Bulong, M.P. et al.

Growth and yield performance of Adlai

Growth and Yield Performance of Adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L.)

under the Organic-Based Condition of Lamut, Ifugao
MARISSA P. BULONG1*, NEMIE REX S. GUERZON1, and RODEL C. GOHA-OD1
1Ifugao State University

*Corresponding author, Marissa P. Bulong; Email: bulong_marissa@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Adlai, a certified organic food, shows potential as an alternative staple food to

rice. A study was carried out from March 2014 to February 2015 to assess the
performance of different adlai varieties under the organic – based condition of
Lamut, Ifugao. It determined the growth, yield performance, and grain quality
in terms of moisture content and dry weight of five Adlai varieties. The best
adaptable Adlai variety under organic-based condition of Lamut, Ifugao was
identified. Following RCBD with three replications, the Adlai varieties
evaluated were Gulian, Guinampay, Pulot, Tapol and Dwarf. Growth
parameters results revealed significant difference on the number of days from
planting to germination where Tapol germinated the earliest with 7.75 days
while Dwarf took 11.17 days. A highly significant difference on plant survival
showed that Tapol had the most number of plants while Dwarf had the least. A
significant and highly significant differences were noted during the vegetative
and maturity stages with Tapol having the tallest height of 225.71 cm. All yield
components showed that Dwarf yielded the most grains and Pulot, least. Dwarf
proved to be the best and adaptable variety due to high yield, high yield
components, and resistance to leafhopper and leaf blasts. Other inferior
performing varieties need further evaluation for more stable results.

Keywords: adlai, grains, dwarf type

INTRODUCTION and medicinal benefit it offers (CVIARC,

Adlai, known as jobs’ tears, is
scientifically called Coix lacryma-jobi Linn.
It is a tall grain-bearing tropical plant of
the Poaceae family (Grass family) native to
East Asia, and has a similar taste and
appearance to common barley (DA-R2,
2012). In addition, the stem grows 1-3
meters tall, bearing sword shaped leaves
and bread-like fruits. It is resilient to
drought and floods and even grows in
poor soils.
Adlai is now certified as an organic
crop which promises economic grains
aside from being practical source of food
and feed sources as well as the nutritional
2009).
A study conducted by the Indigenous
People (IP) of Northern Mindanao
recognized four varieties of adlai, namely,
Gulian (yellow white), Kinampay (grey
orange), Pulot (yellow white, glutinous),
and Tapol (grey orange). These have been
identified as part of Mindanao’s
alternative staple food aside from rice
(DA-R2, 2012). Department of
Agriculture, Region 2 (BA-R2) and
Department of Agriculture-Cordillera
Administrative Region (DA-CAR) also
discovered the dwarf variety, which is
commonly found in the wild as an edible

16 The Upland Farm Journal ▪ Volume 25, Number 1 ▪ 2017

Bulong, M.P. et al.
type.
Adlai kernels were studied and can be
cooked for staple food, maja blanca,
sinukmaning, champorado, polvoron and
turones de adlai. With its pleasant mild
flavor, it can be used as an ingredient for
of soups and broths. When ground into
flour, it can be also used to make bread,
pastas and porridges. The pounded kernel
is also used into sweet dishes by frying
and coating it with sugar.
Adlai has been studied as a better
source of nutrients than rice and corn
because it has the highest food energy
content (356 kcal) compared to corn
which has 135 kcal and rice which has
129 kcal (BAR, 2010). In the locality of
Ifugao, the most popular use of adlai is to
make jewelries. Adlai seeds are sewn
together like beads into necklaces,
bracelets, and rings.
The Department of Agriculture has
conducted information drives in Sagada,
Mountain Province and nearby towns
distributing seeds and searching for other
varieties (“Adaptability Field Trials,”
2012). The adaptability yield trials and
seed production of adlai in various ways
were eventually tested in other provinces
like Cagayan and Isabela before being
distributed to the local farmers and
municipal agricultures office.
This study assessed the performance of
different adlai varieties under the organic-
based condition of Lamut, Ifugao.
Specifically, it determined the growth
performance, yield performance, and
grain quality in terms of moisture content
and dry weight of the different adlai
varieties under organic – based condition
in Lamut, Ifugao. It was hoped that the
study can result to the identification of the
best adaptable adlai variety under organic
– based condition in Lamut, Ifugao. These
best adaptable varieties will be
The Upland Farm Journal ▪ Volume 25, Number 1 ▪ 2017
Growth and yield performance of Adlai
recommended to the local farmers for
planting and mass production.
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted at Ifugao
State University Experimental Station,
Lamut, Ifugao from March 2014 to
December 2014. The Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used
in the study. The research area which was
100 square meters was divided into three
equal blocks corresponding to the three
replications. Each block contained the five
treatments representing the five used
varieties as follows:
V1=Gulian; V2=Guinampay; V3=Pulot;
V4=Tapol; and V5=Dwarf .
The simple randomized sampling was
used as a technique in choosing five
samples in each plot. All quantitative data
were subjected to statistical analysis using
the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
single factor arranged in Randomized
Complete Block Design. The significance
of differences among treatments were
tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Experimental Procedures
Land Preparation. An area of 100
square meters was cleared from its
previous vegetation. Ridging and digging
were done before pulverizing and leveling.
Two sacks of PCM (processed chicken
manure) were incorporated as basal
fertilizer. The dimension of the plot is 5 m
x 1 m. Eight hills per plot was thoroughly
prepared for planting (Fig. 12).
Selection and Preparation on
Planting Materials. The four entries were
obtained from CVIARC, Cagayan (Fig.
10 and 11) and the wild type variety was
obtained from the locality of Nayon,
Lamut, Ifugao. All seeds were pre-
germinated before sown in the seedbed.
17
Bulong, M.P. et al. Growth and yield performance of Adlai

Sowing and transplanting.The pre- The number of grains was counted in

germinated seeds were sown in a seedbed. every panicle. Fresh grains harvested per
The seedlings were transplanted 14 days hill were weighed and recorded. Likewise,
after sowing. Five seedlings were planted the dried harvested grains per hill were
per hill. During the survival of the weighed and recorded. From each plot, all
transplanted seedlings, thinning was harvested grains were weighed and
applied selecting the three best performing recorded. Even the harvested unfilled
seedling within a hill. grains per plot were weighed and recorded
Fertilization and Water per variety. Weighing and recording were
Management. Half of the processed done to all of the harvested filled grains
chicken manure was applied as organic from each plot.
fertilizer 14 days after the recovery of the 1000 grains per variety were weighed
seedlings through hilling-up. Because adlai using a weighing scale to obtain data for
is a drought tolerant crop, water was the 1000 Grain Weight. Computed Yield
supplied twice a week through the use of a per Hectare (tons/ha) was obtained by
watering can. using this formula:
Crop Protection Management. The Pests and disease incidence was obtained
fermented botanical pesticides were used by using the Horsfall-Barratt Scale in
in a weekly interval when the observed
Yield per hectare = harvested yield x 10, 000m2
insect pests started to infest the plant.
Infected leaves were manually remove to Area (m2)
avoid the infection of the uninfected
leaves. interpreting the infected and infested
plants shown below:
Data Gathered Index Percent Affected
Meteorological data such as
1 0
temperature and rainfall were obtained at
2 0 to 3
Philippine Atmospheric Geographical and
3 3 to 6
Service Administration (PAGASA). The
data specifically on the number of days it 4 6 to 12
took for the seedlings to germinate after 5 12 to 25
planting was counted. Seedlings that
6 25 to 50
survived after transplanting were counted,
while plant height during vegetative stage 8 75 to 87
was measured from the base to the tip of 9 87 to 94
the plant during the vegetative phase. 10 94 to 97
Number of tillers per hill was also
11 97 to 100
counted. Plant height during maturity
stage was measured from the base of the 12 100
plant to the tip during the maturity period.
Moreover, the following were likewise RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
counted and recorded: days from planting The dwarf variety took the longest
to the emergence of the panicles, days days to germinate after planting while
from planting to grain development, and Tapol was noted as the earliest to
days from planting to harvesting.

18 The Upland Farm Journal ▪ Volume 25, Number 1 ▪ 2017

Bulong, M.P. et al. Growth and yield performance of Adlai

germinate. weight of 1000 grains which ranged from

In terms of plant survival, the Tapol 77 to 83 g across treatments and trials in
variety expressed the highest number of this parameter. Amor (2012) noted that
plants that survived and, dwarf variety Gulian, Guinampay and tapol did not
had the least number of seedlings that differ significantly on the weight of 1000
survived. Tapol obtained the tallest height grains. Coles (2013) noted significant
while dwarf and Pulot, the shortest. variations in seed weights but Gulian had
Guinampay obtained the highest number heavier grains.
of tillers and the dwarf type produced the
lowest number of tillers. During the Agro-meteorological Data
vegetative stage of the plant, Tapol was Table 1 shows the temperature and
observed to be the tallest in height and, rainfall data from the March 2014 to
dwarf type and Pulot obtained the shortest December 2014. It was observed that the
height. temperature ranged from 20.0 – 33.2°C
The panicles of Gulian were noted as and average rainfall is 176.2 mm.
the earliest to emerge while the panicles of
Pulot and the dwarf type were observed as Days from Planting to Germination
the latest to emerge. In addition, the Significant differences among varieties
grains of Gulian and Tapol were observed were noted as shown in Table 2. The
as the earliest to develop but Pulot and the Dwarf variety germinated the longest
dwarf type were observed as the latest to while the Tapol noted as the earliest to
develop grains. During the harvesting germinate with a mean of 11.17 days and
period, Gulian was the earliest to harvest 7.75 days, respectively. Significant
but Pulot and the dwarf type were the difference is due to seed dormancy.
latest to harvest.
In terms of pest and disease incidence, Table 1. Temperature and rainfall data
the dwarf type was the most resistant to from March 2014 to December 2014
both leaf hopper infestation and leaf blast
Temperature (°C)
infection. Pulot variety was rated very Month
Rainfall
Amount
susceptible to leaf hopper and very Min Max
(mm)
susceptible to blast infection. The dwarf March 20.40 31.2 0 63
has been observed to produce the highest April 21.90 32.70 96
number of grains per panicle. This May 22.70 33.20 146
conforms to the finding of Aradilla (2016) June 22.80 32.50 168
that Dwarf entry had the highest number
July 22.60 31.40 200
of grains per panicle because it was least
August 22.40 30.80 218
preferred by birds. Also, the dwarf type
September 22.40 30.80 305
produced the heaviest fresh weight of
October 22.00 30.40 223
grains and dried weight of grains per hill,
harvested grains per plot, weight of filled November 20.90 20.00 188

and unfilled harvested grains per plot. December 29.20 28.50 155

Furthermore, the dwarf type expressed

MEAN 22.73 30.16 176.2
the heaviest weight of 1000 grains and
generated the highest computed yield per Means with common letters are not significantly
different at 5% level of significance.
hectare. Aradilla (2016) noted comparable

The Upland Farm Journal ▪ Volume 25, Number 1 ▪ 2017 19

Bulong, M.P. et al. Growth and yield performance of Adlai

Table 2. Mean Number of Days from Planting to Germination and from Planting to Panicle
Emergence of Each Adlai Variety
Days from Planting to Days from Planting to
Adlai Variety
Germination Panicle Emergence
Gulian 8.96b 158.00
Guinampay 8.79b 160.00
Pulot 9.50ab 181.00
Tapol 7.75a 160.00
Dwarf 11.17bc 188.00
CV % 11.00 0.00
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance.

Plant Survival mean of 225. 71 cm (shown in Table 3)

During the transplanting period, five followed by Guinampay and Gulian with
seedlings were transplanted per hill. Tapol a modest difference of 8.74 and 10.23 cm,
variety expressed the highest number of respectively. The dwarf and Pulot were
plants that survived with a mean of 4.50 the shortest varieties with a mean of
seedlings (Table 3). The Pulot, 210.36 and 183.84 cm, respectively.
Guinampay and Gulian followed with a Significant differences among treatments
mean of 3.58, 3.54 and 2.96 seedlings that were observed due to their varietal
survived. On the other hand, dwarf characteristics.
variety has the least number of seedlings
that survived with a mean of 2.55 only. Number of Tillers per Hill
Highly significant difference among Table 4 revealed that there are no
varieties was recorded due to the significant differences in terms of the
adaptability of the varieties to a number of tillers produced. Guinampay
newly introduced environment as a obtained the highest number of tillers with
contributing factor. a mean of 9.92 followed by Pulot, Gulian
and Tapol with a mean of 9.69, 9.59 and
Table 3. Mean Number of Plant Survived 9.34, respectively. The dwarf produced
and average Plant Height during Vegeta-
tive Stage each Adlai variety
the lowest number of tillers with a mean
of 7.21.
Number of Plant Height
Adlai
Plant (Vegetative)
Variety
Survived (cm) Plant Height during Maturity Stage
Gulian 8.96b 215.48ab During the reproductive phase of the
Guinampay 8.79b 16.97ab plant, height was measured. Tapol
Pulot 9.50ab 183.84e obtained the tallest height with a
Tapol 7.75a 225.71a mean of 264.28 cm (Table 4) followed
Dwarf 11.17bc 210.36cd
by Guinampay and Gulian with
CV % 7.14 4.78
a mean of 254.96 and 253.12 cm,
Means with common letters are not significantly
different at 5% level of significance.
respectively. The dwarf and Pulot
obtained the shortest height with a
Plant Height during Vegetative Stage mean of 242.50 and 217.77 cm.
During the vegetative phase of the Significant differences among
plant, height was measured. Tapol was treatments were observed due
observed to be the tallest in height with a to their varietal characteristics.

20 The Upland Farm Journal ▪ Volume 25, Number 1 ▪ 2017

Bulong, M.P. et al. Growth and yield performance of Adlai

Days to Panicle Emergence

There are no significant differences the Dwarf type were observed as the latest
among the varieties used when subjected to develop grains with a mean of 185 and
to Analysis of Variance. The panicles of 192 days, respectively. There is no
Gulian were the earliest to emerge with a significant differences observed among the
mean of 157 days (shown in Table 2) varieties used.
followed by Tapol and Guinampay with a
mean of 160 and 161 days, respectively. Days from Planting to Harvesting
The panicles of Pulot and the Dwarf type Relative to maturity, Gulian was the
were the latest to emerge with a mean of earliest to harvest with a mean of 183.00
181 and 188 days, respectively. days (shown in Table 5) followed by
Tapol and Guinampay with a mean of
Table 4. Mean Number of Tillers per Hill and
188 and 191 days, respectively. Pulot and
Mean Height during Reproductive Period
the dwarf type were the latest to harvest
Mean Plant Height
Adlai Number (Maturity) with a mean of 217 and 231 days,
Variety of Tillers Mean respectively. It was observed statistically
per Hill (cm) that there are no significant differences
Gulian 9.59 253.12ab observed among the varieties.
Guinampay 9.92 254.96ab
Pulot 9.69 217.77e Pests and Disease Incidence
Tapol 9.34 264.28a Table 6 depicts the occurrence of
Dwarf 7.21 242.50d observed insect pest and disease that
CV % 21.67 4.31 greatly affected the crop during its
Means with common letters are not significantly reproductive phase. The Dwarf type was
different at 5% level of significance.
the most resistant to both leaf hopper
Days from Planting to Grain infestation and leaf blast infection. Pulot
Development variety was very susceptible to leaf hopper
Gulian and Tapol were observed as while the remaining varieties were
the earliest to develop grains with a mean susceptible to leaf hopper infestations
of 164 days (shown in Table 5) followed wherein almost 50-75% of the plants were
by Guinampay with a mean of 166 days. infested. Moreover, Pulot, Guinampay
This conforms to the study of Nabua et al. and Tapol were very susceptible to leaf
(2017) that Gulian and Guinampay are blast infection with a range of almost 50-
early maturing varieties of adlai. Pulot and 75% (Table 6) of the plants infected.
Table 5. Mean number of Days from Planting to Grain Development and Planting to
Harvesting
Mean Number of Days from Mean Number of Days from
Adlai Variety
Planting to Grain Development Planting to Harvesting
Gulian 164.00 183.00
Guinampay 166.00 191.00
Pulot 185.00 217.00
Tapol 164.00 188.00
Dwarf 192.00 231.00
CV % 0.00 0.00
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance.

The Upland Farm Journal ▪ Volume 25, Number 1 ▪ 2017 21

Bulong, M.P. et al. Growth and yield performance of Adlai

Table 6. Leaf Hopper and Leaf Blast Incidence

Index Percentage of Index Percentage of
Adlai Variety
(leafhopper) Affected Crop (leaf blast) Affected Crop
Gulian 7 50 to 75 5 12 to 25
Guinampay 7 50 to 75 7 50 to 75
Pulot 8 75 to 87 7 50 to 75
Tapol 7 50 to 75 7 50 to 75
Dwarf 2 0 to 3 2 0 to 3
CV% 0 0
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance.

Number of Grains per Panicle harvested. This is due to the varietal

Table 7 revealed that the dwarf type characteristics of each entry in terms of
produced the highest number of grains per different grain sizes.
panicle with a mean of 83.78, followed by
Tapol with a mean of 62.85 grains. Dried Weight of Grains per Hill
Meanwhile, Guinampay and Gulian Dwarf type obtained the heaviest dried
followed with a mean of 59.12 and 57.85 weight of grains per hill with a mean of
grains, respectively. Pulot had the lowest 162.34 grams (as shown in Table 7). In
number of grains per panicle with a mean addition, Gulian and Guinampay
of 57.85 grains. There is no significant followed with a mean of 48.67 and 40.00
differences observed among the varieties. grams. Tapol and Pulot were observed as
the lightest with a mean of 36.84 and
Table 7. Mean Number of Grains per Panicle,
Weight of Fresh Grains per hill, and Weight of 34.56 grams, respectively. A significant
Dried Harvested Grains per hill result may due to the number of filled
Adlai Number Fresh Dried grains harvested and sun drying as a
Variety of Grains Weight Weight
technique to attain 14% moisture content.
Per of Grains of Grains
panicle per hill per hill
Gulian 56.36 54.50b 48.67b Weight of Harvested Grains per Plot
Guinampay 59.12 48.75b 40.00b Table 8 shows that a highly significant
Pulot 57.33 39.07b 34.56b difference in terms of harvested grains per
Tapol 62.85 40.46b 36.84b plot among the varieties used. This may
Dwarf 83.78 210.67a 162.34a be due to the different number of grains
CV% 22.09 53.15 52.41 produced per variety. Dwarf type
Means with letters are not significantly different produced 1,298.67 grams. Gulian and
at 5% level of significance.
Guinampay followed with a mean of
Fresh Weight of Grains per Hill 389.33 and 320.00 grams, respectively. On
The dwarf type produced the heaviest the other hand, Tapol and Pulot obtained
fresh weight of grains per hill with a mean the lowest weight with a mean of 294.67
of 210.67 grams per hill (as shown in and 258.33, respectively.
Table 7). Furthermore, Gulian and
Guinampay followed with a mean of Weight of Harvested Filled Grains per
54.50 and 48.75 grams. Tapol and Pulot Plot
obtained the lightest fresh weight of grains The dwarf type produced the heaviest
per hill with a mean of 40.46 and 39.07 weight of harvested filled grains with a
grams, respectively. A significant result mean of 1132.00. Gulian and Guinampay
may be due to the number of filled grains followed with a mean of 372.67 and

22 The Upland Farm Journal ▪ Volume 25, Number 1 ▪ 2017

Bulong, M.P. et al. Growth and yield performance of Adlai

Table 8. Mean Weights (in grams) of Harvested Grains per Plot, Filled Harvested Grains per
Plot, and Unfilled Harvested Grains per Plot
Mean Weight Mean Weight Mean Weight of
of Harvested Grains per of Harvested Filled Harvested Unfilled
Adlai Variety
Plot Grains per Plot Grains per Plot
(grams) (grams) (grams)
Gulian 389.33b 372.67b 16.67b
Guinampay 320.00b 303.00b 17.00b
Pulot 258.33b 238.33b 20.00b
Tapol 294.67b 277.00b 17.67b
Dwarf 1298.67a 1132.00a 166.67a
CV% 51.95 53.17 43.07
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance.

303.00 grams, respectively. Meanwhile, 1000 grains (Table 9). This was followed
Tapol and Pulot got the lowest weight by Guinampay, Pulot and Gulian with a
with a mean of 277.00 and 238.33, mean of 97.00, 86.00 and 83.00, grams,
respectively. Significant difference in respectively. Meanwhile, Tapol recorded
terms of weight of filled grains per plot the lightest weight of 1000 grains with a
was observed among the varieties used. mean of 80.00 grams.
Dwarf type obtained the heaviest filled
Computed Yield per Hectare
grains per plot due to the higher number
The data showed that the Dwarf type
of grains per panicle compared to other
had the highest computed yield per
varieties.
hectare with a mean of 2597.33 kilograms
(Table 9). This was followed by Gulian,
Weight of Harvested Unfilled Grains per
Guinampay and Tapol with a mean of
Plot
778.67, 640.00, and, 589.33 kilograms,
A significant difference among the
respectively. On the other, Pulot recorded
varieties used was observed among the
the lightest computed yield per hectare
varieties used in terms of the weight of
with a mean of 516.67 kilograms. Similar
harvested unfilled grains per plot. This
to the study of Mendoza, et al. (2015) that
may be due to drought during the milking
pulot had the lowest production among
stage of the grains. The Dwarf type
adlai varieties planted. A significant
obtained the heaviest weight of unfilled
difference among the varieties used is due
grains per plot with a mean of 166.67
to the different produced yield per plot
grams. Pulot followed with a mean of
of each variety.
20.00 grams. Tapol, Guinampay and
Gulian weighed the lightest unfilled grains Table 9. 1000 Grains Weight and Computed
with a mean of 17.67, 17.00 and 16.67 Yield per Hectare
grams, respectively. Adlai Variety 1000 Grains Computed
Weight Yield per
(grams) Hectar (kg)
1000 Grains Weight Gulian 83.00b 778.67b
Highly significant difference among Guinampay 97.00b 640.00b
the varieties used was observed due to the Pulot 86.67b 516.67b
different moisture content of the grains in Tapol 80.00b 589.33b
Dwarf 152.33a 2597.33a
each variety. Furthermore, the dwarf type
CV% 8.19 51.99
generated 152.33 grams in weight of the
Means with common letters are not significantly different
at 5% level of significance.

The Upland Farm Journal ▪ Volume 25, Number 1 ▪ 2017 23

Bulong, M.P. et al.
CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATION
Tapol variety is the best in terms of
germination and height while the panicles
of Gulian were the earliest to emerge.
The Dwarf type proved that it is the
best variety in terms of resistance to pests
and diseases, fresh weight of grains and
dried weight of grains per hill, harvested
grains per plot, and weight of filled and
unfilled harvested grains per plot. The
dwarf type expressed the heaviest weight
of 1000 grains and generated the highest
computed yield per hectare. Thus, the
Dwarf type has been confirmed as the best
performing varieties among the entries
used under Lamut, Ifugao condition.
The other Adlai varieties need further
evaluation for more stable results under
low-elevated and mid-elevated condition
like Lamut, Ifugao.
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