𝑥 + 2
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2 + 6Δ𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2
5 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + 6Δ𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
3𝑥 + 2 15𝑥 + 15Δ𝑥 + 10
5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 + 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + 6Δ𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
15Δ𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 2
6Δ𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
15Δ𝑥
6Δ𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2(3𝑥 + 2)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
15
Δ𝑥 6 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2(3𝑥 + 2)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
15
lim 6 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 3𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 2(3𝑥 + 2)
15
lim 6 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (3𝑥(3𝑥 + 2) + 3Δ𝑥(3𝑥 + 2) + 2(3𝑥 + 2))
15
lim 6 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (9𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 9𝑥Δ𝑥 + 6Δ𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 4)
15
6 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(9𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 0 + 0 + 6𝑥 + 4)
15
6 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(9𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 4)
15
6 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
9 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
6
5
6 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
3 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
6
That one kicked my ass
(c)
(c)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯3 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3 sin 2(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 3 sin 2𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
3 sin(2𝑥 + 2Δ𝑥) − 3 sin 2𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin(𝑎 + 𝑏) = sin(𝑎) cos(𝑏) + cos(𝑎) sin(𝑏)
3(sin(2x) cos(2Δx) + cos(2x) sin(2Δx)) − 3 sin 2𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
(cos(2x) sin(2Δx))
3 sin(2x) cos(2Δx) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 3 sin 2𝑥
sin 2𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
(cos(2x) sin(2Δx))
3sin(2x) cos(2Δx) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 1
sin 2𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
3sin(2x) (cos(2x) sin(2Δx))

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ cos(2Δx) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 1
⟶ Δ𝑥 sin 2𝑥
1 (cos(2x) sin(2Δx)) 1
lim 3sin(2x) ⎯⎯⎯ cos(2Δx) + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 sin 2𝑥 Δ𝑥
cos(2Δx) (cos(2x) sin(2Δx)) 1

lim 3sin(2x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 Δx sin 2𝑥 Δ𝑥

lim 3sin(2x) lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⟶ Δ𝑥 Δx sin 2𝑥 Δ𝑥

lim 3sin(2x) lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ lim − ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⟶ Δ𝑥 Δx sin 2𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥

lim 3sin(2x) lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − lim ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⟶ Δ𝑥 ⟶ Δx sin 2𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
cos(2Δx) sin(2Δx) (cos(2x)) 1

lim 3sin(2x) lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − lim ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⟶ Δ𝑥 ⟶ Δx sin 2𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
cos(2Δx) sin(2Δx) (cos(2x)) 1

lim 3sin(2x) lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − lim ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⟶ Δ𝑥 ⟶ 2Δx sin 2𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
cos(2Δx) (cos(2x)) 1
lim 3sin(2x) lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 2 lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − lim ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⟶ Δ𝑥 ⟶ sin 2𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
lim 3sin(2x) lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − lim ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ ⟶ Δ𝑥 sin 2𝑥 ⟶ Δ𝑥
lim 3sin(2x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
3sin(2x) cos(2Δx) 3sin(2x) (cos(2x)) 1

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
3sin(2x) cos(2Δx) 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + 6 cos(2x) − ⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
3sin(2x) cos(2Δx) − 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 6 cos(2x)
⟶ Δ𝑥
cos(2Δx) − 1
lim 3sin(2x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 6 cos(2x)
⟶ Δ𝑥
cos(2Δx) − 1
lim 3sin(2x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 + 6 cos(2x)
⟶ 2Δ𝑥
−1 (1 − cos(2Δx))
lim 3sin(2x) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 + 6 cos(2x)
⟶ 2Δ𝑥
(1 − cos(2Δx))
lim 3sin(2x) −2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 6 cos(2x)
⟶ 2Δ𝑥
0(3sin(2x) −2) + lim (+6 cos(2x))

⟶
0 + 6cos(2𝑥)
6cos(2𝑥)
Mother of god
(d)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯
lim 𝑥 + 2𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
2𝑥Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
1 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
1 𝑥 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 2𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 2𝑥Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
2Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
1 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
1 𝑥 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 2𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 2Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
𝑥 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
2Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
1 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯+
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯
1 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 2𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
𝑥 2𝑥Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
−2𝑥Δ𝑥 − Δ𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 2𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 2𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 )𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 )𝑥
Δ𝑥(−2𝑥 − Δ𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 )𝑥
(−2𝑥 − Δ𝑥)
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ (𝑥 + 2𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 )𝑥
(−2𝑥 − 0)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 0 + 0)𝑥
(−2𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 )
(2)
−
(𝑥 )
(2)
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 )
[3]
(a)
𝑑 ⎯⎯ 5
⎯⎯⎯ 5√ 𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 2√ 𝑥
(b)
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ 3 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 𝑑
2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯(3 − 2𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√3 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −4𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√3 − 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 4𝑥
2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√3 − 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑥
2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√3 − 2𝑥
2𝑥(3 − 2𝑥 ) − 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√3 − 2𝑥
6𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√3 − 2𝑥
6𝑥 − 6𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√3 − 2𝑥
6𝑥(1 − 𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√3 − 2𝑥
(c)
d
⎯⎯ cos 5𝑥
dx
−sin 5𝑥 5
−5sin 5𝑥
(d)
𝑑 ⁄
⎯⎯⎯ 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3 /
⎯⎯ 1 + 𝑥 2𝑥
4
6𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4(1 + 𝑥 ) /
3𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2(1 + 𝑥 ) /
(e)
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯√tan 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 ⁄
𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯(tan 6𝑥) ⎯⎯⎯(tan 6𝑥) ⎯⎯⎯6𝑥
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 ⁄
⎯⎯(tan 6𝑥) sec 6𝑥 6
3
2 sec 6𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(tan 6𝑥) ⁄
(f)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 sin(5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 d
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 sin(5𝑥) + 𝑥 ⎯⎯ sin(5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 dx
3𝑥 sin(5𝑥) + 𝑥 cos(5𝑥) 5
3𝑥 sin(5𝑥) + 5𝑥 cos(5𝑥)
(g)
1
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2𝑥 + 1
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ √2𝑥 + 1
− 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2𝑥 + 1
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√2𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥 + 1
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥 + 1
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 + 1)√2𝑥 + 1
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 + 1) ⁄
(h)
2𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−4 2𝑥 − 𝑥 10𝑥 − 3𝑥
−4(10𝑥 − 3𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯.
(2𝑥 − 𝑥 )
(i)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 −3
1 ⁄
⎯⎯ 𝑥 − 3 3𝑥
3
3𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3(𝑥 − 3) ⁄
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 3) ⁄
[j]
2𝑥 + 2
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 + 2 ′ (3𝑥 + 1) − (2𝑥 + 2) (3𝑥 + 1)′

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
6𝑥 (3𝑥 + 1) − (2𝑥 + 2) 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
18𝑥 + 6𝑥 − (6𝑥 + 6)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
12𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 6)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 1)
12𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 6)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + ⎯⎯
3
2 (2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
3 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
9
2 (2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
3 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
9
2 (2𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1))
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
3 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
9
2 (2𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 1 1
3 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⎯⎯− ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯
4 4 9
2 (2𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 1 1
3 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯
4 4 9
2 (2𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 9 4
3 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
4 36 36
2 (2𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 5
3 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
4 − ⎯⎯⎯
36
2 (2𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1))

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 5
3 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
4 12
[k]
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5𝑥 + 1
1
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ =
5𝑥 + 1
5𝑥 + 1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 1)
10𝑥
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(5𝑥 + 1)
[l]
1
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 2)
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 2)
(3𝑥 + 2)
𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑢) ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
−10(𝑢) 3
−30(𝑢)
−30(3𝑥 + 2)
30
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 + 2)
[m]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(1 + 2𝑥) (𝑥 )(sec 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯(sec 3𝑥) + ⎯⎯⎯(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 (sec 3𝑥) + (1 + 2𝑥) ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 (sec 3𝑥)
(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 (sec 3𝑥)(tan 3𝑥) 3 + 5(1 + 2𝑥) (2) 𝑥 (sec 3𝑥) + (1 + 2𝑥) 3 𝑥 (sec 3𝑥)
3(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 (sec 3𝑥)(tan 3𝑥) + 10(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 (sec 3𝑥) + 3 (1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 (sec 3𝑥)
sec 3𝑥 3(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 (tan 3𝑥) + 10(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 + 3 (1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥
(1 + 2𝑥) sec 3𝑥 3(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 (tan 3𝑥) + 10 𝑥 + 3 (1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥
x (1 + 2𝑥) sec 3𝑥 3(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 (tan 3𝑥) + (10𝑥) + 3 (1 + 2𝑥)
x (1 + 2𝑥) sec 3𝑥 3𝑥 + 6𝑥 (tan 3𝑥) + (10𝑥) + (3 + 6𝑥)
x (1 + 2𝑥) sec 3𝑥 3𝑥 + 6𝑥 (tan 3𝑥) + (16𝑥) + 3
[n]
d ⎯⎯
⎯⎯ csc √ 𝑥
dx
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 1
−csc √ 𝑥 cot √ 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
−csc √ 𝑥 cot √ 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√𝑥
⎯⎯
1 cos √ 𝑥 1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
sin √𝑥 sin √x 2√ 𝑥
⎯⎯
cos √ 𝑥 1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
sin √ 𝑥 2√ 𝑥
[o]
𝑑
1 + 3 cot 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(1 + 3 cot 4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
(1 + 3 cot 4𝑥)
𝑑
−2(1 + 3 cot 4𝑥) ⎯⎯⎯(1 + 3 cot 4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
−2(1 + 3 cot 4𝑥) 3 ⎯⎯⎯(cot 4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
−2(1 + 3 cot 4𝑥) 3 − csc 4𝑥 4
−2(1 + 3 cot 4𝑥) −12 csc 4𝑥
−2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −12 csc 4𝑥
(1 + 3 cot 4𝑥)
24 csc 4𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 3 cot 4𝑥)
24 csc 4𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 3 cot 4𝑥)
[5]
3𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6
Estimate the x coordinate where the tangent is horizontal
Okay, it's around -1, we can probably solve by shifting the axis to the origin. It might be easier to solve by just setting the derivative =0
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯3𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 6𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥
6𝑥 + 5 = 0
6𝑥 = −5
𝑥 = −5/6
[6]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
So the line tangent to 𝑥 at [1/2, 1/16]
1 1
0.5 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯
2 16
𝑥 1 1
⎯⎯− ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯
2 4 16
2𝑥 − 1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯
4 16
8𝑥 − 4 1
+
16 16
8𝑥 − 4 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯
16 16
8𝑥 − 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
16
[7]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 − 12𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 12
𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 − 12 = 0
3𝑥 = 12
12
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯
3
𝑥 =4
𝑥 = +2 & − 2
Obvs when x=2 and x=-2, so 2 − 12 2 = 8 − 24 = −16
∴ (2, -16)
Also
−8 − (12 −2)
−8 − (−24)
−8 + 24 = 16
∴ (-2,16)
[8] Hard ones!
(a)
How fast the rocket is gaining height
(b)
The rate at which the bacteria are growing
(c)
The density at x
(d)
The MAGNIFICATION of x
[9]
(a)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑡 − 2𝑡 = 2𝑡 − 2
𝑑𝑥
(b)
1 2 1 1 4 3
2 ⎯⎯ − 2 = ⎯⎯− 2 = ⎯⎯− 2 = ⎯⎯− ⎯⎯= − ⎯⎯
4 4 2 2 2 2
3 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
− ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
(c)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(2𝑡 − 2) = 2
𝑑𝑥
Ah, speed is just the absolute value of velocity, so − ⎯ = ⎯
(d)
Right to left. We looked at the graph, but all we needed to know was that the velocity was in fact negative.
[10]
(a)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3
(b)
𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯𝑢 = ⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯− 𝑢 =𝑥
𝑑𝑢
1
− ⎯⎯
𝑥
(c)
d
⎯⎯ u = sin 3𝑥
dx
d cos3x
⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= sin 3𝑥
dx 3
Perhaps more clearly;
d 1
⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯cos3x = sin 3𝑥
dx 3
(d)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑢
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑢 + 2𝑢 + 5𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑢
∴ 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5𝑥
(e)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑢) = sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯(𝑢) = sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 3
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(tan 𝑥) = sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Oh noes!
(f)
d
⎯⎯ u = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
dx
d
⎯⎯ cos (sin x) = −sin (sin x) cos x
dx
d
⎯⎯ −1cos (sin x) = sin (sin x) cos x
dx
Nope
d
⎯⎯ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
dx
𝑑 𝑑
sin 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯cos 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
− sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
____________________________
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 d
sin 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯sin 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 dx
sin 𝑥 cos x + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
2sin 𝑥 cos x
Got it!
1
𝑫 ⎯⎯sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2
Also:
1
𝐷 − ⎯⎯ cos 𝑥
2
Monday, July 2, 2018 12:23 AM
Get that classic derivative
[1]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 5𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 3𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
5 𝑥 + 3𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 3𝑥 Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 5𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
5𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 5Δ𝑥 − 5𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 5Δ𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑥(15𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 5Δ𝑥)

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
lim (15𝑥 + 15𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 5Δ𝑥)

⟶
(15𝑥 + 0 + 0)
15𝑥
[3]
1
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+3
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 3
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 3
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
1 1 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 3 𝑥 + 3
Noep
Δ𝑥
1 1 1 1+𝑥+3
lim −
Δ𝑥
Δ𝑥
1 1 1 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+3
lim ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 3 Δ𝑥
𝑥 + 3 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+3
Δ𝑥
1 1 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+3
lim ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 3 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + 3
Δ𝑥
1 1 − 1 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+3
lim ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 3
Δ𝑥
1 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+3
lim ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 3
1 Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) + 3
1 Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 (𝑥(𝑥 + 3) + Δ𝑥(𝑥 + 3)) + 3(𝑥 + 3)
1 Δ𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥Δ𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 9
1
lim − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥Δ𝑥 + 3Δ𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 9
1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 0 + 0 + 3𝑥 + 9
1
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 9
[5]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
cos(𝑎 + 𝑏) = cos(𝑎) cos(𝑏) − sin(𝑎) sin(𝑏)
cos 𝑥 cos Δ𝑥 − sin 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥 − cos 𝑥

lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥
−cos 𝑥 −cos Δ𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+
cos 𝑥 1
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥
−cos 𝑥 1 − cos Δ𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥
1 − cos Δ𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
lim −cos 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
− cos 𝑥 0 + lim −cos 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δ𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin Δ𝑥
lim − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δx
sin Δ𝑥
lim − sin 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⟶ Δx
1 lim (− sin 𝑥)
⟶
1 − sin 𝑥
− sin 𝑥
Make sure you write down the question right!
[7]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
10𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1
[9]
𝑥
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4𝑥 + 1
𝑑 𝑑
(4𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯(4𝑥 + 1) 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4𝑥 + 1)
(4𝑥 + 1) 2𝑥 − (4) 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4𝑥 + 1)
8𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4𝑥 + 1)
8𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4𝑥 + 1)
4𝑥 + 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4𝑥 + 1)
𝑥
8 (𝑥 − ⎯⎯4)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 1 1
8 𝑥 − ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯
4 64 64
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4𝑥 + 1)
1 1
8 𝑥 − ⎯⎯
8 − ⎯⎯⎯
64
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4𝑥 + 1)
1 1
8 𝑥 − ⎯⎯
8 − ⎯⎯
8
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(4𝑥 + 1)
Well, that's what we get for being sloppy!
[11]
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑥
⁄
3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4)
2(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥
(6𝑥 + 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
2 (3𝑥 + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
(3𝑥 + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
[13]
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ (2𝑡 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
/
2𝑡 − 1
3 2𝑡 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
/
⎯⎯⎯(2𝑡 − 1)
3 (2𝑡 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
/
2 (2𝑡 − 1) ⎯⎯⎯(2𝑡 − 1)
3 (2𝑡 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 (2𝑡 − 1) (2)
3 (2𝑡 − 1) /
(8𝑡 − 4)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 (2𝑡 − 1) /
4 (2𝑡 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 (2𝑡 − 1) /
4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 (2𝑡 − 1) /
[15]
sin 5𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ sin 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2(sin 5𝑥) ⎯⎯⎯(sin 5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2(sin 5𝑥) cos 5𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯(5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
2(sin 5𝑥) cos 5𝑥 5
10(sin 5𝑥) cos 5𝑥
[17]
(5𝑥 + 1)
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7
𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(5𝑥 + 1) 7 − ⎯⎯⎯7 (5𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7
𝑑
4(5𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯(5𝑥 + 1) 7 − 0 (5𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7
4 5𝑥 + 1 5 7
7
4(5𝑥 + 1) 5 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7
4(5𝑥 + 1) 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7
20(5𝑥 + 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7
[19]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯sin 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 cos 3x 3 + sin 3𝑥
3𝑥 cos 3x + sin 3𝑥
[21]
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯tan √1 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 tan √1 + 2𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯tan √1 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

2 tan √1 + 2𝑥 sec √1 + 2𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯( √1 + 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 𝑑
2 tan √1 + 2𝑥 sec √1 + 2𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⁄
⎯⎯⎯(1 + 2𝑥)
3(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
2 tan √1 + 2𝑥 sec √1 + 2𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2
3(1 + 2𝑥) ⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
4 tan √1 + 2𝑥 sec √1 + 2𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3(1 + 2𝑥) ⁄
[23]
𝑥 cos 2𝑥
𝑫
1+𝑥
𝑥 cos 2𝑥
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1+𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
1 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
𝑑 𝑑
1+𝑥 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯cos 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
1 + 𝑥 𝑥 −sin 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − (2𝑥 cos 2𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
1 + 𝑥 𝑥 (2𝑥 −sin 2𝑥 + 3 cos 2𝑥) − (2𝑥 cos 2𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
𝑥 (−2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 3 cos 2𝑥) + 𝑥 (−2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 3 cos 2𝑥) − (2𝑥 cos 2𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
−2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + −2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − (2𝑥 cos 2𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
−2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
−2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + (cos 2𝑥)(3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 )

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
(sin 2𝑥)(−2𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) + (cos 2𝑥)(3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 )

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
(sin 2𝑥)(−2𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) + (cos 2𝑥)(3𝑥 + 𝑥 )

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
That's a nice one!
[25]

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 1+ 𝑥 +3
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⁄
⎯⎯⎯ 1 + 𝑥 + 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑𝑥
3 1 + √𝑥 + 3
1 1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 + 3)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 1 + √𝑥 + 3 2√𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⁄ 2√𝑥 + 3
3 1 + √𝑥 + 3
1 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ √𝑥 + 3
3 1 + √𝑥 + 3
[27]
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ (cot 5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
( / )
⎯⎯⎯(cot 5𝑥)
3(cot 5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 7(cot 5𝑥) ⎯⎯⎯cot 5𝑥
3(cot 5𝑥)( / ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 7(cot 5𝑥) −csc 5x ⎯⎯⎯5𝑥
3(cot 5𝑥)( / ) 𝑑𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 7(cot 5𝑥) −csc 5x 5
3(cot 5𝑥)( / )
−35
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ (cot 5𝑥) csc 5x
3(cot 5𝑥)( / )
−35(cot 5𝑥) /
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ csc 5x
3
[29]

𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ √8𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯(8𝑥 + 3)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√8𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 8
2√8𝑥 + 3
4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√8𝑥 + 3
[31]
𝑑 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 − 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
(2𝑥 + 2𝑥) − 3𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
2𝑥 −𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
[33]
𝑑 ⁄
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 3𝑥 +𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⁄ 𝑑
−5/7 𝑥 + 3𝑥 +𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 3𝑥 +𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⁄ 𝑑
−5/7 𝑥 + 3𝑥 +𝑥 4 𝑥 + 3𝑥 +1 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 + 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
⁄
−5/7 𝑥 + 3𝑥 +𝑥 4 𝑥 + 3𝑥 +1 (2𝑥 + 3)
5 4 𝑥 + 3𝑥 +1 (2𝑥 + 3)
−
7 𝑥 + 3𝑥 +𝑥
5 4 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 (2𝑥 + 3)
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⁄
7 (𝑥 + 3𝑥) + 𝑥
[35]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑 𝑥√2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 5
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑
5 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 − 𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 − 𝑥√2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 0
𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑

5 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯√2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 + 𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯⎯cos 6𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑
1 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥 + 1) cos 6𝑥 + 𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 2 cos 6𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯(cos 6𝑥
2√2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑
1 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 cos 6𝑥 + 𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 2 cos 6𝑥 − sin 6𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯(6𝑥)
2√2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 + 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 cos 6𝑥 + 𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 2 cos 6𝑥 − sin 6𝑥 6
2√2𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ cos 6𝑥 + −12𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 sin 6𝑥
√2𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
(2𝑥 + 1) cos 6𝑥 𝑥 cos 6𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + −12𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 sin 6𝑥
√2𝑥 + 1 √2𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5

(2𝑥 cos 6𝑥 + cos 6𝑥 𝑥 cos 6𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + −12𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 sin 6𝑥
√ 2𝑥 + 1 √ 2𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
(3𝑥 cos 6𝑥 + cos 6𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + −12𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 cos 6𝑥 sin 6𝑥
√2𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
(3𝑥 cos 6𝑥 + cos 6𝑥 (−12𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1) cos 6𝑥 sin 6𝑥)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2𝑥 + 1 √2𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
(3𝑥 cos 6𝑥 + cos 6𝑥 −24𝑥 − 12 cos 6𝑥 sin 6𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√2𝑥 + 1 √2𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
sin 6𝑥
⎛ −24𝑥 − 12 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 6𝑥 ⎞
(3𝑥 + 1)
cos 6𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ cos 6𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎝ 5 √2𝑥 + 1 5 √2𝑥 + 1 ⎠
(3𝑥 + 1) + −24𝑥 − 12 tan 6𝑥

cos 6𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 √2𝑥 + 1
I think this Is right though I haven't checked with the computer
[37]
1 1
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯ sin 𝑎𝑥 − ⎯⎯𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
First Try
1/a?
Try Again
1 1
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯ sin 𝑎𝑥 − ⎯⎯𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
1 1
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯ sin 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑫 ⎯⎯𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
1 1 1
𝑫 sin 𝑎𝑥 + sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑫 −𝑫 𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

1 1 1
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑫 sin 𝑎𝑥 + sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯ − 𝑫 ⎯⎯𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
No…
1 1
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯ sin 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑫 ⎯⎯𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
1 1
⎯⎯⎯𝑫(sin 𝑎𝑥) − ⎯⎯𝑫(𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎
1 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ cos 𝑎𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑎𝑥) − ⎯⎯ 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯cos 𝑎𝑥 + cos 𝑎𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥) − ⎯⎯ 𝑥 −sin 𝑎𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑎𝑥) + cos 𝑎𝑥 1
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 1) − ⎯⎯ 𝑥 −sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥) + cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
1 1
⎯⎯⎯(cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 1) − ⎯⎯(𝑥 −sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 1 + cos 𝑎𝑥 )
𝑎 𝑎
1 1
⎯⎯⎯(a cos 𝑎𝑥) − ⎯⎯(−𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥 + cos 𝑎𝑥 )
𝑎 𝑎
(cos 𝑎𝑥) (−𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥 + cos 𝑎𝑥 )

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑎 𝑎
(cos 𝑎𝑥) (−𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥 ) cos 𝑎𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(cos 𝑎𝑥) (−𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥 ) cos 𝑎𝑥

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
−(−𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥 )
𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥
Yeah!
[39]
𝑥 sin 2𝑎𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 4𝑎
𝑥 sin 2𝑎𝑥
𝐷 ⎯⎯− 𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 4𝑎

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
2 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 − 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯2 4a ⎯⎯⎯sin 2𝑎𝑥 − sin 2𝑎𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯4𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 (4𝑎)
𝑑 𝑑
2 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 − 𝑥 0 4a ⎯⎯⎯sin 2𝑎𝑥 − sin 2𝑎𝑥 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 (4𝑎)
𝑑 𝑑
2 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 4a ⎯⎯⎯sin 2𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 (4𝑎)
𝑑
2 1 4a cos 2𝑎𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯𝑑𝑥
(2𝑎𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 (4𝑎)
1 4a cos 2𝑎𝑥 2𝑎
⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 (4𝑎)
1 cos 2𝑎𝑥 2𝑎
⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 (4𝑎)
1 cos 2𝑎𝑥
⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2
1 − cos 2𝑎𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
sin 𝑎𝑥
That's a nice one!

(I'm enjoying these)
[41]
64𝑡 − 16𝑡
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 64𝑡 − 16𝑡 = ⎯⎯⎯(64𝑡) − ⎯⎯⎯(16𝑡 )
(64) − 2(16𝑡)
64 − 32𝑡
When t=0, V=64

@ t=1, V=32
@t=2, V=0
@t=3, V=-32
The speed is same as above except when t=3, the speed is still (positive) 32

From t=1 to t=2, the ball is rising, and falling after t=2
Rising in the interval 0<t<2
Falling in the interval 2<t< ∞ i.e. t>2
[43]
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥
Okay, find the slope
𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯2𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
So at 1, the slope is
3-4, i.e. -1
𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 1) − 1
Simplified:
−𝑥 + 1 − 1 = −𝑥
∴ y=-x
[45]
(a) 12
⋆ 12 g\cm
(b) A lens projects the x coordinate onto a screen at 3𝑥 , what is the magnification at (1)
⋆ A lens projects the point on a slide whose coordinate is x to the point on a screen with coordinate
3𝑥 what is the magnificaiton at 1?
(c) a rock is falling at 3𝑥 meters per second, what is its velocity at t=1?
[47]
1
⎯⎯⎯
⎯
2√𝑡
t=1/9
1 1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯=
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯ = 3/2
1 1 2
2 ⎯⎯ 2 ⎯⎯3 ⎯⎯
3
9
(b) 1/2
(c) 1/4
(d) 1/6

Thinking About this on our own:
𝑑
lim 𝑥 = 0 = lim ⎯⎯⎯𝑥
⟶ ⟶ 𝑑𝑥
For x>1
Not sure how to phrase the thought precisely
[49]Solved Graphically for
When does 2x=-2x

⎯⎯
𝑥√2 + 0.5
Now, the questions is why
⎯⎯
We want to say √2 = 2
So, for what value does the thin squared = the slope
And then of course you just divide the difference between the curves
So try something simple, like 𝑥
So we say, 4𝑥
What number to the 4th =4𝑥
Well, for 2𝑥 + 1 & − 2𝑥

⎯⎯
The line tangent to both is 2x+0.5, or √4𝑥 + 0.5
The derivative of these functions are both 4, so it's like, what is the number such that when it is
squared it equals the coefficient of the derivative. Hence, if we change our equations to
3𝑥 + 1 & − 3𝑥
We should expect a slope of √6 x
So, we should be finished with these review exercises in roughly 2 more days; that is not so very
long a time, especially given that we are working almost 8 hours a dayu
[51]
[53]
1000 + 5𝑥 + 𝑥
200

1000 + 5𝑥 + 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
200
(a) 5 Bucks
(b) If the Marginal cost is just the first derivative:
𝑑 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯1000 + 5𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 200
2𝑥
0 + 5 + ⎯⎯⎯
200
𝑥
5 + ⎯⎯⎯
100
(c)
When x is 10, the marginal cost is
10
5 + ⎯⎯⎯
100
5 + 0.1
5.1
(d)
10 11
1000 + 5 10 + ⎯⎯⎯ − 1000 + 5 11 + ⎯⎯⎯
200 200
100 121
1050 + ⎯⎯⎯ − 1055 + ⎯⎯⎯
200 200
100 121
1050 + ⎯⎯⎯ − 1055 − ⎯⎯⎯
200 200
Oops, I have the negative backwards, not too late to fix.
121 100
1055 + ⎯⎯⎯ − 1050 − ⎯⎯⎯
200 200
121 100
5 + ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
200 200
21
5+
200

21
5 + ⎯⎯⎯
200
[55]
9−4=5
[a]
5 Million Bucks
(b) 2.5*2.5=6.25
6.25-4=2.25
2.25 Million Bicks
Well, that's just

2.25/0.5=4.5
i.e., we calculate the average rate of change like the slope.
(d)
Why not just take the derivative of 𝑡 , 2t, and plug in 2, which equals 4
[57]
I'm not sure what the question is.
Is the answer 3𝑦 or is it that 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∴ 𝑦 = √⎯⎯

𝑥
So
𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯√⎯⎯
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 /
Nope,
𝑑𝑦
3𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥
(b)
d 𝑑𝑦
⎯⎯⎯cos 𝑦 = − sin 𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯
dy 𝑑𝑥
(c)
1 1 𝑑𝑦
⎯⎯= − ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
[59]
(a)
4𝑥

𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 + 𝐶 = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(b)
𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4
(c)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑤 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 1
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 5 4
(d)
𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4
(e)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑤) = 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑤) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 2
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥 5 3
[61]
(a) At the risk of getting it wrong, It looks as though all of the limits exist,
(b)
The limit at 1 exists, but 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at 1
(c)
𝑓(𝑥) is not differentiable at 0,2,3,4
[63]
[1] 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥
(2) 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 … (𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠)
(3) ⎯⎯(𝑥 𝑥) = ⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 … (𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠)
(4) 2𝑥 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 … (𝑥 1s)

∴ 2𝑥 = 𝑥
Step 3 is invalid, because we are differentiating a set of positive integers, which is meaningless.
"Line 3 only make sense when x is a positive integer, it is meaningless to speak of differentiating a
function that only makes sense when it is positive"
[65]
𝑑 4𝜋𝑟 4𝜋 𝑑 4𝜋
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑟 = ⎯⎯⎯3 𝑟 = 4 𝜋 𝑟
𝑑𝑥 3 3 𝑑𝑥 3
(b)
Welp, that's quite the explanation
[67]
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
sin √3 + Δ𝑥 − sin √3 𝑑 ⎯⎯
lim ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯(𝑠𝑖𝑛 √3)
⟶ Δ𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯ 1
cos √3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√3
[69]
An interesting question, worth trying to understand and prove at a later date.
(a)
(b)
(a)
8 − 9.261
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= −12.61
−0.1
(b)
11.41
(c)

(c)
12
[53]
(a) 5 bucks

§ 4.1 Rolles Mean Value Theorem
Theorem of the Interior Extremum
Lef 𝑓 be a function defined at least on the open interval (a,b). If 𝑓 takes on an extreme value at a
number 𝑐 in this interval and if 𝑓'(𝑐) exists then
𝑓'(𝑐)=0
Definition:
A line segment joining two points on a graph of a function 𝑓 is called a chord of 𝑓
Rolles Theorem
Let f be a continuous function on the closed interval [a,b] and have a derivative at all 𝑥 in the open
interval (a,b). If 𝑓(𝑎)=𝑓(𝑏) then there is at least one number 𝑐 in (𝑎, 𝑏) such the 𝑓'(𝑐)=0
Example 4 (just completin the squr)
Mean Value Theorem

Let 𝑓 be a continuous function on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and have a derivative at every 𝑥 in the open
interval (𝑎, 𝑏). Then there is at least one number 𝑐 in the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) such that
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 (𝑐) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑏−𝑎
Corollary 1
If the Derivative of a function is 0 throughout an interval then the function is constant throughout that
interval.
Corollary 2
If two functions have the same derivatives throughout an interval, then they differ by a constant. That is,
if 𝑓'(𝑥)= g'(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in an interval, then there is a constant C such that 𝑓(𝑥) = g(𝑥) + C
Corollary 3
If 𝑓 is a continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] and has a positive derivative on the open intervak (𝑎, 𝑏), then 𝑓 is
increasing on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. If 𝑓 is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] and has anegative derivative on the open
interval (𝑎, 𝑏) then 𝑓 is decreasing on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]
4. Applications of the Derivative Page 1

§ 4.1 Exercises
Interior Extremum Exercises
[1]
𝑓(𝑥) =𝑥 for x in [-1, 2]
(a) Graph 𝑓(𝑥) in the given domain

4.1.1
(b) What is the maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥) for 𝑥 in the domain?
4
(c) Does ∃ 𝑓'(𝑥) at the maximum
Yes, it is 4
(d) Does 𝑓'(𝑥) equal 0 at the maximum

Nope
(e) Does 𝑓'(𝑥) equal 0 at the minimum
Yes!
Rolle's Theorem
[3]
(a) Graph 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ⁄ in the interval [-1,1]
(b) Show that 𝑓(-1)=𝑓(1)
No thanks
(c) Is there a number 𝑐 in (-1,1) such that 𝑓'(c)=0?
I don't think so
The derivative,
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 √⎯⎯
𝑥
is never equal to 0 (undefined at x=0)
(d) Why does this function not contradict Rolle's Theorem?

Because the function is not differentiable at 0. f'(x) ⟶ ∞
Verify that the given function satisfies the hypothesis of Rolle's Theorem. Find all numbers 𝑐 such
that they satisfy the conclusion of the theorem.
[5]
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 and [-2,2]
Well, we can see from the graph that they are -1, 0, and 1
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 4𝑥 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 0

4𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 0
4𝑥 = 4𝑥
𝑥 =𝑥
𝑥 =1
∴ 𝑐 = -1, 0, 1
Find explicitly all the values of 𝑐 which satisfy the mean value theorem for the given functions and
intervals
[7]
cos 𝑥 and [0, 6π]
Ah..
Cos 0 = 1
cos 6π =1
So there must be some point on the graph where the slope equals 0. Slope =0 at
0, π, 2π , 3π , 4π , 5π , 6π
Next time, just find the derivative instead of thinking about the original function (i.e. -sin x) and don't
include the end points. Like this:
-sin x = 0 @
π, 2π , 3π , 4π , 5π ,
[9]
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 and [1,2]
1 + 3 1 + 3 − 2 + 3 2 +6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−1
(7) − (8 + 12 + 6)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−1
(7) − (26)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−1
19

So find 𝑐 such that 𝑓'(𝑥)=19
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 3
3𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 3 = 19
3(𝑥 + 2𝑥) = 16
16
(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 1) = ⎯⎯⎯
3
16 3
(𝑥 + 1) = ⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯
3 3
19
(𝑥 + 1) = ⎯⎯⎯
3
[11]
(a) Differentiate csc 𝑥 and tan 𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ csc 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Lol, it's sec, not csc!
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(sec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥)
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
2sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥

2sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
(b) The derivatives in (a) are equal. Corollary 2 then asserts that there exists a constant C such that
sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶. Find that Constant .
So, C =1, as we can see from graphical intuition, but how to prove algebraically?
Well, we could always just plug in any number and see what the difference is, e.g. 0
We know that tan 0 = 0 and we know that sec 0 = 1
So the difference C, is 1
What other method could be used to find C? The method I initially discarded:
tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥
sin x 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥 cos x
sin x − 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
− cos x
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
cos 𝑥
−1
∴ |C| = 1
𝑓is Differentiable at all real numbers. What can be said about the number of solutions of the equation 𝑓

𝑓is Differentiable at all real numbers. What can be said about the number of solutions of the equation 𝑓
(𝑥) =3?
It is fair to say that I don't understand 13 and 15
[13]
𝑓 (𝑥) < 0 ∀ x
[15]
𝑓 (𝑥) > 0 for x < −2;

𝑓'(𝑥)<0 for 𝑥 in (-2,1)
𝑓'(𝑥)>0 for 𝑥 >1
[17]
Over Which intervals is the function 3𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑥 increasing?
Well,
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯3𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 9𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑥
Hmm..
12
9𝑥 𝑥 − ⎯⎯⎯ + 4
9
4
9𝑥 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ + 4
3
When is the equation positive?
9𝑥 − 12𝑥 > − 4
4
9 𝑥 − ⎯⎯𝑥 > − 4
3
4 4
𝑥 − ⎯⎯𝑥 > − ⎯⎯
3 9
4 16 16 4
𝑥 − ⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯ > − ⎯⎯
3 36 36 9
4 16 4
𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ > − ⎯⎯
6 36 9
4 4 16
𝑥− > − +
6 9 36
4 4 16
𝑥 − ⎯⎯ > − ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
6 9 36
4 4 4 16
𝑥 − ⎯⎯ > − ⎯⎯⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯⎯
6 9 4 36
4
𝑥 − ⎯⎯ > 0
6
4
(𝑥) > ⎯⎯
6
2
(𝑥) > ⎯⎯
3
So when x > ±2/3 then the equation is increasing. In other words when 𝑥 ≠ 2/3
All that was needed was to know that the derivative is always greater than 0 in order to know when it
was increasing.
Find Antiderivatives
[19]
(a) 8𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯2𝑥 + 𝐶 = 8𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(b) sin 2𝑥
𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶 = sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
(c)
1
⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 + 𝐶) = 1/𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(d)
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 = −2 ⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶 = (𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 2
[21]

[21]
(a) Corollary 2
(b) Corollary 1
I will not explain
[23]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3𝑥
(a)
3𝑥 − 3 > 0
3𝑥 > 3
𝑥 >1
𝑥 > 1 ∧ 𝑥 < −1
Cute
Q: How do we know how to interpret the square root of an inequality like that? If you think about it
common sense like, 𝑥 is only greater than 1 when it is a number less than 1. i.e. it has a large absolute
value.
Long story short, reason it out for yourself rather than relying on rules.
(b)
Well, f(1)=-2 and f(5)=110
idfk, we know that the function must pass through y=0, but how would we know it doesn't take on a
larger value between 1 and 5
Max value occurs either at an end point or at a point where the derivative is 0. We know that 𝑓'(𝑥)≠ 0
for x in the open interval (1,5) (this was shown in (a) ), so it must occur at 1 or 5
(c)
3𝑥 − 3 = 0
When x=1 ∧ x=-1, so plug both values into the original equation:
𝑓(1) = 1 − 3 1 ∧ 𝑓(5) = (5) − 3 (5)
𝑓(1) = 1 − 3 ∧ 𝑓(5) = 125 − 15
𝑓(1) = −2 ∧ 𝑓(5) = 110
∴ So we know the Max value occurs at 𝑓(5)
[25] State the mean value theorem in terms of density and mass.
If there is some collection of objects with a mass that has a mean value between a and b (like striking a
chord), then there is an object that has a mass such that 𝑓'(𝑐)= that mean value.
Is there is some sample with density that ranges between a and b, then there is some part of the sample

Is there is some sample with density that ranges between a and b, then there is some part of the sample
such that 𝑓'(c) equals that average density.
[27]
Differentiate:
(a)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − 𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯ 1 − 𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑 𝑑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯sin 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯ 1 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑 1 𝑑
1 − 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯3x + sin 3𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
1 − 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 3 + sin 3𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯(0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − 2𝑥)
2√1 − 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −2𝑥
3 1 − 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2√1 − 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −𝑥 sin 3𝑥
3 1 − 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1 − 𝑥
Too much; know when to stop.
(b)
⎯⎯
√𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
⎯⎯
√𝑥
𝑫 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 +1 𝑥− 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1

𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯⎯√⎯⎯ 𝑥 − √⎯⎯
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
1 ⎯⎯
𝑥 + 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− √𝑥 2𝑥
3(𝑥 ⁄ )
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 +1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 2𝑥 √⎯⎯
𝑥
3 𝑥 ⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 +1 ⎯⎯ 3 𝑥 ⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 2𝑥 √ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
3 𝑥 ⁄ 3 𝑥 ⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 +1 2𝑥 ⁄ 3 𝑥 ⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 𝑥 ⁄ 3 𝑥 ⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 +1 6𝑥 /
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯−
⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 𝑥 3 𝑥 ⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 +1 6𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯−
⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 𝑥 3 𝑥 ⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 + 1 − 6𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 𝑥 ⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
1 − 5𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1) 3 𝑥 ⁄
We dropped an 𝑥
But the good news is that it was easy enough to see the mistake because it was on the second to last
line.
(c)
1
tan ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 + 1)
Wrote the question down wrong

Wrote the question down wrong
𝑑 1
⎯⎯⎯tan ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)
1 𝑑 1
sec ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)
𝑑
1 ⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥 + 1)
sec ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1)
𝑑
1 2(2𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯(2𝑥 + 1)
sec ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1)
1 2(2𝑥 + 1) (2)
sec ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1)
1 4(2𝑥 + 1)
sec ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1)
1 4
sec ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 + 1) (2𝑥 + 1)
[29]
Can a polynomial of degree 100 have more than 100 real roots?
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 = 100𝑥
𝑑𝑥
It has something to do with the derivative

My intuition is 'no' but feel free to rephrase the answer if you so desire.
[31]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 2𝑎
We have 'critical numbers' When the first derivative is 0, i.e.

We have 'critical numbers' When the first derivative is 0, i.e.
3𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑥(3𝑥 + 2𝑎) = 0
2
𝑥 3 𝑥 + ⎯⎯𝑎 =0
3
So when x=0 ∧ x=− ⎯𝑎

The first derivative =0
[35]
Let 𝑟 be a rational number 𝑟 > 1 ∧ Let 𝑥 be a positive real number
Here are three conjectures:
∀ 𝑟 (𝑟 > 1) ⟶ [(1 + 𝑥) > (1 + 𝑟𝑥)]

∀ 𝑟 (𝑟 < 1) ⟶ [(1 + 𝑥) < (1 + 𝑟𝑥)]
∀ 𝑟 (𝑟 = 1) ⟶ [(1 + 𝑥) = (1 + 𝑟𝑥)]
I can prove the third via substitution

As for the other two; we know that an exponential function grows faster than other functions
Take the derivative of both functions:
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑟(1 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(1 + 𝑟𝑥) = 𝑟
𝑑𝑥
Now see which has the greater slope and you can prove which grows faster
𝑟 [? ] 𝑟(1 + 𝑥)
1 [? ] (1 + 𝑥)
∴
1 < (1 + 𝑥)
∵ If 𝑟 > 1 ∧ 𝑥 > 0 ⊃ 1 < (1 + 0 )
Nice work rephrasing the argument.
[37]
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two functions differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏) ∧ continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏]
𝑓(𝑎)=𝑔(𝑎)
𝑓'(𝑥)<𝑔'(𝑥) ∀ x ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
Prove that
𝑓(𝑏)<𝑔(𝑏)

𝑓(𝑏)<𝑔(𝑏)
I mean, this is intuitively plausible, because we are saying that g grows faster than f, so if they equal
each other at 𝑎, then g will be bigger after that point at 𝑏
[39]
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 5
(a)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 2𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 5 = 10𝑥 − 10 = 10(𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
10(𝑥 − 1) = 10 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 = 10 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
So when 𝑥 > 1, it tends towards +∞

When x<1, it tends towards +∞
But we also know that we have two critical numbers at 1 ∧ -1
If the slope is 0 at those points the function cannot just flat line between the two points and still be
differentiable. .
I don't know how else to say it.
𝑓(−1) = 2(−1) −10 −1 + 5 ∧ 𝑓(1) = 2(1) − 10 1 + 5
𝑓(−1) = 2(−1) + 10 + 5 ∧ 𝑓(1) = 2 − 10 + 5
𝑓(−1) = −2 + 15 ∧ 𝑓(1) = 2 − 5
𝑓(−1) = 13 ∧ 𝑓(1) = −3
(c)
(i) Well, we know that one of the roots must be between -1 ∧ 1. There are no additional roots in this
interval because the slope would have to change directions again to do that, and we have already found
all the numbers for which the derivative = 0
(ii) We also know that it must have some root less than -1, because the function tends towards negative
infinity as 𝑥 ⟶ -∞
(iii) Finally, we know that the functions tends towards positive infinity as 𝑥 ⟶ ∞ , but 𝑓(1) is negative,
so it must cross the 𝑥 axis at some point
[41]
Why is the tilted graph of a function not the same function?
[43]
All smooth curves have a derivative of zero at their lowest point.

§ 4.2 Using Derivative to graph
Tuesday, July 24, 2018 8:56 PM
Informally, the derivative test says "If the derivative changes signs at 𝑐 then then the function has either
a local maximum or minimum".
Make no assumption about whether the derivative exists at 𝑥 =𝑐
Complet the squr
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 12 = 0
3
2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯𝑥 − 6 = 0
2
3 3 3
2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯ − 6 = 0
2 4 4
3 3
2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯ − 6 = 0
4 4
3 9
2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ − 6 = 0
4 16
3 9 96
2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ = 0
4 16 16
3 210
2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ = 0
4 16
3 210
𝑥 − ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯
4 32
⎯⎯⎯
3 210
𝑥 − ⎯⎯ = ± ⎯⎯⎯
4 32
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 7 3 5
𝑥 = ⎯⎯± ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 4 4
⎯⎯⎯
3 √105
𝑥 = ⎯⎯± ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 4
⎯⎯⎯
3 ± 105
𝑥=
4

⎯⎯⎯
3 ± √105
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
Complet the squr is longer. Why not Summun?
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 12 = 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3 ± √3 − 4 2 −12
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2
⎯⎯⎯
−3 ± √105
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
See how much faster that was?
3
2(𝑥 − ⎯⎯𝑥 − 6) = 0
2
3
2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − 6 =0
4
3 3
2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯ − 6 =0
4 4
3 9 96
2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ = 0
4 16 16
3 105
2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ =0
4 16
3 2 105
2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0
4 16
3 105
𝑥 − ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯
4 16
⎯⎯⎯
3 ± √105
(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
𝑥 −𝑥−2
1 1
𝑥 − 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯ − 2
2 2

1 1
𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯ − 2
2 2
1 1 8
𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯= 0
2 4 4
1 27
6 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯
2 2
1 3
𝑥 − ⎯⎯= ⎯⎯
2 2
1 3
𝑥 = ⎯⎯± ⎯⎯
2 2
𝑥 = 2 ∧ 𝑥 = −1
𝑥 −𝑥−2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 ± √1 − 4 −2
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 ± √1 + 8
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
1±3
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
There is a reason we proved that quadratic formula, honey.
Once we know that the critical numbers are 2 and -1, find out how the function plays out around those
values.
When 𝑥 < −1
1±3
−1𝑥 < ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
−3𝑥 < ±3
So -6 or less than 0 tells us that the derivative is negative when x is less than -1, so the slope of the
original function is negative.
Maybe it is easier to just look at the derivative as a whole:
6𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 12
6 𝑥 −𝑥−2

So, when x<-1, what is happening?
Literally just plug in any number (we know this works because we know the critical numbers already):
6 𝑥 −𝑥−2
The function is going to be positive for x<-1, for -1<x<2, say, 0, the function is negative, for x>2, the
function is positive.
So the trick is just to get the function into a form that is easy to understand what values of x, when
plugged in, yield a positive/negative value. It would have also worked in this form: ∅
0 other forms are as obvious, and I don't know how they see that shit in the book that they see.
12𝑥 − 12𝑥 = 0
12𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑥) = 0
12𝑥(𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0
12𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) = 0
1±1
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
𝑥 =1∧0
We know that the function tends towards positive infinity as it goes to the right and positive infinity as it
goes to the left.
We know that the slope is negative when x<1, and positive when x>1
What about for 0 > x ?
The slope is negative: the function is falling.
Ah, so 𝑓(0) is a critical number but it is not a relative max or min.

Oh, but we didn't solve for the last x intercept!
3𝑥 − 4𝑥
4
3(𝑥 − ⎯⎯𝑥 )
3
4
3(𝑥 (𝑥 − ⎯⎯𝑥))
3
4
3(𝑥 (𝑥 − ⎯⎯𝑥))
3
⎯⎯⎯
4 16
⎯⎯± ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥=3 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2

4 4
⎯⎯± ⎯⎯
𝑥=3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
4±4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
2 (2 ± 2)
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 3
(2 ± 2)
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
So x=0 (which we already knew) ∧ x=4/3
4.2.E3
That is a pretty handy flowchart!

§ 4.2 Exercises
Wednesday, July 25, 2018 1:51 PM
1-8 Find all critical numbers
[1]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯𝑥 = 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 = 0
When x=0, so 0,0 is a critical point, but we know it is neither a max or min, because the function is
always increasing (∵ the derivative is always positive)
[3]
(𝑥 − 1)
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3(𝑥 − 1) ⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
3(𝑥 − 1) 1
3(𝑥 − 1)
3(𝑥 − 1) = 0
x=1
When x is 1, the function is 0, so there is a critical point at 1,0

The derivative is always positive, so the function is always increasing, hence, the critical point 1,0 is
neither a local min or local max
[5]
3𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 3𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
12𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 0
Now the leading term is a cubic, so for large negative values of x, the slope is negative, and large
positive, positive, hence there will be a local minimum at the critical number.
(12)(𝑥 ) + (3)(𝑥 ) = 0

3
12𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 = 0
12
1
12𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯𝑥 = 0
4
1 1 1
12𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯ =0
4 8 8
1 1
12𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ = 0
8 64
1 12𝑥
12𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯
8 64
1 1
𝑥 + ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯
8 64
1 1
𝑥 + ⎯⎯ = ± ⎯⎯
8 8
−1 ± 1
(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8
∴ 0 ∨ -1/4 are critical number (you could have solved it faster with a quadratic)
For -1/4<x<0, the derivative is positive, for x<-1/4, the derivative is also negative, so -1/4 is neither a
local min nor a local max.
For x>0, the derivative is positive. Because the derivative switches signs at -1/4, from negative to
positive, we know -1/4 is a local min.
So the critical points are (-1/4),(-1/256) and (0,0), with a local min at (-1/4),(-1/256) and the function
heading towards positive ∞ for large |x|
1 1 3 4 1
3 − ⎯⎯ + − ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ = − ⎯⎯⎯
4 4 256 256 256
64*4=256
We got the answer for the derivative wrong, so we thought the slope switched values when it didn't.
[7]
𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 sin 𝑥) + ⎯⎯⎯cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯cos 𝑥
(𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 1) − sin 𝑥
𝑥 cos 𝑥
So the critical numbers are 0 and ⎯ + 𝑘𝜋

Where k is an integer.
The derivative is 'always increasing' but is it increasing fast enough?
For − ⎯ < 𝑥 < 0, the derivative is negative, so the function is decreasing

For 0 < 𝑥 < ⎯, the derivative is positive, so the function is increasing
For ⎯ < 𝑥 < ⎯⎯, the function is negative
The derivative switches signs, from negative to positive, so there is a local min at 0
The derivative switches signs, from positive to negative, so there is a local max at π /2
Furthermore, we should expect local min at ⎯⎯ and another local max at ⎯⎯
( )
So the critical points of the original function are (0,1) ∧ ⎯ , ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
√
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
⎯⎯ sin ⎯⎯+ cos ⎯⎯
2 2 2
𝜋 π
⎯⎯ 1 + 0 = ⎯⎯
2 2
So at any multiple of ⎯ + 2𝑘𝜋, We should expect the y coordinate to equal the x coordinate, and be
negative for ⎯⎯ + 2𝑘𝜋.
But this is only apparent after seeing the graph.
[9]
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3
3(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1)
3(𝑥 − 1)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
6 ± √36 − 4 3 3 −6
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯= −1
2 3 6
So the only critical number is 1

We made a mistake plugging in b originally; remember, you can always double check that you have a
critical number by plugging it back into the derivative.
𝑓(1) = 1
So a critical point is (1,1)
For 𝑥 < 1 the derivative is positive

For 𝑥 > 1 the derivative is positive
Because the derivative does not change signs at x=1, 1 is neither a min nor a max.
The function tends towards positive ∞ as x goes to the right and -∞ as x goes to the left, and it has a y
intercept at (0,0) and an x intercept at
𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 3)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
3 ± √3 − 4 3 3 ± √−3
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2
Only one real x intercept.
Coo
[11]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 − 4
4(𝑥 − 1)
x=1 is a critical number.
For 𝑥 < 1, the derivative is negative

For 𝑥 > 1, the derivative is positive.
∵ the derivative changes signs at x=1, we know it is a local minimum.
𝑓(1) = 1 − 4 + 3 = 0
So (1,0) is a local minimum
Find x intercepts:
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0

𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑥 − 4𝑥 = −3
At this point you should just be able to 'see' that 𝑓(1)=0

𝑓(0)=3
And we know that the function tends towards infinity as x approaches both + and - infinity.
[13]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 5
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯(𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 − 6)
2(𝑥 − 3)
So 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 3)
Hence, 3 is a critical number.
𝑓(3) = 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 5
𝑓(3) = 9 − 18 + 5
𝑓(3) = −4
So the point (3, −4) is a critical point
As lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
⟶
For 𝑥 < 3 𝑓'(𝑥) is Negative, so the slope is decrasing
For 𝑥 > 3 𝑓'(𝑥) is Positive, so the slope is increasing
Decreasing to increasing is local min.
So there is a local min at (3, −4)
We know that 𝑓(𝑥) tends towards positive infinity from both ends.
X and y intercepts:
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 5
𝑓(0)=5
Y intercept =(0,5)
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
6 ± √36 − 20 6 ± √16 6 ± 4
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2 2
So x intercepts are 1,0 ∧ (5,0)
Double check; 𝑓(5)=0
25 − 30 + 5
Yup!
[15]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 6𝑥
Solve for critical Numbers:
4𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 6𝑥 = 0
𝑥 (4𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 6) = 0
3 3
4𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯𝑥 − ⎯⎯ = 0
2 2
3 9 3
4𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯ = 0
4 16 2
3 9 24
4𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯ = 0
4 16 16
3 33
4𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯⎯ = 0
4 16
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−6 ± 36 − 4 4 −6
𝑥=
2 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−6 ± √36 − 4 4 −6
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 4
⎯⎯⎯
−6 ± √132
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8
4*24=96
96+36=132
132^(1/2)=11.4891
So the critical points are at

⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
−6 − √132 −6 − √132
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ , 𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8 8
And of course at 0,0
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
−6 + √132 −6 + √132
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ , 𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8 8
The first set of points, the x coordinate is negative

At 0, it is neutral,
In the third set it is positive
So the slope of the original function goes from negative Positive, to the origin, to negative, says that the
first set.
Well, I can't solve it without a calculator or without being tedious, so I just plugged it into the function
on the calculator.
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/ugumxzdvya
You did not find the intercepts of the original function, idiot.
[17]
3𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 − 1
Find derivative:
3𝑥 + 1
𝐷 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3𝑥 − 1
𝑑 𝑑
(3𝑥 − 1) ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥 + 1) − (3𝑥 + 1) ⎯⎯⎯(3𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
3𝑥 − 1 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 3
3𝑥 − 1
(3𝑥 − 1) 3 − (3𝑥 + 1) 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
(3𝑥 + 1)
(3𝑥 − 1) (3 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3)
(3𝑥 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
(3𝑥 + 1)
(3 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3)
(3𝑥 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
(3𝑥 + 1)
3 (1 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1)
(3𝑥 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
(3𝑥 − 1) (3𝑥 + 1)
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1) (3𝑥 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
(3𝑥 − 1) − (3𝑥 + 1)
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
(3𝑥 − 1) − 3𝑥 − 1
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
−2
3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
−6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
−6
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(3𝑥 − 1)
−6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0
(3𝑥 − 1)
Well, when x=1/3, the first derivative is undefined, so I expect a vertical asymptote at x=1/3
This means that the slope of the original function is going to explode when it reaches 1/3

This means that the slope of the original function is going to explode when it reaches 1/3
𝑓(1/3)=1/0
There is a y intercept at (0, -1)
X intercepts?
3𝑥 + 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 0
3𝑥 − 1
3𝑥 + 1 = 0
3𝑥 = −1
1
𝑥 = − ⎯⎯
3
And thats it
Critical points?
−6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ + 1 = 1
(3𝑥 − 1)
−6 + (3𝑥 − 1) = (3𝑥 − 1)
−6 + (3𝑥 − 1) = (3𝑥 − 1)
Hmmm.
Well, 6 over any number is never going to equal zero, so there are no critical points.?
As x approaches positive infinity, the function approaches 1.
Ah! What we should have seen is that the 'critical point' of our function happens as x approaches
positive and negative infinity. We cannot solve algebraically. That is a unique insight.
4.2.17
[19]
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
∴
1−𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)

𝑓 (±1) = 0
So the Critical points happen at
1
−1, − ⎯⎯ 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2
1
1, ⎯⎯ 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥
2
X&Y intercepts.
𝑓(0) = 0
(0,0)
But that might be the only intercept.
Play around with the function and then think critically about it some more:
𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
𝑥 + ⎯⎯
𝑥
So yeah, 1 over some number will never = 0, so I am willing to assert that the only x intercept occurs at
0,0
End Behavior:
The function tends towards y=0 as it goes to the right, and to the left
It descends from the top as the function goes to the right, and ascends from the bottom as the function
goes to the left.
4.2.19
[21]
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2𝑥 − 𝑥
(1 − 4𝑥)
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 − 𝑥)
(see work; had to check against calculator, ∵ I dropped a negative)
End Behavior:
The function is undefined at x=0, ∴ there is an asymptote at x=0
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 0
⟶

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
I think both sides of the function approach 0 from the top down.
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞
⟶
Critical Numbers:
(1 − 4𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 0
(2𝑥 − 𝑥)
(1 − 4𝑥) = 0
(1) = 4𝑥
1
⎯⎯= 𝑥
4
Critical Points:
1 1
⎯⎯ , 𝑓 ⎯⎯
4 4
So it is probably a max, but let's find the X&Y intercepts
No y intercept, because x=0 is an asymptote.

I guess there is no x intercept either.
Don't assume too much: we got our cheaters glimpse of the graph, but what is the derivative like
between 0 and 1/4
(1 − 4𝑥)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(2𝑥 − 𝑥)
1
1 − 4 ⎯⎯
5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 1
2 ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯
5 5
5 4
⎯⎯− ⎯⎯
5 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 1
⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯
25 5
1
⎯⎯
5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 5
⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯
25 25

1
⎯⎯
5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
− ⎯⎯⎯
25
1
⎯⎯
5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9
⎯⎯⎯
625
625
⎯⎯⎯
45
625/45=13.8889
625/5=125
45/5=9
So it is totes POSITIVE.
Hence, the slope is increasing.
So there is another asmptote at 1/4. But this would mean that we have a parabola with a local min?
IDFK, let's just look at the graph.
So what we failed to do was look at the denominator and ask "when is the function undefined?" If we
had done this and set it to 0, we would have seen that there was an asymptote at x=1/2
[23]
𝑥 +3
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 −4
−14𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 4)
Critical Points:
(0,-3/4)
When is the function not defined?
When x=2
When x=-2
X&Y intercepts:
No real x intercepts.
[25]
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 −𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥
In the interval [0,1]
Okay, so just find the values of the endpoints first. We are eating popcorn.
ENDPOINTS
(0,0)
(1,0)
SO I am guessing that we will be finding a local max, just due to how powers of fractions work.
Anyways, find the deriv
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4𝑥
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 4𝑥
2𝑥 − 4𝑥
2𝑥 − 4𝑥 =0
𝑥(2 − 4𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥 1 − 2𝑥 2 = 0
1
𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ = 0
√2
𝑓 (0) = 0
So.
1 1
𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯
√2 4
𝑓(0) = 0
So we have the
CRITICAL POINTS
1 1
⎯⎯⎯,
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥
√2 4
(0,0)
[27]

[27]
4𝑥 − 𝑥
In the interval [0,1]
FIND ENDPOINTS
(0,0)
(1,3)
FIND INTERCEPTS/ASYMPTOTES
(4,0)
FIND CRITICAL POINTS
(2,4) <--Not in the interval
FIND THE QUALITY OF THE CRITICAL POINTS

Not applicable.
So the local max is just at 1,3
[29]
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5𝑥; [−1,3]
𝑑
⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5
3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5 = 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 ± √−44
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
6
No real solutions!
So the derivative is never 0, so there are no critical numbers
𝑓(−1) = −1 − 2 − 5
𝑓(−1) = −8
𝑓(3) = 27 − 2 9 + 15
𝑓(3) = 27 − 18 + 15
𝑓(3) = 27 − 3
𝑓(3) = 24
No critical number, and the endpoint is 24, so that must be the max.

No critical number, and the endpoint is 24, so that must be the max.
We know it passes through the origin.
𝑥 (𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ± √4 − 4 5
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ± √4 − 20
𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
Again, no real solutions to the original function.
[31]
𝑥 + 𝑥 ; [0,1]
ENDPOINTS:
(0,0)
(1,2)
CRITICAL POINTS
0,0
We know it is a local min by virtue of the domain restriction.
[33]
𝑥−1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 +1
−(𝑥 − 1) + 2
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 + 1)
FIND ZEROES
⎯⎯
𝑥 = 1 ± √2
FIND FUNCTION VALUE
⎯⎯ 1
𝑓 1 + √2 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2(1 + √2)
⎯⎯ −1
𝑓 1 − √2 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2(−1 + √2)
CRITICAL POINTS
1
1+ 2 ,
2 1+ 2
⎯⎯ 1
1 + √2 , ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2 1 + √2
⎯⎯ 1
1 − √2 , − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2 −1 + √2
Function is defined for All real numbers
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 Descending from the positive direction

⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 Ascending from the negative direction

⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
⟶
X INTERCEPT AT
(1,0)
Y intercept at
(0, −1)
[35]
sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 2 cos 𝑥
FIND CRITICAL POINTS
cos 𝑥 + 2
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 2 cos 𝑥)
cos 𝑥 + 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0
(1 + 2 cos 𝑥)
cos 𝑥 + 2 = 0
cos 𝑥 = −2
2𝜋 1
cos − ⎯⎯⎯= − ⎯⎯
3 2
So the function is undefined at ⎯⎯ + 2𝜋

And ⎯⎯ + 2𝜋
I could definitely plot some points…
When x=0, 𝑓(𝑥) =0

SO it intercepts the origin.
When x= π , 𝑓(𝑥) =0

When x= π , 𝑓(𝑥) =0
When x=2π
[35]
Just Keep graphing
sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 2 cos 𝑥
So, our original Function is not defined when cos x= -1/2, cos x = -1/2 when x = 2π/3 +k2π and x=4π/3
+k2π
⎯⎯
2𝜋 √3
𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 𝑈𝑁𝐷𝐹
3 1
1 + 2 − ⎯⎯
2
cos 𝑥 + 2
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 2 cos 𝑥)
Stop: at this point we can see that the derivative never =0 since the numerator is always positive. The
derivative is still undefined at 2π/3 and such shit.
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
⟶ ⁄
⟶ ⁄
(I think, feel free to double check)
𝑓(0) = 0
𝑓(π)= 0
𝑓 (𝜋) = 1
𝑓 (0) = 1
Took for fucking forever, but we got the right answer.
[37]
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 2)
Motherfucking first of all, the function is undefined when x=1 and when x=2, with
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∞
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
⟶
⟶
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = − ∞
⟶

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∞
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
Dropping from the top
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
Ascending from the bottom
Now we gonna differentiate this shit
3𝑥 − 5
𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 2)
Hence:
𝑓 (5/3) = 0
[39]
⁄ ⁄
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 +𝑥
𝑓(−2) = 0
2 4
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯𝑥 ⁄
+ ⎯⎯𝑥 ⎯⎯
3 3
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∞?
⟶
Why we made a mistake:

This is just telling you the slope: if you want to know the end behavior of the function itself , just plug in
a large value to the function itself, dummy. Much easier and clearly yeild a positive value, but not bad,
something like 4/5 right on this problem. These are hard, and the only way we gon get better is by doin
em'
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞?
⟶
1
𝑓 − ⎯⎯ = 0
2
∵
[41]
⎯⎯
𝑓(𝑥) = √3 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
Or, 'the tricksiest function there ever was'

⎯⎯
√3 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 ⎯⎯⎯ sin 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ cos 𝑥
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos ⎯⎯ sin 𝑥 + sin ⎯⎯ cos 𝑥
6 6
π
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 + ⎯⎯
6
That's just our old friend sinx shifted to the left by π /6 , with an amplitude of 2. No need to bother
finding the derivative.
So 𝑓(−𝜋/6) = 0
5𝜋
𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯ = 0
6
Etc.
𝑓 ⎯⎯ = 2
∵
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
𝑓 ⎯⎯+ ⎯⎯ = 𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯ =
2 6 6
5𝜋
𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯ = −2
3

§ 4.3 Higher Derivatives and Binomial Theorem
Saturday, July 28, 2018 8:47 AM
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) … (𝑛 − 𝑘 + 1) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) … 1

(1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯𝑥 + ⋯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯𝑥 + ⋯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯𝑥
2! 𝑘! 𝑛!
"binomial" "binomialexpansion" to summon
𝑛!
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑛
𝑘! − 𝑘)!
𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥)
𝑎 + 2𝑎 𝑥 + 3𝑎 𝑥 + 4𝑎 𝑥 = 4(1 + 𝑥)
2𝑎 + 6𝑎 𝑥 + 12𝑎 𝑥 = 12(1 + 𝑥)
6𝑎 + 24𝑎 𝑥 = 24(1 + 𝑥)
24𝑎 = 24
_________________________________________________________________________________
Solve for 𝑎
𝑎 + 2𝑎 0 + 3𝑎 0 + 4𝑎 0 = 4(1 + 0)
𝑎 =4
Dones.
(1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥
We should look up more information about the binomial theorem.

§ 4.3 Exercises
Saturday, July 28, 2018 9:37 AM
1-7: Compute 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑓 (𝑥)
[1]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2
𝑓 (𝑥) = 0
𝑓 (𝑥) = 0
[3]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 6𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 6
𝑓 (𝑥) = 0
[5]
𝑓(x) = sin 2𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = cos 2𝑥 2
𝑓 (𝑥) = −sin 2𝑥 4
𝑓 (𝑥) = −cos 2𝑥 8
𝑓 (𝑥) = sin 2𝑥 16
[7]
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑓'(𝑥) = −2𝑥
𝑓''(𝑥) = 6𝑥
𝑓'''(𝑥) = −24𝑥
𝑓''''(𝑥) = 120𝑥
Find the second derivative
[9]
(a)
𝑓(𝑥) = tan 2𝑥
𝑓'(𝑥) = 2 sec 2𝑥
𝑓′′(𝑥) = 8 sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥
(b)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 2𝑥
1
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 1 + 2𝑥
1
𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 2𝑥) ⁄
(c)
𝑓 𝑥 = cot ⎯⎯
𝑥

⎯⎯
𝑓(𝑥) = cot √ 𝑥
⎯⎯
− csc √ 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
csc √ 𝑥 csc √ 𝑥 cot √ 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+
⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4𝑥 2𝑥
What a shitshow. I made a clerical error somewhere, but I am close and I only care so much.
[11]
Is there a function 𝑓 such that 𝑓(0)=-2, 𝑓(1)=1 and 𝑓''(𝑥)=0 for all 𝑥? If so, how many such functions are there?
Well, (3x+1) satisfies all the requirements. But how many functions of this type are there?
I mean, we can have 'trivial' functions that are just algebraic manipulations of the function we found, but other unique polynomials?
I dunno, my guess is that there are more but I only see the one I found.
There is only the one function.
[13]
Find all functions 𝑓(𝑥) such that 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2 sin 3𝑥
2
𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯ cos 3𝑥
3
2
𝑓(𝑥) = − ⎯⎯ sin 3𝑥 + 𝐶
9
Also
2
𝑓(𝑥) = − ⎯⎯ sin 3𝑥 + 𝐶 + 𝑎𝑥
9
Because ax becomes a constant and then 0 by the time we take the second derivative.
[15]
Let 𝑓(𝑥) =(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 where the constants 𝑎 , 𝑎 , 𝑎 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 are to be determined
(a) Compute 𝑓(0), 𝑓 (0), 𝑓 (0), 𝑓 (0) usiong the formula 𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)
𝑓(0) = 1
𝑓′(0) = 3
𝑓 (0) = 6
𝑓 (0) = 6
(b)
Compute the quantities in (a) using the formula 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥
𝑓(0) = 𝑎
𝑓 (0) = 𝑎
𝑓 (0) = 2𝑎
𝑓 (0) = 6𝑎
(c)
Comparing the results in (a) and (b) show that (1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥
Just set up a simple equality like for all the numbers
𝑓(0) = 𝑎 = 1
Nice. That was an informative exercise.
[17]
From the binomial expansion for (1 + 𝑥) , deduce the binomial expansion of (𝑎 + 𝑏)

Probably 1 + 4𝑥 + ⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥
Simplified:
1 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥
So (𝑎 + 𝑏) =? ?
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑏
𝑎 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑎
1-7: Compute 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑓 (𝑥)
[1]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2
𝑓 (𝑥) = 0
𝑓 (𝑥) = 0
[3]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 6𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 6
𝑓 (𝑥) = 0
[5]
𝑓(x) = sin 2𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = cos 2𝑥 2
𝑓 (𝑥) = −sin 2𝑥 4
𝑓 (𝑥) = −cos 2𝑥 8
𝑓 (𝑥) = sin 2𝑥 16
[7]
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯
𝑥
𝑓'(𝑥) = −2𝑥
𝑓''(𝑥) = 6𝑥
𝑓'''(𝑥) = −24𝑥
𝑓''''(𝑥) = 120𝑥
Find the second derivative
[9]
(a)
𝑓(𝑥) = tan 2𝑥
𝑓'(𝑥) = 2 sec 2𝑥
𝑓′′(𝑥) = 8 sec 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥
(b)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 2𝑥
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
1 + 2𝑥
1
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1 + 2𝑥
1
𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 2𝑥) ⁄
(c)
⎯⎯
𝑓(𝑥) = cot √ 𝑥
⎯⎯
− csc √ 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯
2√𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
csc √ 𝑥 csc √ 𝑥 cot √ 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+
⁄
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4𝑥 2𝑥
What a shitshow. I made a clerical error somewhere, but I am close and I only care so much.
[11]
Is there a function 𝑓 such that 𝑓(0)=-2, 𝑓(1)=1 and 𝑓''(𝑥)=0 for all 𝑥? If so, how many such functions are there?
Well, (3x+1) satisfies all the requirements. But how many functions of this type are there?
I mean, we can have 'trivial' functions that are just algebraic manipulations of the function we found, but other unique polynomials?
I dunno, my guess is that there are more but I only see the one I found.
There is only the one function.
[13]
Find all functions 𝑓(𝑥) such that 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2 sin 3𝑥
2
𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯ cos 3𝑥
3
2
𝑓(𝑥) = − ⎯⎯ sin 3𝑥 + 𝐶
9
Also
2
𝑓(𝑥) = − ⎯⎯ sin 3𝑥 + 𝐶 + 𝑎𝑥
9
Because ax becomes a constant and then 0 by the time we take the second derivative.
[15]
Let 𝑓(𝑥) =(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 where the constants 𝑎 , 𝑎 , 𝑎 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 are to be determined
(a) Compute 𝑓(0), 𝑓 (0), 𝑓 (0), 𝑓 (0) usiong the formula 𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)
𝑓(0) = 1
𝑓′(0) = 3
𝑓 (0) = 6
𝑓 (0) = 6
(b)
Compute the quantities in (a) using the formula 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥
𝑓(0) = 𝑎
𝑓 (0) = 𝑎
𝑓 (0) = 2𝑎
𝑓 (0) = 6𝑎
(c)
Comparing the results in (a) and (b) show that (1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥
Just set up a simple equality like for all the numbers

𝑓(0) = 𝑎 = 1
Nice. That was an informative exercise.
[17]
From the binomial expansion for (1 + 𝑥) , deduce the binomial expansion of (𝑎 + 𝑏)
Probably 1 + 4𝑥 + ⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯𝑥 + ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥

Simplified:
1 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥
So (𝑎 + 𝑏) =? ?
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑏
𝑎 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑎
𝑏
(𝑎 ) 1 + ⎯⎯
𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
(𝑎 ) 1 + 4 ⎯⎯+ 6 ⎯⎯ + 4 ⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 + 4𝑎 𝑏 + 6𝑎 𝑏 + 4𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
Nice!
[19]
∅
Well done, you finished the section
[19]
∅

§ 4.4 Concavity and Second Derivative
Friday, August 3, 2018 12:14 AM
If the second derivative changes signs at the number 𝑎 then 𝑎 is an inflection point.
The graph can have an inflection point at 𝑎 even if the graph is not defined at 𝑎
If 𝑓 (𝑎) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑎) < 0 then f has a local maxiumum at a
If 𝑓 (𝑎) = 0 and 𝑓 (𝑎) > 0 then 𝑓 has a local minimum at 𝑎
Look at the proofs for the second derivative test for local minimum or maximums

§ 4.4 Exercises
Friday, August 3, 2018 5:22 PM
1-18 Graph the functions: Show the relative maxima, minima and inflection points.
The good news is that we are good at this and all that is different about this section compared to 4.2 is
that we are taking the second derivative in addition to the first and honestly more information is better
than less when it comes to being able to understand what the graph is going to look like. I feel that our
approach with using the graphing calulator is fine; we are often not bothering to compute the actual
critical numbers, instead just plugging them in as (a, 𝑓(a)) into the calulator, but that is clerical work
that does not strengthen conceptual foundations so I think it is safe to ignore it.
We are going to take a lunch break and then we are going to get back to it!
[1]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥
So we know
𝑓(0) = 0
𝑓(1) = 0
𝑓(−1) = −2
𝑓(2) = 4
𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥
𝑓 (0) = 0
2
𝑓 ⎯⎯ = 0
3
𝑓 (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 2
1
𝑓 ⎯⎯ = 0
3
That was quick!
4.4.1
[3]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥
𝑓(0) = 0
𝑓(1) = 3
𝑓(−1) = −1
𝑓(−2) = 0
𝑓 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 6𝑥
3
𝑓 − ⎯⎯ = 0
2

𝑓 (𝑥) = 12𝑥 + 12𝑥
𝑓 (−1) = 0
𝑓 (0) = 0
Also quick!
[5]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4𝑥
𝑓(0) = 0
𝑓(1) = −3
𝑓(−1) = 5
𝑓(4) = 0
𝑓 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 12𝑥
𝑓 (3) = 0
𝑓 (𝑥) = 12𝑥 − 24𝑥

𝑓 (2) = 0
Bangin through em!
[7]
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1+𝑥
𝑓(0) = 1
∀𝑥; 𝑓(𝑥) > 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
⟶ ⟶
2𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 +𝑥 )
𝑓 (0) = 0
𝑓′(𝑥)
2 − 6𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 +𝑥 )
1
𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯ = 0
√3
[9]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 15𝑥
𝑓(0) = 0
𝑓(1) = −20
⎯⎯⎯
𝑓 3 + √24 = 0
⎯⎯⎯
𝑓 3 − √24 = 0
𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 15
𝑓 (5) = 0
𝑓 (−1) = 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 12

𝑓 (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 12
𝑓′′(2)
(see desmos)
I am getting really quick at this! It's kind of fun to be this proficient, very much a flow state.
[11]
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1+𝑥
𝑓(0) = 1
1
𝑓(1) = ⎯⎯
2
𝑓(−1) = 𝑈𝑁𝐷𝐹
So we have a vertical asymptote at x=-1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∞
⟶
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 = lim 𝑓(𝑥)

⟶ ⟶
3𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
𝑓 (0) = 0
6𝑥 − 12𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 𝑥 )
1
𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0
√2
[13]
𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥
𝑓(0) = 0
Asymptotes at ⎯ ∧ ⎯⎯
𝑓 (𝑥) = sec 𝑥
The first derivative is never =0, so there are no local mins or maxes (duh)
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
Tan x is 0 when x=0, so again, we know there is an inflection point at 0.
[15]
1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + 3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) > 0
𝑓(0) = 1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
⟶

(6𝑥)
𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 3𝑥 )
𝑓 (0) = 0
6 − 54𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(1 + 3𝑥 )
⎯⎯⎯
3
𝑓 ⎯⎯⎯ = 0
27
6 − 54𝑥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 0
(1 + 3𝑥 )
6 − 54𝑥 = 0
6 = 54𝑥
⎯⎯
1

± ⎯⎯= 𝑥
9
[17]
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)
𝑓(1) = 0
𝑓(0) = 1
𝑓(2) = 1
Local Min at 1,0
𝑓 (𝑥) = 4(𝑥 − 1)
𝑓 (1) = 0
𝑓 (𝑥) = 12(𝑥 − 1)
We are going to skip graphing this one and the ones that follow because
If the second derivative is positive, the graph is concave up.

If the second derivative is negative , the graph is concave down
[27]
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑎
When does 2a=0?
Well, we already assumed that a ≠ 0, so the second derivative must have no inflection points. Not quite;
it is that it does not change sign at any x.

[29]
It means that the farm output is increasing, more importantly the second derivative tells us that at the
inflection point farm output began to decrease in acceleration; we were inputting more energy but
getting diminishing returns.
[31]
Wut?
[33]
⁄ ⁄
𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 1) + 5(𝑥 − 1)
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)⎯⎯(2𝑥 + 3)
𝑓(1) = 0
𝑓(9) = 2 2 +5 2 = 64 + 20 = 84
3
𝑓 − ⎯⎯ = 0
2
10 ⁄ ⎯⎯
𝑓 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯ (𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 1)
3
𝑓 (1) = 𝑈𝑁𝐷𝐹
𝑓 (0) = 0
[35]
I don't know if this is cheating, but
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 {𝑥 > 0}
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 {𝑥 < 0}
(c)
'For all 𝑥' seems to be saying; don't restrict the domain
This is a good exercise at strengthening conceptual foundations!
[37]
If 𝑓 (𝑥) > 0
It Lies 'Below its chords' i.e.
𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + (1 − 𝑎)𝑥 ) < 𝑎𝑓(𝑥 ) + (1 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑥 )
That's a tough one!

4.4.37
[39]
Lol, no tnx
[41]
Well, these last few questions are too hard for me!

Saturday, August 11, 2018 9:20 PM
Motion under constant Acceleration

Assume that a particle moving on the 𝑦 axis has a constant acceleration 𝑎 at any time. Assume
that at time 't' =0it has an initial velocity 𝑣 and has the initial 𝑦 coordinate 𝑦 . Then at time 't'
≥ 0 its 𝑦 coordinate is:
𝑎
𝑦 = ⎯⎯𝑡 + 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑦
2

Saturday, August 11, 2018 9:25 PM
[1] 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝜃
𝜃⟶0
The derivative is negative, and the second derivative will not have an inflection point.
Ah! We were thinking about θ in absolute terms rather than the angle from vertical. So when it is
fallen over, θ =90° . So θ is increasing and it is increasing more rapidly, so the derivative is positive
and the second derivative is positive as well (∵ the object is accelerating).
[3]
(a) How long after the ball in Ex. 4 is thrown does it pass by the top of the cliff?
Well, we have
−16𝑡 + 64𝑡 + 96
So we want to know when the equation =96, and we want the larger of the two times, because we
know that the first solution is 0
−16𝑡 + 64𝑡 + 96 = 96
64𝑡 = 16𝑡
64
⎯⎯⎯= 𝑡
16
2 4 8
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= 𝑡
8 2
4=𝑡
So when t=4, the ball is at the top of the cliff.
(b) What are its speed and velocity then?
𝑣 = −32𝑡 + 64
𝑓𝑡
−32 4 + 64 = −128 + 64 = −64 ⎯⎯⎯
𝑠𝑒𝑐
So Velocity is: −64 ⎯⎯⎯
And speed is just the absolute value.
[5]
96 is the starting position, 64 is the initial VELOCITY and the negative 16𝑡 is the ACCELERATION
due to gravity.
[7]

[7]
At time 't' =0 a particle is 𝑦=3 feet and has a velocity of -3 feet per second. It has a constant
acceleration of 6 feet per second per second. Find its position at any time 't'.
Velocity is an antiderivative of acceleration:
𝑑𝑣
⎯⎯⎯= 6𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
We also know that when t=0, y =3
3=6 0+𝐶
So C is negative 3
Position is an antiderivative of acceleration so:
𝑑𝑦
⎯⎯⎯= 3𝑡 − 3𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑦 = 3𝑡 − 3𝑡 + 3
[9]
At time 't'=0 a particle has 𝑦=0 and has a velocity of 0 feet per second. Find its position at any time
't' if its acceleration is always -32 feet per second.
[11]
⎯
In harmonic motion 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(√ 𝑐𝑡 + 𝑘)
(a) What is the maximum displacement from 0?
(b) What is the maximum speed?
(c) What is the minimum speed? Where is the mass then?
[13]
A mass at the end of a spring occillates. At time 't' second its position (relative to its position at rest)
is 𝑦 = 6 sin 𝑡 inches .
(a) Graph y as a function of 't'

(b) What is the maximum displacement of the mass from its rest position?
(c) Show that its acceleration is proportional to its displacement 𝑦
(d) Where is it when the absolute value of its acceleration is maximum?
[15] Let 𝑦 = (𝑡 − 1) ⁄
Show that 𝑦 satisfied the "differential equation"
𝑑 𝑦 2 1
⎯⎯⎯ = − ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑑𝑡 9 𝑦
This differential equation says that the acceleration of 𝑦 is inversely proportional to the square of 𝑦.
It describes the motion of an object coating to infinity" away from the earth. Note that its velocity
approaches 0.
[17]

[17]
If we launch a payload with a speed of 6 miles per second, how far will it go from the center of the
earth
[19]
When a payload is launched with precisely the escape velocity, what happens to its velocity far out
in its journey? In 78other words, determine lim 𝑣
⟶
[21]
Could it happen that a projectile shot straight out from the earth neither returns nor travels to
"infinity" but approaches a certain finite limiting position? (Disregard other gravitational fields
than earth's.)

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Cheat Sheets

Tuesday, April 10, 2018 6:19 PM

DIFFERENCE AND SUM OF CUBES

INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE DISCRIMINANT B2-4AC

RATIONAL ROOTS TEST (Needs work)

ANGLE ADDITION IDENTITIES

Proofs (Exercises 43 to 48)

HALF ANGLE IDENTITIES

MORE TRIG IDENTITIES

FORMULA AND ALGORITHMS FOR ROTATION OF GRAPHS

lim 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥)

lim f(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥)

[Addendum] If 𝑓 is continuous ⊃ lim 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑎 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)

Cheat Sheet Page 2

(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥

Cheat Sheet Page 3

2 ∗2 = 2 Basic Law of Exponents

Cheat Sheet Page 4

Cheat Sheet Page 5

Cheat Sheet Page 6

THINGS WE HAVE YET TO TRY

THE EQUATION EDITOR

Bane of my existence, the Equation Editor will

How to take Good Notes Page 1

How to take Good Notes Page 2

Without the Equation Editor

Shortcuts we are making:

I see no reason not to go this route.

How to take Good Notes Page 3

Also Common: All real Numbers ℝ

Type equation here.

How to take Good Notes Page 4

Hand crafted shortcuts for your slash commanding pleasure

Just remember that "alt>f>t>'down'>'down'>TAB>Enter>Crt+TAB>

Green background means that it works outside of math mode

To Type To Insert Type

𝑔(𝑥) = gx 𝑧, 𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓 'a' or 'b' (Not in equation editor)

We have to press space twice, but this is no big deal.

How to take Good Notes Page 16

I want to know why tan(2𝜃) = ⎯⎯⎯

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

No! Why you do the algebra bad

Why not just 'see' that it is close to 2?

Proofs And Definitions Page 1

Difference and sum of cubes (Should go on cheat sheet)

The square of any nonzero real number is positive

Proofs And Definitions Page 2

Proofs And Definitions Page 3

Even Function. A function f such that 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) like x2

Odd function: A functions f such that 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

Polynomial: 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + … … … 𝑎 where 𝑎 , 𝑎 , … … . 𝑎 are fixed real numerators n is the

Proofs And Definitions Page 4

Prove the Quadratic

8 𝑏 𝑏 4𝑐𝑎 PoQ and like terms in the denominator

Solve the Problem:

Coefficient of xn-k = Coefficient of xk

So the quantities are equal

1-9 are on Paper

[13] f(x)= x(3/5)

[15] Which is Larger, 2.236 or √5 ?

[17] Assume x>0 (i.e. x is positive)

[19] Graph 2-x

[21] Scientific notation!