a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and social

groups.[1][2]
Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition,
spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, structure, division of labor, communication systems, and so
on.[3][4]
Because of these characteristics of social organization, people can monitor their everyday work and
involvement in other activities that are controlled forms of human interaction. These interactions
include: affiliation, collective resources, substitutability of individuals and recorded control. These
interactions come together to constitute common features in basic social units such as family,
enterprises, clubs, states, etc. These are social organizations.

7 Main Factors which Affect the

Social Change in Every Society
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Social Change characterizes every society. However its direction, speed and nature are
affected by several factors.

Main factors which affect social change can be discussed a follows:

1. Natural Factors:
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Natural forces and factors play an important role in unifying or disintegrating the society.
Although human beings have made tremendous progress during the last 150 years or
so, yet they have not been able to wield full control over the nature.

A storm, earthquake, flood, drought, disease and similar natural events even today can
disrupt the social system. Natural calamities like floods, earthquakes, draughts, famines
and other natural disasters always force changes in the social conditions and life of the
affected people.

On the one hand these factors and forces act as a source of big loss for the victims; on
the other hand these initiate efforts aimed at rapid reconstruction and development. As
such, the natural factors can on the one hand, cause havoc in physical conditions of
social life, these may also affect the social conditions in a positive way.
Large scale floods in Pakistan in August 2010 inflicted very heavy losses on more than
10 million people of the country. At the same time, these gave rise to very
comprehensive human attempts at socio-economic reconstruction and development.
Haiti is now getting rebuilt after the devastating earthquake of 2010.
2. Geographical Factors of Social Change:
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The geographical conditions always affect the social system and act as factors of social
change. The cultural life of the people depends upon the physical environment.
Progress also depends upon the availability of natural resources, their exploitation and
how are these being recouped and preserved.

The climate always affects the socio-economic activities of the people. For instance,
there is little economic activity at both poles (North and South) due to intense and long
spells of cold the speed of social change remains negligible. On the other hand, there is
always an intense activity in temperate regions (neither too cold nor too warm), and
consequently the speed of social changes is quite fast.

It is necessary to remember that physical environment changes slowly and in a society

social change can come at a fast rate. As such geographic factors are not the sole
determining factors of social change.

Social Change never comes due to any single factor. During the last several countries
there have been no appreciable change in the physical environment of Europe and yet
during the same period a big social change came in European societies under the
impact of the technology revolution of the 20th century.
3. Biological Factors:
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Biological factors also affect social change. Biological factors are those factors which
determine the structure, selection and hereditary qualities of generations. The human
element is ever changing. Each new generation is different from previous generation. It
is different in form, ideas and in many other ways from the one gone before.

Darwin and Spencer are of the opinion that each generation and its members have to
compromise with the physical environment. Only those persons survive in the struggle
for life who are fit and are able to live, or those, in other words, who have the ability to
face the physical conditions. The weak ones get destroyed. The process of the survival
of the fittest affects the social organization.

4. Demographic Factors:
The Demographic factors always influence the process and nature of Social Change.
The population increase or decrease always brings social problems. When the birth-rate
in a society exceeds death-rate, population begins to rise. A constantly rising population
gives birth to poverty, unemployment, disease and several other related problems.

On the other hand, a low birth-rate means leads to decrease in the size of the
population. When population is low, there are fewer skilled hands available and the
country cannot make full use of the natural resources. The social conditions deteriorate
the size of families shrink and it affects the social relations.

Even the sex ratio of in a society greatly influences social order. When in a society the
number of women is more than men, the custom of polygamy sets in. On the contrary, if
there are more men than women, it often gives rise to polyandry. When women
outnumber men, dowry system becomes common, when men outnumber women the
custom of bride valuation starts.

Falling ratio of females in society always creates a dangerous imbalance in society.

Population always influences social institutions, relations, social structure, values and
ideals. Demographic factors have large and profound bearing on the society as well as
on the process of social change.

5. Socio-economic Factors:
The economic factors constitute an important factor of social change. Marx said that the
entire social structure of a country is determined by economic factors i.e the means of
production and distribution of material means of production and distribution. When there
are changes in the means of production i.e the material productive forces of society, it is
always changes the social organization.

The birth of the institutions of marriage and family took place under the influence of the
means of production of material means of livelihood. With the birth of family wealth and
possessions became important.
When the society graduated to agricultural stage, the social organization grew more
complex. People settled down at a particular place for raising crops. Life became stable
and located and the villages came into being. Agriculture gave rise to allied industries.
With the division of labour the society got divided into several classes. The institution of
kingship and feudalism was born during this period.

The agriculture stage gave way to the industrial stage. In the era of Industrial revolution
several inventions came to be made and machine system of production came into
existence. All this brought about drastic changes in the social set-up.

The problem of housing cropped up in the cities. Urbanisation came into play. The
problem of maintaining law and order and the need for providing civic amenities came to
very big. More and more ways of entertainment came to be developed.

The joint family system suffered a decline and the nucleus family came to be the basic
social unit. Women also became a work force. Male-female relations got changed when
women also started working in factories, offices and shops.

The condition of women got ameliorated in developed societies. The social values,
norms and traditions underwent a big change. Thus, socioeconomic factors have been
and continue to be fundamentally important factors of social change but these are not
the only determinants of.

6. Cultural Factors:
The cultural factors also play a role in bringing about social change. Our social life
depends upon our beliefs, ideas, values, customs, conventions, institutions and the like.
When there is a change in these, it influences the social life. For example, let us
(consider the system of marriage. To begin with, the ceremonies were religious and
people regarded marriage as something sacred and irrevocable.

Today we hold a different view. Marriage is held be good for personal comfort. It has
affected the thinking in favour of irrevocability of marriage and consequently the number
of divorcees has registered a big increase.

The view regarding the issues (children born out of marriage) has undergone a change.
Today all western societies have been living with children born to unwed mothers and
children belonging to broken families. In India, the mad love of a male child and the
short-sighted view of girl-child as a burden have together given rise to the evil and
inhuman and dangerous, practice of female feticide. The pressures of modern industrial
culture have forced the people to practice small family norms.

The relations between the parents and children have undergone a big change. The new
love and need for working couples has acted j as a source of big change in family
relations and culture. Thus, socio-economic and cultural factors always act as big and
formidable factors of social change.

7. Science and Technology as factors of Social Change:

In contemporary times science and technology happens to be the most important factor
of social change. New scientific inventions and technologies always greatly influence
the social life. Ogburn and Nimkoff rightly observe, “The most wonderful and universal
phenomenon of modern life is not capitalism, but science and technology and capitalism
is only it’s by product.”

Mechanisation brings changes in the economic structure and relations. This leads to a
change in old values, norms and ideals. Technology brings about changes in the
physical environment and the material culture of each society which in turn gives birth to
social change.

Why is communication important to

human life?
BY HOPE SPEAK · DECEMBER 16, 2014
Communication is a process of sending and receiving information among
people. Humans communicate with others not only by face-to-face
communication, but also by giving information via the Internet and printed
products such as books and newspapers. Many people believe that the
significance of communication is like the importance of breathing. Indeed,
communication facilitates the spread of knowledge and forms relationships
between people.

First of all, communication helps to spread knowledge and information among

people. For example, authors write books to impart knowledge to the World,
and teachers share their experience with their students. Also, friends or co-
workers discuss their ideas with each other, and companies exchange
information with their subsidiaries and customers. Besides, the advent of the
Internet not only allows people to have better access to knowledge and
information in all fields, but also makes it easier and faster to contact with
people around the World. Undoubtedly, the sharing knowledge and
information process cannot function without communication. As a result,
companies cannot operate, and humanity will be drowned in the abyss of
ignorance.

Communication helps to spread knowledge and information among people.

Moreover, communication is the foundation of all human relationship. At first,

strangers start talking and getting to know each other, and then the
relationships are formed when they have more interaction and
communication. Communicating helps people to express their ideas and
feelings, and it, at the same time, helps us to understand emotion and
thoughts of the others. As a result, we will develop affection or hatred toward
other people, and positive or negative relationships will be created.

It is no doubt that communication plays a vital role in human life. It not only
helps to facilitate the process of sharing information and knowledge, but also
helps people to develop relationships with others. Therefore, the importance
of communication cannot be underestimated. Every day, we communicate
with a lot of people including our families, our friends, our colleagues, or even
strangers. We should learn how to communicate effectively to make our lives
better.
Generations

There are cultural differences attributable to employees’ generations. A diverse workplace includes
employees considered traditionalists, baby boomers, Generation X, Generation Y and Millennials.
Each generation has distinct characteristics. For example, employees considered baby boomers
tend to link their personal identity to their profession or the kind of work they do. Baby boomers are
also characterized as being committed, yet unafraid of changing employers when there’s an
opportunity for career growth and advancement. Employees considered belonging to Generation Y,
on the other hand, also value professional development, but they are tech-savvy, accustomed to
diversity and value flexibility in working conditions.
Education

Differences exist between employees who equate academic credentials with success and
employees whose vocational and on-the-job training enabled their career progression. The cultural
differences between these two groups may be a source of conflict in some workplace issues when
there’s disagreement about theory versus practice in achieving organizational goals. For instance,
an employee who believes that a college degree prepared him for managing the processes and
techniques of employees in the skilled trades may not be as effective as he thinks when compared
to employees with years of practical knowledge and experience.
Personal Background
Ethnicity

Ethnicity or national origin are often examples of cultural differences in the workplace, particularly
where communication, language barriers or the manner in which business is conducted are
obviously different. Affinity groups have gained popularity in large organizations or professional
associations, such as the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce or in-house groups whose members are
underrepresented ethnicities, such as the Chinese Culture Network at Eli Lilly. The pharmaceutical
conglomerate organizes affinity groups to bridge cultural differences and establish productive
working relationships within the workplace and throughout its global locations.

Where an employee lives or has lived can contribute to cultural differences in the workplace. Many
people would agree that there is a distinct difference between the employee from a small town and
the employee from a large metropolis. New York, for example, is known for its fast pace and the
hectic speed of business transactions. Conversely, an employee from a small, Southern town may
not approach her job duties with the same haste as someone who is employed by the same
company from a large city where there’s a sense of urgency attached to every job task.

Theory of Natural Selection

Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

1. More individuals are produced each generation that can survive.

2. Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is
heritable.
3. Those individuals with heritable traits better suited to the environment
will survive.
4. When reproductive isolation occurs new species will form.
QUESTION: How does Darwin's theory of natural selection explain the origin of species?

ANSWER:

If evolution was a car, the theory of natural selection would be the engine. The basic ideas of
evolution were discussed long before there was any scientific research done to support them. The
evolutionary concept was never able to gain any real steam because it lacked a mechanism. That is,
scientists wanted to believe that species evolved from one form to another, but had no plausible
process to make it happen. The theory of natural selection provides that reasonable method of
evolution.

Natural selection essentially states that "the strong survive." The basic idea is that when change
occurs, those organisms best suited to the new circumstances will thrive. Those who are not ideally
suited will not be able to compete. Charles Darwin proposed this principle after observing some
population variations in birds. He noticed that animals within a species often had slightly varied traits,
and that those traits made some more suited to certain conditions. Darwin's theory was that, over
time, the better suited animals would thrive and the others would die out completely. The resulting
population would be entirely made up of those animals with the "better" trait. Over time, he
reasoned, this could result in a species changing enough traits to eventually become a totally
different creature, like a fish becoming a frog.

There have been some concerns expressed about the real meanings of the theory of natural
selection. There is no doubt that variations within a single species make some members better
suited to handle different circumstances. For instance, there's a popular story in science texts about
moths. These moths lived in cities around the time of the industrial revolution and had to deal with
increased pollution. Lighter-colored moths stood out on soot-stained buildings and trees, and thus,
were easier targets for birds. The darker moths found it easier to survive, because they blended into
the darkened environment. As a result, the population of light-colored moths dwindled over time, and
the darker-colored moths increased. The dominance of the darker moths is used as an example of
natural selection.

There is an important point to be made about the theory of natural selection, however. Once
conditions return to "normal," the balance of that species will return to "normal" as well. Birds with
unusually heavy beaks may become dominant during dry years, since they can more easily break
open nut shells and tree bark. The "normal" birds, with regular beaks, will struggle and diminish. Yet,
once the drought is over, the population tends back to normal-beaked birds. The darker moths who
were more suited to the polluted times made up most of the moth population, but when the pollution
began to fade, the moth population returned to its "normal" state.

Why does this happen? Species have shown to be genetically stable. In fact, genetic defects that
change the form or function of creatures usually result in death. The examples of the moths and
birds show that each species has some variations, and that those variations can favor different
animals at different times. However, they also show that the same variations are possible generation
after generation - which is why the populations can change right back to where they were. There are
no new species or new variations being produced, just more or less of those that already existed.

There has been no scientific observation of any permanent change in species. There are plenty of
proven cases of adaptation, which involves non-genetic changes. There are examples of natural
selection changing the balance of populations within a species. Yet there are no known instances of
a natural population experiencing a permanent, meaningful change. Observed genetic mutations
are, in the natural world, crippling and usually fatal. While there is no doubt about the short-term
function of natural selection, its long-term effects are not fully understood. While scientists prefer to
point to the examples of birds and moths as proof of the theory of natural selection, they often refuse
to see the same examples as contradictory to evolution itself.