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Classical Hollywood cinema
Classical  Hollywood  cinema, classical  Hollywood  narrative, and
classical  continuity[1] are terms used in film criticism which designate
Classical Hollywood
both a narrative and visual style of film-making which developed in and
cinema
characterized American cinema between the 1910s and the early 1960s, and Years 1910s–1960s
eventually became the most powerful and pervasive style of film-making active
worldwide.[2] Country United States
Major D. W. Griffith, John
figures Ford, Orson Welles,
Contents Alfred Hitchcock,
Howard Hawks, Billy
Development of the classical style
Wilder, Charlie Chaplin,
Early narrative film (1895–1913)
Maturation of the silents (1913–late 1920s)
Mary Pickford,
Classical Hollywood cinema in the sound era (late 1920s – 1960s) Humphrey Bogart

Style Influences The Renaissance,

Devices theatrical realism
Systems
Narrative logic
Cinematic time
Cinematic space
Relations of systems
List of important figures in the era
Directors
Producers
Actors
Actresses
Others
List of notable films
Silent era
Sound era
References
See also
Further reading
External links

Development of the classical style

Early narrative film (1895–1913)

For centuries, the only visual standard of narrative storytelling was the theatre. Since the first narrative films in the
1890s, film-makers sought to capture the power of live theatre on the cinema screen. Most of these film-makers started
as directors on the late 19th century stage, and likewise most film actors had roots in vaudeville or theatrical
melodramas. Visually, early narrative films had adapted little from the stage, and their narratives had adapted very

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little from vaudeville and melodrama. Before the visual style which would become known as "classical continuity",
scenes were filmed in full shot and used carefully choreographed staging to portray plot and character relationships.
Cutting was extremely limited, and mostly consisted of close-ups of writing on objects for their legibility.[3]

Maturation of the silents (1913–late 1920s)

Though lacking the reality inherent to the stage, film (unlike stage) offers
the freedom to manipulate apparent time and space, and thus to create the
illusion of realism — that is temporal linearity and spatial continuity. By the
early 1910s, film-making was beginning to fulfill its artistic potential. In
Sweden and Denmark, this period would be known as a "Golden Age" of
film;[4] in America, this artistic change is attributed to film-makers like
David W. Griffith finally breaking the grip of the Edison Trust to make films
independent of the manufacturing monopoly. Films worldwide began to
noticeably adopt visual and narrative elements which would be found in
The Mothering Heart screenshot
classical Hollywood cinema. 1913 was a particularly fruitful year for the
medium, as pioneering directors from several countries produced
masterpieces such as The Mothering Heart (D. W. Griffith), Ingeborg Holm (Victor Sjöström), and L'enfant de Paris
(Léonce Perret) that set new standards for film as a form of storytelling.[3] It was also the year when Yevgeni Bauer (the
first true film artist, according to Georges Sadoul[5]) started his short, but prolific, career.[6]

In the world, generally and America specifically, the influence of Griffith on film-making was unmatched. Equally
influential were his actors in adapting their performances to the new medium. Lillian Gish, the star of The Mothering
Heart, is particularly noted for her influence on screen performance techniques. Griffith's 1915 epic The  Birth  of  a
Nation was ground-breaking for film as a means of storytelling — a masterpiece of literary narrative with numerous
innovative visual techniques. The film initiated so many advances in American cinema that it was rendered obsolete
within a few years.[7] Though 1913 was a global landmark for film-making, 1917 was primarily an American one.

The era of "classical Hollywood cinema" is distinguished by a narrative and

visual style which would begin to dominate the medium in America by 1917.

Classical Hollywood cinema in the sound era (late

1920s – 1960s)
The narrative and visual style of classical Hollywood style would further
develop after the transition to sound-film production. The primary changes
in American film-making came from the film industry itself, with the height
of the studio system. This mode of production, with its reigning star system
bankrolled by several key studios, had preceded sound by several years. By
mid-1920, most of the prominent American directors and actors, who had
worked independently since the early 10s, would have to become a part of
the new studio system to continue to work.

The beginning of the sound era itself is ambiguously defined. To some, it

began with The Jazz Singer, which was released in 1927 and increased box-
Ben Hur theatrical release poster
office profits for films, as sound was introduced to feature films. [8] To
others, the era began in 1929, when the silent age had definitively ended. [9]
Most Hollywood pictures from the late 1920s to 1960s adhered closely to a genre—Western, slapstick comedy, musical,
animated cartoon, and biopic (biographical picture)—and the same creative teams often worked on films made by the
same studio. For instance, Cedric Gibbons and Herbert Stothart always worked on MGM films; Alfred Newman

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worked at Twentieth Century Fox for twenty years; Cecil B. DeMille's films were almost all made at Paramount
Pictures; and director Henry King's films were mostly made for Twentieth Century Fox. Similarly, actors were mostly
contract players. Film historians and critics note that it took about a decade for films to adapt to sound and return to
the level of artistic quality of the silents, which it did in the late 1930s.

Many great works of cinema that emerged from this period were of highly regimented film-making. One reason this
was possible is that, with so many films being made, not every one had to be a big hit. A studio could gamble on a
medium-budget feature with a good script and relatively unknown actors: Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles and
regarded by some as the greatest film of all time, fits that description. In other cases, strong-willed directors like
Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock, and Frank Capra battled the studios in order to achieve their artistic visions. The
apogee of the studio system may have been the year 1939, which saw the release of such classics as The Wizard of Oz,
Gone  with  the  Wind, The  Hunchback  of  Notre  Dame, Stagecoach, Mr.  Smith  Goes  to  Washington, Destry  Rides
Again, Young  Mr.  Lincoln, Wuthering  Heights, Only  Angels  Have  Wings, Ninotchka, Beau  Geste, Babes  in  Arms,
Gunga Din, Goodbye, Mr. Chips, and The Roaring Twenties.

Style
The visual-narrative style of classical
Hollywood cinema as elaborated by David Classical Hollywood cinema possesses a style which is largely
invisible and difficult for the average spectator to see. The
Bordwell,[11] was heavily influenced by the narrative is delivered so effortlessly and efficiently to the
ideas of the Renaissance and its resurgence audience that it appears to have no source. It comes magically
of mankind as the focal point. It is off the screen.
distinguished at three general levels: John Belton, film scholar, Rutgers University[10]
devices, systems, and the relations of
systems.

Devices
The devices most inherent to classical Hollywood cinema are those of continuity editing. This includes the 180-degree
rule, one of the major visual-spatial elements of continuity editing. The 180-degree rule keeps with the "photographed
play" style by creating an imaginary 180-degree axis between the viewer and the shot, allowing viewers to clearly orient
themselves within the position and direction of action in a scene. According to the 30-degree rule, cuts in the angle that
the scene is viewed from must be significant enough for the viewer to understand the purpose of a change in
perspective. Cuts that do not adhere to the 30-degree rule, known as jump cuts, are disruptive to the illusion of
temporal continuity between shots. The 180-degree and 30-degree rules are elementary guidelines in film-making that
preceded the official start of the classical era by over a decade, as seen in the pioneering 1902 French film A Trip to the
Moon. Cutting techniques in classical continuity editing serve to help establish or maintain continuity, as in the cross
cut, which establishes the concurrence of action in different locations. Jump cuts are allowed in the form of the axial
cut, which does not change the angle of shooting at all, but has the clear purpose of showing a perspective closer or
farther from the subject, and therefore does not interfere with temporal continuity.

Systems

Narrative logic
Classical narration progresses always through psychological motivation, i. e., by the will of a human character and its
struggle with obstacles towards a defined goal. This narrative element is commonly composed of a primary narrative
(often a romance) intertwined with a secondary narrative, such as a business or a crime. This narrative is structured
with an unmistakable beginning, middle and end, and generally there is a distinct resolution. Utilizing actors, events,
causal effects, main points, and secondary points are basic characteristics of this type of narrative. The characters in
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Classical Hollywood Cinema have clearly definable traits, are active, and very goal oriented. They are causal agents
motivated by psychological rather than social concerns.[2] The narrative is a chain of cause and effect with the
characters being the causal agents — in classical style, events do not occur randomly.

Cinematic time
Time in classical Hollywood is continuous, linear, and uniform, since non-linearity calls attention to the illusory
workings of the medium. The only permissible manipulation of time in this format is the flashback. It is mostly used to
introduce a memory sequence of a character, e. g., Casablanca.

Cinematic space
The greatest rule of classical continuity regarding space is object permanence: the viewer must believe that the scene
exists outside the shot of the cinematic frame to maintain the picture's realism. The treatment of space in classical
Hollywood strives to overcome or conceal the two-dimensionality of film ("invisible style") and is strongly centered
upon the human body. The majority of shots in a classical film focus on gestures or facial expressions (medium-long
and medium shots). André Bazin once compared classical film to a photographed play in that the events seem to exist
objectively and that cameras only give us the best view of the whole play.[12]

This treatment of space consists of four main aspects: centering, balancing, frontality, and depth. Persons or objects of
significance are mostly in the center part of the picture frame and never out of focus. Balancing refers to the visual
composition, i. e., characters are evenly distributed throughout the frame. The action is subtly addressed towards the
spectator (frontality) and set, lighting (mostly three-point lighting, especially high-key lighting), and costumes are
designed to separate foreground from the background (depth).

Relations of systems
The aspects of space and time are subordinated to the narrative element.

List of important figures in the era
Many of the film-makers listed below did multiple chores on various film productions through their careers. They are
here listed by the category they are most readily recognized as. If they are recognized in more than one category on the
same level, they are listed in all of them.

Directors
The following is a list of directors associated with classical Hollywood. Some of them also had careers in other
countries (e. g., Hitchcock and Renoir), and some also had careers either before (e. g., Griffith) or after (e. g., Huston)
the classical era.

Robert Aldrich[13] Charlie Chaplin Victor Fleming[13]

Lewis Allen[14] John Cromwell[13] John Ford[13]
Lloyd Bacon[13] George Cukor[13] Chester Franklin
Clarence G. Badger Michael Curtiz[13] Sidney Franklin[13]
William Beaudine Cecil B. DeMille[13] Samuel Fuller[13]
Busby Berkeley[13] Andre DeToth Edmund Goulding
Frank Borzage[13] William Dieterle[13] D. W. Griffith[13]
John Brahm Edward Dmytryk[13] Howard Hawks[13]
Clarence Brown Stanley Donen[13] Stuart Heisler[16]
Tod Browning John Farrow[15] Alfred Hitchcock[13]
Frank Capra[13]
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John Huston[13] Leo McCarey[13] John Sturges[13]

Garson Kanin Andrew V. McLaglen[17] Preston Sturges[13]
Elia Kazan[13] Lewis Milestone[13] Frank Tashlin
Henry King Vincente Minnelli[13] W. S. Van Dyke[13]
Stanley Kramer[13] Jean Negulesco Charles Vidor[13]
Gregory La Cava[13] Marshall Neilan King Vidor[13]
Fritz Lang[13] Max Ophüls Josef von Sternberg[13]
Mervyn LeRoy[13] Otto Preminger[13] Raoul Walsh[13]
Frank Lloyd[13] Irving Rapper[13] Orson Welles[13]
Ernst Lubitsch[13] Nicholas Ray[13] William A. Wellman[13]
Sidney Lumet[13] Jean Renoir James Whale
Ida Lupino Wesley Ruggles[13] Billy Wilder[13]
Rouben Mamoulian[13] Mark Sandrich Sam Wood[13]
Joseph L. Mankiewicz[13] Victor Sjöström
William Wyler[13]
John M. Stahl
Anthony Mann[13] Fred Zinnemann[13]
George Stevens[13]

Producers
Pandro S. Berman Arthur Hornblow Jr.[13] Sam Spiegel
Harry Cohn[13] Howard Hughes[13] Irving Thalberg[13]
Walt Disney Stanley Kramer[13] Hal B. Wallis[13]
Arthur Freed[13] Louis B. Mayer[13] Jack L. Warner
Sam Goldwyn[13] David O. Selznick[13] Darryl F. Zanuck[13]
Adolph Zukor

Actors
Brian Aherne Montgomery Clift[13] John Garfield
Don Ameche Lee J. Cobb[13] John Gilbert[13]
Dana Andrews[13] Lew Cody Farley Granger
Fred Astaire[13] Ronald Colman[13] Stewart Granger
Lew Ayres Gary Cooper[13] Cary Grant[13]
Martin Balsam Joseph Cotten[13] Sydney Greenstreet[13]
John Barrymore[13] Broderick Crawford[13] Edmund Gwenn
Lionel Barrymore[13] Hume Cronyn Alan Hale, Sr
Warner Baxter Rex Harrison
Bing Crosby[13]
Wallace Beery[13] Sessue Hayakawa
Tony Curtis[13]
Ralph Bellamy[13] Gabby Hayes[13]
James Dean[13]
William Bendix Paul Henreid[13]
Richard Dix
Humphrey Bogart[13] Charlton Heston
Kirk Douglas[13]
Ward Bond[13] William Holden[13]
Melvyn Douglas
Ernest Borgnine[13] Jimmy Durante Bob Hope[13]
Charles Boyer Dan Duryea[13] Edward Everett Horton[13]
Marlon Brando[13] Douglas Fairbanks Sr.[13] Leslie Howard[13]
Walter Brennan[13] Douglas Fairbanks Jr.[13] Rock Hudson[13]
James Cagney[13] José Ferrer John Huston[13]
John Carradine[13] Errol Flynn[13] Boris Karloff
Lon Chaney Danny Kaye
Henry Fonda[13]
Charlie Chaplin[13] Buster Keaton
Glenn Ford[13]
Maurice Chevalier Gene Kelly[13]
Clark Gable[13]
Alan Ladd[13]
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Burt Lancaster[13] Robert Montgomery Will Rogers

Charles Laughton[13] Frank Morgan Cesar Romero[13]
Laurel and Hardy[13] Chester Morris Mickey Rooney[13]
Peter Lawford Paul Muni[13] George Sanders[13]
Jack Lemmon[13] Paul Newman[13] Randolph Scott[13]
Oscar Levant[13] David Niven[13] Frank Sinatra[13]
Peter Lorre Ramon Novarro Red Skelton
Bela Lugosi Pat O'Brien[13] James Stewart[13]
Fred MacMurray[13] Laurence Olivier[13] Dean Stockwell
Karl Malden[13] Gregory Peck[13] Lewis Stone
Fredric March[13] Anthony Perkins Barry Sullivan
Herbert Marshall Walter Pidgeon[13] Lyle Talbot
James Mason[13] Sidney Poitier[13] Robert Taylor[13]
Raymond Massey[13] Dick Powell[13] Franchot Tone[13]
Victor Mature William Powell[13] Spencer Tracy[13]
Joel McCrea[13] Tyrone Power[13] Rudolph Valentino
Victor McLaglen George Raft Erich von Stroheim
Steve McQueen Claude Rains[13] John Wayne[13]
Adolphe Menjou Wallace Reid Johnny Weissmuller[13]
Ray Milland[13] Basil Rathbone Orson Welles
Thomas Mitchell[13] Ronald Reagan Richard Widmark[13]
Robert Mitchum[13] Cliff Robertson Warren William
Edward G. Robinson[13] Roland Young

Actresses
June Allyson[13] Bette Davis[13] Jean Harlow[13]
Judith Anderson[13] Doris Day[13] Julie Harris
Julie Andrews Laraine Day Helen Hayes
Eve Arden[13] Priscilla Dean Susan Hayward[13]
Jean Arthur[13] Olivia de Havilland[13] Rita Hayworth[13]
Mary Astor[13] Dolores del Río[13] Audrey Hepburn[13]
Lauren Bacall[13] Marlene Dietrich[13] Katharine Hepburn[13]
Lucille Ball[13] Billie Dove Judy Holliday[13]
Tallulah Bankhead Marie Dressler Celeste Holm[13]
Ethel Barrymore[13] Irene Dunne[13] Miriam Hopkins
Anne Baxter[13] Glenda Farrell Lena Horne
Constance Bennett Geraldine Fitzgerald Anne Jeffreys
Joan Bennett[13] Joan Fontaine[13] Jennifer Jones[13]
Pauline Frederick Ruby Keeler[13]
Ingrid Bergman[13]
Greta Garbo[13] Grace Kelly[13]
Joan Blondell[13]
Ava Gardner[13] Deborah Kerr[13]
Beulah Bondi[13]
Billie Burke Judy Garland[13] Veronica Lake[13]
Cyd Charisse Greer Garson[13] Hedy Lamarr[13]
Claudette Colbert[13] Janet Gaynor Dorothy Lamour
Jeanne Crain Lillian Gish[13] Priscilla Lane
Joan Crawford[13] Paulette Goddard[13] Angela Lansbury
Dorothy Dandridge[13] Betty Grable[13] Janet Leigh[13]
Bebe Daniels[13] Gloria Grahame[13] Vivien Leigh[13]
Linda Darnell Kathryn Grayson[13] Joan Leslie[13]
Jane Darwell[13] Ann Harding Carole Lombard[13]

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Myrna Loy[13] Jean Peters[13] Blanche Sweet

Ida Lupino[13] Mary Pickford[13] Constance Talmadge
Jeanette MacDonald Eleanor Powell[13] Norma Talmadge
Virginia Mayo[13] Donna Reed[13] Elizabeth Taylor[13]
Mercedes McCambridge[13] Lee Remick Shirley Temple

Hattie McDaniel[13] Debbie Reynolds Gene Tierney[13]

Una Merkel[13] Thelma Ritter[13] Claire Trevor[13]

Ginger Rogers[13] Lana Turner
Ann Miller[13]
Carmen Miranda Jane Russell[13] Mae West[13]

Marilyn Monroe[13] Rosalind Russell[13] Esther Williams[13]

Shelley Winters
Agnes Moorehead[13] Norma Shearer[13]
Anna May Wong
Mae Murray Ann Sheridan[13]
Patricia Neal Fay Wray[13]
Jean Simmons[13]
Merle Oberon Teresa Wright[13]
Ann Sothern
Maureen O'Hara[13] Jane Wyman[13]
Barbara Stanwyck[13]
Maureen O'Sullivan[13] Jane Wyatt
Margaret Sullavan[13]
Eleanor Parker[13] Loretta Young[13]
Gloria Swanson[13]

Others
Adrian (costume designer) Hermes Pan (choreographer)
Nacio Herb Brown (songwriter) Walter Plunkett (costume designer)
Julius J. Epstein (screenwriter) Sol Polito (cinematographer)
Arthur Freed (lyricist, producer) Robert Riskin (screenwriter)
Cedric Gibbons (art director) Miklós Rózsa (composer)
Ruth Gordon (screenwriter) Morrie Ryskind (screenwriter)
Edith Head[13] (costume designer) Budd Schulberg (screenwriter)
Ben Hecht (screenwriter) Irene Sharaff (costume designer)
Bernard Herrmann (composer) Max Steiner[13] (composer)
Garson Kanin (screenwriter, director) Herbert Stothart (composer)
Erich Wolfgang Korngold (composer) Preston Sturges (screenwriter)
Anita Loos (screenwriter) Jo Swerling (screenwriter)
Charles MacArthur (screenwriter) Dimitri Tiomkin (composer)
Herman J. Mankiewicz (screenwriter) Gregg Toland (cinematographer)
Alfred Newman (composer) Dalton Trumbo (screenwriter)
Orry-Kelly (costume designer) Franz Waxman (composer)

List of notable films
The following is a chronological list of notable American and British films that were made during Hollywood's Golden
Age.

Silent era
The Mothering Heart (1913)
The Birth of a Nation (1915)
Intolerance (1916)
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1917)
The Immigrant (1917)
The Poor Little Rich Girl (1917)
Wild and Woolly (1917)
Broken Blossoms (1919)

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Pollyanna (1920)
The Last of the Mohicans (1920)
Within Our Gates (1920)
Way Down East (1920)
Orphans of the Storm (1921)
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921)
The Kid (1921)
A Woman of Paris (1921)
The Covered Wagon (1923)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923)
Safety Last! (1923)
Greed (1924)
Sherlock Jr. (1924)
The Thief of Bagdad (1924)
Ben-Hur (1925)
The Big Parade (1925)
The Gold Rush (1925)
Little Annie Rooney (1925)
The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
Flesh and the Devil (1926)
Sparrows (1926)
The Black Pirate (1926)
The Canadian (1926)
The General (1926)
7th Heaven (1927)
It (1927)
The Circus (1928)
The Unknown (1927)
The Wind (1928)
City Lights (1931)
Tabu (1931)

Sound era
An asterisk (*) indicates a silent film that was made during the sound era.

The Jazz Singer (1927)

A Free Soul (1930)
All Quiet on the Western Front (1930)
Anna Christie (1930)
Morocco (1930)
Romance (1930)
The Divorcee (1930)
Bad Girl (1931)
Blonde Crazy (1931)
Dracula (1931)
Frankenstein (1931)
Platinum Blonde (1931)
The Public Enemy (1931)
A Farewell to Arms (1932)
Forbidden (1932)
Freaks (1932)
Grand Hotel (1932)
Red Dust (1932)
Scarface (1932)
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Shanghai Express (1932)

The Animal Kingdom (1932)
Trouble in Paradise (1932)
She Done Him Wrong (1933)
42nd Street (1933)
Baby Face (1933)
Design for Living (1933)
Dinner at Eight (1933)
Duck Soup (1933)
Flying Down to Rio (1933)
Footlight Parade (1933)
The Invisible Man (1933)
King Kong (1933)
Lady for a Day (1933)
Man's Castle (1933)
Queen Christina (1933)
Broadway Bill (1934)
Imitation of Life (1934)
It Happened One Night (1934)
Manhattan Melodrama (1934)
No Greater Glory (1934)
Of Human Bondage (1934)
The Gay Divorcee (1934)
The Old Fashioned Way (1934)
The Thin Man (1934)
Twentieth Century (1934)
Wonder Bar (1934)
The 39 Steps (1935)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)
A Night at the Opera (1935)
A Tale of Two Cities (1935)
Anna Karenina (1935)
Gold Diggers of 1935 (1935)
Sylvia Scarlett (1935)
Top Hat (1935)
Camille (1936)
Follow the Fleet (1936)
Libeled Lady (1936)
Modern Times (1936)*
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936)
My Man Godfrey (1936)
San Francisco (1936)
Swing Time (1936)
Theodora Goes Wild (1936)
The Awful Truth (1937)
Captains Courageous (1937)
Easy Living (1937)
Gold Diggers of 1937 (1937)
Heidi (1937)
Lost Horizon (1937)
Make Way for Tomorrow (1937)
Marked Woman (1937)
Nothing Sacred (1937)
The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)
Shall We Dance (1937)
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Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)

Stage Door (1937)
A Star is Born (1937)
Stella Dallas (1937)
True Confession (1937)
Varsity Show (1937)
Wee Willie Winkie (1937)
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
Algiers (1938)
Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)
Bringing Up Baby (1938)
Holiday (1938)
Jezebel (1938)
Pygmalion (1938)
You Can't Take It with You (1938)
5th Avenue Girl (1939)
Babes in Arms (1939)
Beau Geste (1939)
Dark Victory (1939)
Destry Rides Again (1939)
Gone with the Wind (1939)
Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939)
Gunga Din (1939)
Love Affair (1939)
Midnight (1939)
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939)
Ninotchka (1939)
Only Angels Have Wings (1939)
Stagecoach (1939)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)
The Little Princess (1939)
The Oklahoma Kid (1939)
The Roaring Twenties (1939)
The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
The Women (1939)
Wuthering Heights (1939)
Young Mr. Lincoln (1939)
All This, and Heaven Too (1940)
Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Foreign Correspondent (1940)
The Grapes of Wrath (1940)
The Great Dictator (1940)
His Girl Friday (1940)
Kitty Foyle (1940)
The Letter (1940)
The Long Voyage Home (1940)
The Mortal Storm (1940)
My Favorite Wife (1940)
The Philadelphia Story (1940)
Pinocchio (1940)
Pride and Prejudice (1940)
Primrose Path (1940)
Rebecca (1940)
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The Shop Around the Corner (1940)

49th Parallel (1941)
Ball of Fire (1941)
Blossoms in the Dust (1941)
Citizen Kane (1941)
Dumbo (1941)
Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941)
High Sierra (1941)
Hold Back the Dawn (1941)
How Green Was My Valley (1941)
The Little Foxes (1941)
The Maltese Falcon (1941)
Meet John Doe (1941)
Mr. and Mrs. Smith (1941)
One Foot in Heaven (1941)
Penny Serenade (1941)
Sergeant York (1941)
Sullivan's Travels (1941)
Suspicion (1941)
The Bride Came C.O.D. (1941)
The Lady Eve (1941)
You'll Never Get Rich (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Casablanca (1942)
Holiday Inn (1942)
In Which We Serve (1942)
Kings Row (1942)
The Magnificent Ambersons (1942)
The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942)
Mrs. Miniver (1942)
The Palm Beach Story (1942)
The Pied Piper (1942)
The Pride of the Yankees (1942)
Random Harvest (1942)
Saboteur (1942)
The Talk of the Town (1942)
Tortilla Flat (1942)
Wake Island (1942)
Woman of the Year (1942)
Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
You Were Never Lovelier (1942)
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943)
Heaven Can Wait (1943)
The Human Comedy (1943)
Journey into Fear (1943)
Madame Curie (1943)
The More the Merrier (1943)
The Ox-Bow Incident (1943)
Shadow of a Doubt (1943)
The Song of Bernadette (1943)
Stormy Weather (1943)
Watch on the Rhine (1943)
Arsenic and Old Lace (1944)
Cover Girl (1944)
Double Indemnity (1944)
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Gaslight (1944)
Going My Way (1944)
Henry V (1944)
Laura (1944)
Lifeboat (1944)
The Lodger (1944)
Meet Me in St. Louis (1944)
The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1944)
National Velvet (1944)
Since You Went Away (1944)
To Have and Have Not (1944)
The Uninvited (1944)
Wilson (1944)
Anchors Aweigh (1945)
The Bells of St. Mary's (1945)
Hangover Square (1945)
The Lost Weekend (1945)
Mildred Pierce (1945)
Spellbound (1945)
Anna and the King of Siam (1946)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
The Big Sleep (1946)
Duel in the Sun (1946)
Gilda (1946)
Great Expectations (1946)
Humoresque (1946)
It's a Wonderful Life (1946)
The Killers (1946)
The Locket (1946)
Notorious (1946)
The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946)
The Razor's Edge (1946)
The Yearling (1946)
The Bishop's Wife (1947)
Crossfire (1947)
Dead Reckoning (1947)
Gentleman's Agreement (1947)
The Ghost and Mrs. Muir (1947)
The Lady from Shanghai (1947)
Miracle on 34th Street (1947)
Monsieur Verdoux (1947)
The Paradine Case (1947)
Fort Apache (1948)
Hamlet (1948)
Johnny Belinda (1948)
Key Largo (1948)
Red River (1948)
The Red Shoes (1948)
Rope (1948)
The Snake Pit (1948)
State of the Union (1948)
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
Adam's Rib (1949)
All the King's Men (1949)
Battleground (1949)
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The Heiress (1949)

Intruder in the Dust (1949)
A Letter to Three Wives (1949)
The Third Man (1949)
Twelve O'Clock High (1949)
All About Eve (1950)
Annie Get Your Gun (1950)
Born Yesterday (1950)
Caged (1950)
Cinderella (1950)
Father of the Bride (1950)
In a Lonely Place (1950)
King Solomon's Mines (1950)
Rio Grande (1950)
Summer Stock (1950)
Sunset Boulevard (1950)
Treasure Island (1950)
The African Queen (1951)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
An American in Paris (1951)
The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951)
Decision Before Dawn (1951)
A Place in the Sun (1951)
Quo Vadis (1951)
Strangers on a Train (1951)
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
The Bad and the Beautiful (1952)
The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)
High Noon (1952)
Ivanhoe (1952)
Limelight (1952)
The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima (1952)
Monkey Business (1952)
Moulin Rouge (1952)
The Prisoner of Zenda (1952)
The Quiet Man (1952)
Singin' in the Rain (1952)
The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952)
The Band Wagon (1953)
The Big Heat (1953)
From Here to Eternity (1953)
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953)
How to Marry a Millionaire (1953)
Julius Caesar (1953)
Mogambo (1953)
Peter Pan (1953)
The Robe (1953)
Roman Holiday (1953)
Shane (1953)
The Sword and the Rose (1953)
The War of the Worlds (1953)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954)
A Star Is Born (1954)
The Caine Mutiny (1954)
The Country Girl (1954)
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Dial M for Murder (1954)

On the Waterfront (1954)
Rear Window (1954)
Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue (1954)
Sabrina (1954)
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)
Three Coins in the Fountain (1954)
Vera Cruz (1954)
Kiss Me Deadly (1955)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing (1955)
Marty (1955)
Mister Roberts (1955)
Picnic (1955)
Rebel Without a Cause (1955)
Richard III (1955)
The Rose Tattoo (1955)
The Seven Year Itch (1955)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
Autumn Leaves (1956)
Forbidden Planet (1956)
Friendly Persuasion (1956)
Giant (1956)
Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)
The King and I (1956)
The Searchers (1956)
The Ten Commandments (1956)
12 Angry Men (1957)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
A King in New York (1957)
Peyton Place (1957)
Sayonara (1957)
Witness for the Prosecution (1957)
Auntie Mame (1958)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958)
The Defiant Ones (1958)
Gigi (1958)
The Long, Hot Summer (1958)
Separate Tables (1958)
Touch of Evil (1958)
Vertigo (1958)
A Hole in the Head (1959)
Anatomy of a Murder (1959)
Ben-Hur (1959)
The Diary of Anne Frank (1959)
North by Northwest (1959)
The Nun's Story (1959)
Room at the Top (1959)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
Some Like It Hot (1959)
Suddenly, Last Summer (1959)
The Alamo (1960)
The Apartment (1960)
Elmer Gantry (1960)
Psycho (1960)
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Sons and Lovers (1960)

Spartacus (1960)
The Sundowners (1960)
Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961)
The Children's Hour (1961)
Fanny (1961)
The Guns of Navarone (1961)
The Hustler (1961)
Judgment at Nuremberg (1961)
Pocketful of Miracles (1961)
West Side Story (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
The Longest Day (1962)
The Music Man (1962)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)
America America (1963)
The Birds (1963)
Charade (1963)
Cleopatra (1963)
Jason and the Argonauts (1963)
How the West Was Won (1963)
Lilies of the Field (1963)
Tom Jones (1963)
Becket (1964)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
Mary Poppins (1964)
My Fair Lady (1964)
Zorba the Greek (1964)

References
1. The Classic Hollywood Narrative Style (https://web.archive.org/web/20030318060806/http://history.sandiego.edu/g
en/filmnotes/classical.html) at University of San Diego History Dept
2. Goldburg, Michael. "Classical Hollywood Cinema (Internet Archive)" (https://web.archive.org/web/2007053117455
6/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/filmnotes/classical.html). Archived from the original (http://history.sandiego.edu/
GEN/filmnotes/classical.html) on 31 May 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
3. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103312/http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/2007/12/28/hap
py-birthday-classical-cinema/). Archived from the original (http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/2007/12/28/happy-birt
hday-classical-cinema/) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
4. "The "golden age" of silent film – Sweden – bio, actress, children, wife, cinema, role, story" (http://www.filmreferen
ce.com/encyclopedia/Romantic-Comedy-Yugoslavia/Sweden-THE-GOLDEN-AGE-OF-SILENT-FILM.html).
5. Georges Sadoul. Всеобщая история кино. — Moscow, Iskustvo, 1958. — Т. 3. — page 178
6. http://www.gildasattic.com/bauer.html Evgenii Bauer (1865-1917)
7. Brownlow, Kevin (1968). The Parade's Gone By..., University of California Press, p. 78. ISBN 0-520-03068-0.
8. Golden Age of Hollywood: Movies, Actors and Actresses*** (http://www.american-historama.org/1929-1945-depre
ssion-ww2-era/golden-age-of-hollywood.htm)
9. Expressive Experimentalism in Silent Cinema 1926-1929-Lucia Maria Pier (https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/vi
ewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=etd_hon_theses)
10. Classical Hollywood Narrative (http://darrenarcher.name/ftv/PDF%27s/Hollywood%20narrative.pdf)
11. Bordwell, David; Staiger, Janet; Thompson, Kristin (1985): The Classical Hollywood Cinema. Film Style & Mode of
Production to 1960. New York: Columbia University Press. 1–59

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12. Bordwell: 24
13. [http://www.hollywoodsgoldenage.com/moguls/the_moguls.html The Directors, Producers, and Money Men-
Hollywood's Golden Age.com]
14. Bordwell: p. 1897
15. McGilligan: p. 21, 54, 200, 269, 293
16. Davis: p. 209
17. Dixon (2013), p. 179

See also
New Hollywood
Golden Age of Television-first one in the 1950s-60s

Further reading
Bordwell, David; Staiger, Janet; Thompson, Kristin (1985). The Classical Hollywood Cinema. New York: Columbia
University Press. ISBN 0-231-06055-6.
Davis, Blair (2012). The Battle for the Bs: 1950s Hollywood and the Rebirth of Low-Budget Cinema. New Jersey:
Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813552538.
Fawell, John. (2008) The Hidden Art of Hollywood. Westport Conn.: Praeger Press.
McGilligan, Patrick (1985). Backstory 1: Interviews with Screenwriters of Hollywood's Golden Age (No. 1).
University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520056893.
Salt, Barry. Film Style and Technology: History and Analysis.
Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2013). Cinema at the Margins. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-0-85728-186-9.

External links
David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson, "Happy Birthday, classical cinema!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151222
103312/http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/2007/12/28/happy-birthday-classical-cinema/), December 28, 2007.
Analysis of classical continuity in narrative film from 1917 to this day.
The Movies-Hollywood's Golden Age.com (http://www.hollywoodsgoldenage.com/movies/the_movies.html)

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