Bum 1113 Technical

maThemaTics

chapTer 5 :
of The TrigonomeTric
funcTions
GROUP 1 :
NOORFADZLINA BINTI HASSAN (TA18003)
ZUL IZWAN BIN RADZAK (TA18017)
GUNALAN A/L SANASIE (TA18011)
5.1 TrigonomeTric
funcTions : periods
phYThagorean idenTiTies
THEOREM

PHYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES

sin2t +cos2t = 1

tan2t + 1 = sec2t

cot2t + 1 = csc2t
* exTra noTes
 example 1
Simplify the expression cos t + tan t sin t.

Solution:
We start by rewriting the expression in terms of sine and
cosine:
cos t + tan t sin t = cos t + sin t Quotient identity

= Common denominator

= Pythagorean identity

= sec t Reciprocal identity

 example 2
Verify the identity = sec u + tan u.

Solution:
We start with the left-hand side and multiply the numerator
and denominator by 1 + sin u:

LHS =

= Multiply numerator and

denominator by 1 + sin u
= Expand denominator

= Pythagorean identity

= Cancel common factor

= Separate into two fractions

= sec u + tan u Reciprocal identities

 example 3
Substitute sin for x in the expression and
simplify. Assume that 0     /2.

Solution:
Setting x = sec , we have
Substitute x = sin 

Pythagorean identity

= cos  Take square root

The last equality is true because cos   0 for the values of

 in question.
 exercises
1. Simplify the given expressions :

tan − tan sin

2. Prove that the equations are identities :

(1 − sin θ)(1 + sin θ) = cos θ

3. If sec and sin > 0, compute tan .

even odd properTies
THEOREM

THE OPPOSITE ANGLE IDENTITIES

cos(-t) = cos(t) even

sin(-t) = - sin(t) odd

tan(-t) = - tan(t) odd

Now let’s look at the unit circle to compare trig functions
of positive vs. negative angles.

cos   x   cos x

What is cos ?
3
1
2
 
What is cos   ?
 3
1
2

Remember a negative
angle means to go
clockwise
 Recall from College Algebra that if we put
sin   x    sin x a negative in the function and get the
original back it is an even function.


What is sin ?
3
3
2

 
What is sin   ?
 3

3

2
 Recall from College Algebra that if we
tan   x    tan x put a negative in the function and get
the negative of the function back it is an
odd function.


What is tan ?
3
3

 
What is tan    ?
 3
 3
 examples
Find the exact value of each trigonometric function:

1
a. cos(60)  cos 60 


    3
b. tan      tan    
 6 6 3
 exercises
(a) Problem: sin(30°)
Answer:
π
(b) Problem: cos −
4
Answer:

(c) Problem: If cos s = 0.56 find cos(-s)

Answer:
 periodiciTY of sine and
cosine

Where n is an integer
sin (t + 2 n) = sin t
cos (t + 2 n) = cos t

To evaluate trigonometric functions, we will use the keys on a calculator that are
marked SIN, COS, and TAN. Be sure to set the mode to degrees or radians,
depending on the function that you are evaluating. You may consult the manual for
your calculator for specific directions for evaluating trigonometric functions.
 examples
Use a calculator to find the value to four decimal places:


a) sin  0.7071
4

b) csc1.5  1.0025
 exercises
Evaluate each expression.

1. cos

2. sin

3. sin
5.2 graphs of sine and
cosine funcTions
plaY WiTh Your calculaTor

X 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

SIN X

COS X
 WhaT is ampliTude
Amplitude: the maximum or minimum vertical
distance between the graph and the
x-axis. Amplitude is always positive
 hoW To find ampliTude
To find it: the absolute value of the Maximum minus the
Minimum divide by two.
Max 1 ; Min - 1 Amp : 1 – (-1) = 1
2

Amplitude is written before the function y = A*sin x ; A is

amplitude
Example : y = 2 sin x
: amplitude of this graph is 2
 WhaT is period
Period: - The number of degrees or radians we must
graph before it begins again.
- The distance before the function repeats its value.
- It’s a length of wave
 hoW To find period
To find it : period equals to 2
.
b
2π
y = sin 2x , b = 2 period 
2
π

Period is written in the middle of function y = A*sin bx ; b

is using for finding period
Example : y = 2 cos 4x
π
: period of this graph is  2
The graph of f(x)=sin x

 
 ,1
2 

 3 
 ,1
 2 
 The graph of f(x)=sin x
Sin x is an odd function
Sin graph mirror in the origin point

 
  3   ,1
 ,1 2 
 2 

    3 
 ,1  ,1
 2   2 
The graph of f(x) = - sin x
The graph of f(x) = cos x
 The graph of f(x) = cos x
Cos x is an even function
Cos graph mirror in y-axis

2,1 2 ,1

  ,1  , 1
 WhaT is phase shifT
Phase shift : A translation to move the graph to the
Right or Left

Move to left
hoW To find phase shifT
 WhaT is verTical shifT
Vertical shift : A translation to move the
graph moves up or down

Moves up
 hoW To find verTical shifT
• To find it : look at the function
• Vertical in the function y = a sin (bx + c)+ d
: which d is vertical shift for this graph

For example : y = 3 cos ( 2x – 6 ) - 5

Solution : vertical is negative 5

This means the graph should moves down for 5 points

 properTies of sine and
cosine funcTions
The graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x have similar
properties:

 The domain is the set of real numbers

 The range is the set of y values such that -1 ≤ y ≤ 1
 The maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is –1.
 The graph is a smooth curve
 Each function cycles through all the values of the range
over an x-interval of 2π .
 The cycle repeats itself indefinitely in both directions of
the x-axis.
 y  5 sin( 2 x  3)  4
Amplitude
=5

Period: 2π/2 Phase Shift: c/b

=π 2x – 3 = 0
X=3/2

Vertical Shift
= positive 4
 example 1
Sketch the graph of y = 3 cos x
Amplitude : 3 ; Period : 2π / 1 ; Range : ( -3 , 3 )
= 2π
Symmetry : even ; Max value : 3 ; Min value : -3
Increasing : (π , 2π) ; Decreasing : ( 0 , π )
y
3
2
 1  2 3 4 x

1
2
3
 example 2
Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin (–3x).
y = - 2 sin 3x
Amplitude : 2 ; Period : 2π / 3 ; Range : ( -2 , 2 )
= 2π
Symmetry : odd ; Max value : 2 ; Min value : -2
Increasing : (π/6 , π/2) ;
Decreasing : (0 , π/6) & (π/2,2π/3)
y
2
    2 5
6 6 3 2 3 6  x

2
 5.3 graphs of TangenT funcTion
Recall that tan θ  sin θ .
cos θ
Since cos θ is in the denominator, when cos θ = 0, tan θ is undefined.
This occurs @ π intervals, offset by π/2: { … −π/2, π/2, 3π/2, 5π/2, … }

Let’s create an x/y table from θ = −π/2 to θ = π/2 (one π interval),

with 5 input angle values.

θ sin θ cos θ tan θ θ tan θ

−π/2 −1 0 und −π/2 und

2 2
−π/4  −1 −π/4 −1
2 2

0 0 1 0 0 0

2 2
π/4 1 π/4 1
2 2
π/2 1 0 und π/2 und
 graph of TangenT funcTion:
periodic
tan θ: Domain (angle measures): θ ≠ π/2 + πn
Range (ratio of sides): all real numbers (−∞, ∞)
tan θ is an odd function; it is symmetric in the origin.
Vertical asymptotes
tan(−θ) = −tan(θ)
where cos θ = 0

tan θ sin 
tan  
cos 

θ tan θ

Und (-∞)
−π/2

−π/2 0 π/2 3π/2 θ

−π/4 −1 −3π/2

0 0

π/4 1

π/2 Und(∞) One period: π

graph of The TangenTsinfuncTion
x
To graph y = tan x, use the identity tan x  .
cos x
At values of x for which cos x = 0, the tangent function is
undefined and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = tan x
1. Domain : all real x

x  k  k     3
2
2. Range: (–, +) 2 2
x
3. Period:   3 
2 2
4. Vertical asymptotes:

x  k  k   
2
period: 
Example: Find the period and asymptotes and sketch the graph
1  y 
of y  tan 2 x x   x 
3 4 4

1. Period of y = tan x is .

 Period of y  tan 2 x is .
2 
3  1
 ,  
8  8 3
2. Find consecutive vertical
2
x
asymptotes by solving for x:  1
 ,   3 1 
   8 3  , 
2x   , 2x   8 3
2 2
 
Vertical asymptotes: x   , x 
4 4
   3
3. Plot several points in (0, ) x  0
2 8 8 8
1 1 1 1
y  tan 2 x  0 
4. Sketch one branch and repeat. 3 3 3 3
 coTangenT funcTion
cos 
Recall that cot   .
sin
Since sin θ is in the denominator, when sin θ = 0, cot θ is undefined.

This occurs @ π intervals, starting at 0: { … −π, 0, π, 2π, … }

Let’s create an x/y table from θ = 0 to θ = π (one π interval),

with 5 input angle values.

θ sin θ cos θ cot θ θ cot θ

0 0 1 Und ∞ 0 Und ∞
2 2
π/4 1 π/4 1
2 2

π/2 1 0 0 π/2 0

2 2
−1 3π/4 −1
3π/4 
2 2
π 0 –1 Und−∞ π Und−∞
 graph of coTangenT funcTion:
periodic
Vertical asymptotes
cot θ where sin θ = 0

θ cot θ
cos 
cot  
sin
0 ∞

π/4 1

π/2 0

3π/4 −1
−3π/2 -π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2

π −∞

cot θ: Domain (angle measures): θ ≠ πn

Range (ratio of sides): all real numbers (−∞, ∞)
 graph of The coTangenT funcTion
cos x
To graph y = cot x, use the identity cot x  .
sin x
At values of x for which sin x = 0, the cotangent function is
undefined and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = cot x
y  cot x
1. Domain : all real x
x  k k   
2. Range: (–, +) x
3     3 2
3. Period:  
2

2 2 2
4. Vertical asymptotes:
x  k k   

vertical asymptotes x   x0 x  x  2

 cosecanT is The reciprocal of sine
Vertical asymptotes
where sin θ = 0
csc θ

0 θ
−3π −2π −π π 2π 3π
sin θ

One period: 2π

sin θ: Domain: (−∞, ∞) csc θ: Domain: θ ≠ πn sin θ and csc θ

Range: [−1, 1] (where sin θ = 0) are odd
Range: |csc θ| ≥ 1 (symm wrt origin)
or (−∞, −1] U [1, ∞]
graph of The cosecanT funcTion
1
To graph y = csc x, use the identity csc x  .
sin x
At values of x for which sin x = 0, the cosecant function
is undefined and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y y  csc x
Properties of y = csc x 4
1. domain : all real x
x  k k   
2. range: (–,–1]  [1, +)
x
3. period:     3 2 5

2 2 2 2
4. vertical asymptotes:
x  k k    y  sin x
where sine is zero. 4
 secanT is The reciprocal of cosine
Vertical asymptotes
where cos θ = 0
sec θ

θ
−3π −2π −π 0 π 2π 3π
cos θ

One period: 2π

cos θ: Domain: (−∞, ∞) sec θ: Domain: θ ≠ π/2 + πn cos θ and sec θ

Range: [−1, 1] (where cos θ = 0) are even
Range: |sec θ | ≥ 1 (symm wrt y-axis)
or (−∞, −1] U [1, ∞]
 graph of The secanT funcTion
1
The graph y = sec x, use the identity sec x  .
cos x
At values of x for which cos x = 0, the secant function is undefined
and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y y  sec x
Properties of y = sec x 4

1. domain : all real x


x  k  (k  ) y  cos x
2
2. range: (–,–1]  [1, +) x
   5
 2 3
3. period:  2 2
3
2
2
4. vertical asymptotes:

x  k  k    4
2
 summarY of graph characTerisTics
Def’n
Period Domain Range Even/Odd
∆ о
opp y −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 or
sin θ hyp r 2π (−∞, ∞) odd
[−1, 1]
1 r |csc θ| ≥ 1 or
csc θ .sinθ .y 2π θ ≠ πn odd
(−∞, −1] U [1, ∞)
adj x All Reals or
cos θ hyp r 2π (−∞, ∞) even
(−∞, ∞)
1 . r |sec θ| ≥ 1 or
sec θ sinθ y 2π θ ≠ π2 +πn even
(−∞, −1] U [1, ∞)
sinθ y All Reals or
tan θ cosθ x π θ ≠ π2 +πn odd
(−∞, ∞)
cosθ x All Reals or
cot θ .sinθ y π θ ≠ πn odd
(−∞, ∞)
 exercise
Sketch the basic shape of each trigonometry
function:

1) Sine:

2) Cosine:

3) Tangent: