PCS Question Bank

CE6702/ Prestressed Concrete
Year –IV/ Semester-VII
ARS College of Engineering

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University-Chennai)
Sattamangalam, Maraimalai Nagar, Chennai-603 209
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
REGULATION – 2013
CE 6702 – PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTION BANK
Prepared by,
VINOTHKUMAR.T
Assistant Professor
ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 1

CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

L T PC
3 0 03
OBJECTIVES:
 To introduce the need for prestressing as well as the methods, types and
advantages of prestressing to the students. Students will be introduced to the
design of prestressed concrete structures subjected to flexure and shear.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION – THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR 9
Basic concepts – Advantages – Materials required – Systems and methods of
prestressing – Analysis of sections – Stress concept – Strength concept – Load
balancing concept – Effect of loading on the tensile stresses in tendons – Effect of
tendon profile on deflections – Factors influencing deflections – Calculation of
deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses of prestress – Estimation
of crack width.
UNIT II DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR 9
Basic assumptions for calculating flexural stresses – Permissible stresses in
steel and concrete as per I.S.1343 Code – Design of sections of Type I and Type II
post-tensioned and pre-tensioned beams – Check for strength limit based on I.S. 1343
Code – Layout of cables in post-tensioned beams – Location of wires in pre-tensioned
beams – Design for shear based on I.S. 1343 Code.
UNIT III DEFLECTION AND DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE ZONE 9
Factors influencing deflections – Short term deflections of uncracked
members – Prediction of long term deflections due to creep and shrinkage – Check for
serviceability limit state of deflection. Determination of anchorage zone stresses in
post-tensioned beams by Magnel’s method, Guyon’s method and IS1343 code –
design of anchorage zone reinforcement – Check for transfer bond length in pre-
tensioned beams.
UNIT IV COMPOSITE BEAMS AND CONTINUOUS BEAMS 9
Analysis and design of composite beams – Methods of achieving continuity in
continuous beams – Analysis for secondary moments – Concordant cable and linear
transformation – Calculation of stresses – Principles of design.
UNIT V MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 9

Design of tension and compression members – Tanks, pipes and poles – Partial
prestressing – Definition, methods of achieving partial prestressing, merits and
demerits of partial prestressing.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
 Student shall have a knowledge on methods of prestressing and able to design
various prestressed concrete structural elements.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Krishna Raju N., "Prestressed concrete", 5th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill
Company, New Delhi, 2012
2. Pandit.G.S. and Gupta.S.P., "Prestressed Concrete", CBS Publishers and
Distributers Pvt. Ltd, 2012.
REFERENCES:
1. Rajagopalan.N, "Prestressed Concrete", Narosa Publishing House, 2002.
2. Dayaratnam.P., "Prestressed Concrete Structures", Oxford and IBH, 2013.
3. Lin T.Y. and Ned.H.Burns, "Design of prestressed Concrete Structures", Third
Edition, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2013.

UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION – THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR
Part A
1. Why high strength steelis essential for prestressed concrete? (AU: MAY/JUNE
2016, NOV/DEC 2015, APRIL/MAY 2015, NOV/ DEC 2012, NOV/DEC 2009,
APR/MAY 2017)
The normal loss of stress in steel is generally about 100 to 240N/mm 2 and it is a
small portion of the initial stress, the stress in steel in the initial stages must be very
high, about 1200 to 2000N/mm2. These high stress ranges are possible only with the
use of high strength steel.
2. List the loss of prestress? (AU: APRIL/MAY 2015, NOV/DEC 2013,
MAY/JUNE 2009, NOV/DEC 2016)
Types of loss Pre-tensioning Post-tensioning
Elastic deformation Yes 1. No loss occurs when wires are
tensioned simultaneously.
2. Loss occurs when wires are
tensioned successively.
Relaxation of stress in steel Yes Yes
Shrinkage of concrete Yes Yes
Creep of concrete Yes Yes
Anchorage slip No Yes
Friction loss No Yes
3. State the advantages of PSC members?(AU: NOV/DEC 2012, MAY/JUNE

2012)
 Lighter and slender members than is possible with RC members.
 In prestressed members, dead loads may be counter-balanced by eccentric
prestressing.
 Improves durability under aggressive environmental conditions.
 Long span structures are possible so that saving in weight is significant & thus
it will be economic.
 Factory products are possible.
 Prestressed members are tested before use.
 Prestressed concrete structure gives warning before collapse.
4. What is the principle of post-tensioning? (AU: NOV/DEC 2014)

 Wedge action producing a frictional grip on the tendons
 Direct bearing from the rivet or bolt heads formed at the end of the wires

 Looping the wires around the concrete

5. What is chemical prestressing? (AU: NOV/DEC 2014)
Self-stressing or chemical prestressing of concrete was made possible by the
development of expanding cements. Expanding cements consists of 75% Portland
cement, 15% high alumina cement and 10% gypsum, which results in the formation
of calcium sulpho aluminate.
6. What are the classifications of prestressed concrete structures? (AU:
NOV/DEC 2013)
According to national codes, prestressed concrete structures are grouped into
Class 1: No tensile stresses are permitted and fully prestressed
Class 2: limited tensile stress of magnitude exceeding modulus of rupture is
permitted and moderately prestressed
Class 3: tensile stress of magnitude exceeding both modulus of rupture and
visible cracks of limited width are permitted and partially prestressed/ limited
prestress
7. What are the various methods of prestressing? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2013)
 Generation of compressive force between the structural element
 Development of hoop compression in cylindrical shaped structures
 Use of longitudinally tensioned steel embedded in concrete
 Use of principle of distortion
 Use of deflected structural steel section embedded in concrete
 By using expanding concrete
8. What are the systems of prestressing? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2013)
 Pretensioning system
 Post tensioning system
 Thermo-electric system
 Chemical system
9. Define load balancing concept? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2012, MAY/JUNE 2010)

Load balancing concept is primarily balancing a portion of load on the structure by
choosing the proper profile for the cable, appropriate to the moments due to dead
weught and applied loads.
10. Explain concordant prestressing? (AU: NOV/DEC 2011)

Prestressing of members in which the cables follow concordant profile is called

concordant prestressing. In case of statically indeterminate structures, concordant
prestressing does not cause any change in support reaction
11. What is the permissible limit for shrinkage of concrete for pretensioned and
post-tensioned members as per IS 1343? (AU: NOV/DEC 2010)
The loss of prestress due to shrinkage of concrete is total residual strain having a
value of 300 x 10-6 for pretensioning and for post-tensioning. The loss of
stress in steel due to shrinkage of concrete =total residual strain x modulus of

elasticity.
12. What is meant by relaxation of steel? (AU: NOV/DEC 2010)
The relaxation of prestressing steel defined as the reduction of stress under
constant strain, is due to creep. For tendons at higher temperatures or subjected to
large lateral loads, greater relaxation losses as specified by the engineer-in-charge
shall be allowed for. No reduction in the value of the relaxation losses should be made
for a tendon with a load equal to or greater than the relevant jacking force that has
been applied for a short time prior to the anchoring of the tendon.
13. What is meant by pressure or thrust line? (AU: NOV/DEC 2009, NOV/DEC
2010, APRIL/MAY 2010, APR/MAY 2017)
At any section of a beam, the combined effect of prestressing force and the
externally applied load will result in a distribution of concrete stresses that can be
resolved into a single force. The locus of the points of application of this force in any
beam is called pressure line
14. Briefly explain thermo-electric prestressing? (AU: APRIL/MAY 2008,
MAY/JUNE 2002)
The method of prestressing by heat tendons, achieved by passing an electric
current in the high tensile wires is generally referred to as thermo-electric
prestressing. Temperature increase takes place within 3-5 minutes, may be of
atemperature of 300-400°C. Expansion of the bar is about 0.4-0.5% of its original
length. After cooling the bars tries to shorten but by fixed anchors at the two ends
compression in concrete is induced.

15. What do you understand by unbounded tendon? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2016,

NOV/DEC 2014)
If grouting is not done and the tendons are connected to the concrete element only
at the ends where it is anchored, tendons are called as unbounded tendons.
16. What is principle of pretensioning? (AU: NOV/DEC 2011)
The basic principle of prestressing is to produce by any suitable means, sufficient
compressive stressed in all those parts of concrete whose tensile stresses would occur.
17. Explain Hoyer’s effect in prestressed concrete? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2009,
NOV/DEC 2010)
For mass production of pretensioned elements, the long-time process developed
by Hoyer is generally used in factory. In this method the tendons are stretched
between two bulk heads several hundred meters apart so that a number of similar units
may be cast along the same group of tensioned wires. The wires or strands are
tensioned with the use of hydraulic jacks or by a moveable stressing machine.
18. State the reasons for which high tensile concrete is necessary in prestressed
concrete construction? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2009)
 To withstand high compressive stress due to prestress at early stages
 To offer higher resistance to tension, shear, bond and bearing
 To have lesser shrinkage effect
 To have higher modulus of elasticity and smaller creep and resulting
lesser loss of prestress
19. What is axial prestressing? (NOV/DEC 2016)
A member in which the entire cross section of concrete has a uniform
compressive prestress is called axial prestress. In this type of prestressing, the centroid
of the tendon coincides with that of concrete section.
Part B
1. A simply supported PSC beam of cross section 500mm wide and 800mm
deep is loaded with UDL of 50kN/m on span 10m. Obtain the stress

distribution at mid span by stress and strength concept, if prestressing force

is 1200kN applied eccentrically of 100mm from the bottom.
Solution:
Given data:
B=500mm
D=800mm
Live Load=50kN/m
L=10m
P=1200kN
E=400-100=300mm
A=500 × 800 =400 × 103mm2
Zt = = =
Zt = Zb = (500 × 8002)/6 = 53.33 × 106mm3
Uniform stress= = (1200 × 103)/(400× 103)= 3N/mm2
Stress due to eccentricity=
= (1200×103×300)/(53.3×106)= 6.75N/mm2
Dead load= WD= 24×0.5×0.8= 9.6kN/m
Moment due to dead load= MD= WDl2/8 = (9.6×102)/8=120kN/m
Moment due to live load= ML= WLl2/8 = (50×102)/8=625kN/m
Stress due to live load= ML/Z=(625× 106)/(53.33× 106)= 11.72N/mm2
Stress due to dead load= MD/Z=(120× 106)/(53.33× 106)= 2.25N/mm2
Stress Concept:
i. Stress @ top= - + MD/Z + ML/Z
=3- 6.75+2.25+11.72
=10.22N/mm2(Comp.)
ii. Stress @ bottom= + - MD/Z - ML/Z
=3+6.75-2.25-11.72
=-4.22 N/mm2(Tension)
Strength Concept:

a=M/P=(MD+ML)/P=((120+625)×106)/(1200× 103)=620.83mm
Stress @ top= + =10.22 N/mm2
Stress @ bottom= – =-4.22 N/mm2
2. A prestressed concrete beam of section 150mm wide and 350mm deep is used
over an effective span of 8m to support a UDL of 6kN/m, which includes the
self-weight of the beam. The beam is prestressed by straight cable carrying a
force of 200kN and located at eccentricity of 50mm. Determine the location
of thrust-line in the beam and plot its position at quarter and central span
section.
Given data:
B=150mm
D=350mm
Live Load=6kN/m
L=8m
P=200kN
e=50mm
A=350 × 150 = 52500mm2
Zt = = =
Zt = Zb = (150 × 3502)/6 = 3.05 × 106mm3
Uniform stress= = (200 × 103)/(52500)= 3.8N/mm2
Stress due to eccentricity=
= (200×103×50)/(3.05×106)= 3.27 N/mm2

Moment due to DL & LL= M= Wl2/8 = (6×82)/8=48kNm
Stress due to DL & LL= = (48×106)/ (3.05×106)=15.73 N/mm2
Resultant stress @ central axis
i. Stress @ top= - +
=3.8- 3.27+15.73

=16.26 N/mm2
ii. Stress @ bottom= + -
= 3.8 + 3.27-15.73
=-8.66 N/mm2
Shift of pressure line from cable line @ centre=
= (48×106)/ (200×103)=240mm
To find moment @ quarter span
RA + RB = 6 × 8 =48kN
M@A=0,
RB (8)- 6 × 8 × = 0
RB = 24kN
RA = 24kN
Mxx = RA (2)- 6 × 2 × = 36 kNm
Bending stress @ quarter span=(36×106)/(3.05×106)=11.8 N/mm2

Resultant stress @ quarter span section
@top = 3.8 - 3.27 + 11.8 = 12.33N/mm2
@bottom = 3.8 + 3.27 - 11.8 = -4.73N/mm2
Shift of pressure line=(36×106)/(200×103)=180mm
3. A rectangular prestressed beam 150mm wide and 300mm deep is used over
an effective span of 10m. The cable with zero eccentricity at the supports and
linearly varying to 50mm at the centre carries an effective prestressing force
of 500kN. Find the magnitude of the concentrated load located at the centre
of the span for the following conditions at the centre of span section:
a. If the load counteracts the bending effect of the prestressing force
(neglecting self-weight of the beam and
b. If the pressure line passes through the upper kern of the section
under the action of external load, self-weight and prestress.
Solution;

A= 150×300 = 45×103mm2
Z= bD2/6 = 2.25×106mm3
a) W= 2Psinᶿ
For very small values of ᶿ, sinᶿ=tanᶿ
tanᶿ=
W= =10kN
b) Self weight of beam = 24× 0.15× 0.3

WD= 1.08kN/m
Moment due to self weight of beam = Wl2/8
MD=13.5kNm
Stress due to self weight = ± MD/Z
= (13.5×106)/(2.25×106)
= ±6 N/mm2
Let WL be the concentrated load @ centre of span.
ML = (WLl) / 4= (WL × 10)/4 =2.5 WL
Stress due to prestressing force = +
=((500×103)/(45×103)) + ((500×103×50)/(2.25×106))
=11.11 + 11.11
=22.22N/mm2
If the pressure line Passes through upper bas @ the section, stress @
bottom fibre = 0,
+ - MD/Z - ML/Z=0
.22 = 6+(((2.5 × WL) ×106)/(2.25×106))
.22 – 6 + 1.11 WL

WL = 14.61 Kn
4. A prestressed concrete beam support an imposed load of 3kN/m over a

simply supported span of 10m. The beam has I section with an overall depth
of 450mm. The thickness of flange and web are 75mm and 100mm
respectively. The flange width is 200mm. The density of concrete is 24kN/m 3.
The beam is prestressed with an effective prestressing force of 350kN at a
suitable eccentricity such that the resultant stress at soffit of beam at the mid
span is zero. Find the eccentricity required for the force. Also calculate the
stresses at the top of the section.
Solution:
L.L= 3kN/m
L=10m, P= 350kN
A=(200×75)×2 + (300×100)=60×103 mm2
Z = BD2/6-bD2/6 =((200×4502)/6) –((100×3002)/6)
=5.25× 106 mm3
Stress @ Soffit =0
+ - MD/Z - ML/Z=0
Dead load = (24×(60×103))/ 106= 1.44kN/m
Moment due to dead load = (1.44×102)/8
=18kNm
Moment due to live load = (3×102)/8=37.5kNm

((350×103)/(60×103))+((350×103×e)/(5.25×106))-((18×106)/(5.25×106))-((37.5×106)/
(5.25×106))=0
5.83 + 0.066e – 3.42 -7.14 = 0
0.66e = 4.73
e = 71.67mm
Stress @ top
= - + MD/Z + ML/Z
=((350×103)/(60×103))-((350×103×71.67)/(5.25×106))+ 3.42 + 7.14
=5.83 – 4.77 + 3.42 +7.14
= 11.62 N/mm2 (Comp.)
5. A PSC beam 250mm x 360mm has a span of 12m. The beam is prestressed
by steel wires of area 350mm2 at uniform eccentricity of 60mm with an
initial prestress of 1250N/mm2. Determine the loss of stress in wires
a. If the beam is pre-tensioned
b. If the beam is post-tensioned
Es = 210 kN/mm2, Ec = 35 kN/mm2, relaxation of stress in steel = 5% of initial
stress for both pretensioned and post-tensioned, anchorage slip = 1.25mm, k
= 0.0015/m. Adopt creep and shrinkage coefficients as per IS 1343.
Solution:
Given data:
L=10m, stress=1200N/mm2
µ=0.55
Slope=1 in 24
Ap=600mm2
K=0.0015/m

Slope @ each end =0.04 = 1/24
Cumulative angle between two tangents, α = 2 × 0.04 =0.08 radians
Initial prestressing force=1200 × 600 =720kN
Loss of stress due to friction = Po(µα + kx)
=720(0.55×0.08 + 0.0015×10)
=42.48N/mm2
Loss due to anchorage slip=∆G/L
=(3×210×103)/(10×1000)
=63N/mm2
Total Loss = 42.48 63 =105.48kN
% loss of prestress = (105.48×100) /1200
=8.79%
Loss of force = 105.48×600 =63.28kN
Final force in cable = 720-63.28 =656.72kN

UNIT 2
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR
PART A
1. What are the various types of flexural failures encountered in prestressed

concrete members?(AU: NOV/DEC 2011, NOV/DEC 2016)
 Fracture of steel in tension
 Failure of under reinforced section
 Failure of over reinforced section
 Other modes of failure
2. What are types of shear cracks in prestressed concrete members?
 Web Shear crack
 Flexural shear crack
3. Explain conventional failure of an over reinforced prestressed concrete
beam. (AU: APRIL/MAY 2010)
Over reinforced members fail by sudden crushing of concrete, the failure is
observed by small deflections and narrow cracks. The area of steel is large, the
stress developed in steel at failure may not reach the tensile strength. The sudden
failure without any warning in the form of excessive deflections and widespread
cracks, so over reinforced sections are not used.
4. Enumerate failure due to web-shear failure(AU: NOV/DEC 2011)
Web shear cracks generally starts from the interior points, when the local principal
tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength of concrete. Web shear cracks are likely
to develop in highly prestressed beams with thin webs, particularly when the beam
is subjected to large concentrated load near to supports.
5. What are assumptions made in strain compatibility method?(AU: NOV/DEC
2015, NOV/DEC 2011, NOV/DEC 2016)

 The stress distribution in the compression zone of concrete can be defined by

means of coefficients applied to the characteristics compressive strength and
average compressive stress and the position of the centre of compression can
be assessed.
 The distribution of concrete strain is linear ( plane sections normal to axis
remains plane after bending
 The resistance of concrete in tension is neglected
 The maximum compressive strain in concrete at failure reaches the particular
value.
6. Define kern distance.(AU: APRIL/MAY 2010)
Kern is the core area of the section in which if the load applied tension will not
be induced in the section K t = Zb/A, Kb = Zt/A. If the load applied at Kt
compressive stress will be maximum at the top most fibre and zero stress will be at
the bottom most fibre. If the load applied at K b compressive stress will be the
maximum at the bottom most fibre and zero stress will be at the top most fibre.
7. What is effective reinforcement ratio?
Effective reinforcement ratio =
where, Ap = Area of prestressing

fp = prestress
b = width of the beam
d= depth of the beam
fck = characteristics compressive strength of concrete
8. How will you improve the shear resistance of concrete beam using
prestressing techniques?(AU: MAY/JUNE 2012)
 Horizontal or axial prestressing
 Prestressing by inclined or sloping cables
 Vertical or transverse prestressing
9. How will you classify a structure as Type II or class 2 structure? (AU:
APR/MAY 2017)
For Type 2 members, limited tensile stress of magnitude exceeding modulus of
rupture is permitted and moderately prestressed. The allowable tensile stress in
concrete as per IS 1343-1980 is same for transfer and service load conditions. The
value is 3 N/mm2, which can be increased to 4.5N/mm2 for temporary loads.

10. What are the stages of loading to be considered in design of prestressed

concrete section in flexure? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2009)
Two stages of loading are to be considered in design of prestressed concrete
section for flexure
a. Transfer of prestressing force
b. At working stage
2. What are the codes provisions (IS: 1343 -1980) for bond and transmission
length? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2012)
As perIS: 1343: 1980, transmission length is expressed in terms of the
diameter of wire. The concrete strength shall not be less than 35N/mm 2 and the
wires of diameter not exceeding 5mm and strands of diameter not exceeding
18mm.
3. What are the ways of transmission of prestressing force from steel to
concrete through bond?
The transmission of prestressing force from steel to concrete through bond
comprising of
i. Adhesion
ii. Friction
iii. Shear resistance (dilatency)
4. What is transmission length and cracking load?
The length of the bond anchorage of the prestressing wire from the end of the
pretensioned members to the point of full steel stress is called transmission length.
The load on the structural element corresponding to the first visible crack is known
as cracking load.
5. What is debonding? (AU: NOV/DEC 2008)
Prevention of bond between the steel wire and the surrounding concrete is
called debonding.
6. What is proof stress?
The tensile stress in steel which produces a residual strain of 0.2% of original
gauge length on unloading is called proof stress.
7. Give the ultimate shear resistance of sections uncracked under flexure
according to IS 1343?
IS 1343-1980, page 46, section 22.4.1
8. What is strain compatibility method? (AU: NOV/DEC 2016)
The method of estimating the flexural strength of prestressed concrete sections
is based on the compatibility of strains and equilibrium of forces acting on the
section at the stage of failure.

9. What is the difference between bonded and unbonded tendon?
Bonded tendon Unbounded tendon
Prestressed concrete member in which A method of construction in which the

prestress is imparted to concrete through tendons are not bonded to the surrounding
bond between the tendons and concrete. The tendons may be placed in
surrounding concrete ducts formed in concrete members or they
may be placed outside the concrete
section.
PART B
1. A prestressed concrete beam of effective span 16m is of rectangular section
400mm wide and 1200mm deep. The tendons consist of 3300mm 2 of strands
of characteristics strength 1700 N/mm2, effective prestress of 910 N/mm2. The
strands are located 870mm from the top face of the beam. If f cu = 60N/mm2,
estimate the flexural strength of section as per IS: 1343-1983 for the
following cases: (a) bonded tendon (b) unbounded tendons.
Solution:
Given data:
L=16mm
B=400mm
D=1200mm
Ap=3300mm²
fp=170ON/mm²
fcu=60N/mm²
d=870mm

1) Bonded tendon:
A p × fp 3300 × 1700 = 0.268

=
fck× b × d 60 × 400 × 870
From IS 1343, page 59, table 11
A p × fp fcu Xu
b × d × fck 0.87 fb d
0.25 0.9 0.488
0.3 0.85 0.588
0.268 X Y
0.3-0.25 0.85-0.9
= = 0.882
0.3-0.268 0.85-X
fpu
= 0.882
0.87 × fp
Fpu=0.882 × 0.87 ×1700
= 1304.48 N/mm²
Xu/d=0.583-0.488/0.588-Y
Y=0.524
Xu/d=0.524
Xu=0.524 × 870 =455.88mm
Mu = fpu×Ap ( d – 0.42 Xu )
= 1304.48 × 3300 ( 870 – 0.42 × 455.88 )
=2920.9 KNm
2) Unbonded tendon:
Ap × fpc/fck × b × d=3300 × 910/60 × 400 × 870 =0.143
Eff span 16000

= 18.39 =20 =
Eff depth 870
Ap × fpe Xu fcu
= =
fck × b × d d fpe
0.10 0.32 1.26
0.15 0.46 1.20
0.143 Y X
X = 1.21
fpu/fpe = 1.21
fpu = 1.21 × 910
=1101.1 N/mm²
By interpolation method
Y = 0.44
Xu/d =0.44
Xu =0.44 × 870 =382.8mm
Mu = fpu × Ap (d-0.42 Xu )
= 1101.1 × 3300 ( 870 – 0.42 × 382.8 )
Mu= 2577 KNm.
2. A PSC T-section has 1200mm x 150mm flange, 300mm x 1500mm rib and
area of wires used is 4700mm2at 1600mm from the top of flange. Calculate
the flexural strength of beam using M40 and Fe1600.
Solution
Given data:
bf = 1200mm
bw = 300mm

As = 4700 mm²
fck = 40 N/mm²
Df = 150 mm 1200mm
Dw = 1500mm 150mm
d =1600mm
fp = 1600 N/mm² 1600mm
solution: 1500mm
Ap = Apw + Apf
Apf = 0.45 fck (b-bw ) Dp/fp
= 0.45 ×40 ( 1200 – 300 ) ( 150/1600)

300mm
= 1518mm²
Ap = (4700-1500 ) = 3182mm²
Apw × fp 3182 × 1600

= = 0.265
bwd × fck 300 × 1600× 40
fpu
= 1.00
0.87 fp
fpu = 0.87 × 1600
= 1392 N/mm²
Xu/d =0.56, Xu = 0.56 × 1600 =896mm
Mu = fup × Apw ( d-0.42 Xu) + 0.45 × fck (b-bw) × Df (d-0.5Df )
= 1392 × 3182 (1600-(0.42 ×896 )+0.45 ×40 × (1200-300) × 150(1600-75)
Mu =9125 KNm

3. A cantilever portion of a prestressed concrete bridge with rectangular cross

section 600mm wide and 1650mm deep, is 8m long and carries a reaction of
350kN from the suspended span at free end, together with UDL of 60kN/m
inclusive of its own weight. The beam is prestressed by 7 cables each
carrying a force of 1000kN, of which three are located at 150 mm, three at
400mm and one at 750mm from top edge. Calculate the magnitude of
principal stresses at a point 550mm from the top of cantilever at the support
section.
Given data:
b = 600mm
d = 1650mm
l = 8mm
R =350 KN
L.L = 60 KN/m
P = 1000KN × 7 = 7000 KN
Solu :
Y= 3 × 150 + 3 × 400 × 1 × 750 = 343mm
3+3+1
e = 825 – 343 = 482mm
Moment due to prestressing force,
Pe = 7000 × 0.482 = 3372 KNm
Moment due to external load,
= ( 350 × 8 ) + 60 × 8²/2
= 4720 KNm
Maximum shear @ support = 350 + 60 × 8
=830 KN
I = bd³/12 = 600 × 1650³/12

= 225 × 10mm
Resultant direct stress @ 550mm from top
= 7000 × 10³
+ 3374 × 10 × 275 4720 × 10 × 275
600 × 1650 225 × 10 225 × 10
= 5.43 N/mm²
Maximum shear stress @ 550m from top
= V / Ib ( AY’)
830 × 103
= ( 600 × 550 × 550 )
225 × 109 × 600
=1.1 N/mm²
Maximum and minimum principal stress
2+ 2
= 5.43/2 ± 0.5
= 5.65 N/mm² ( compression )
= - 0.21 N/mm² (tension )
4. A prestressed girder of rectangular cross section 150mm wide and 300mm

deep is to be designed to support an ultimate shear force of 130kN. The
uniform prestress across the section is 5kN/mm2. Using M40 and Fe415
HYSD bars of 8mm diameter, design suitable shear reinforcement as per IS
code.
Given data:
b = 150mm
D = 300mm

V = 130 KN
d = 250mm
fcp = 5 N/mm²
fck = 40 N/mm²
According to IS 1343 – 1980 , page 46
Vc = 0.67 bw D ft² + 0.8 fcp ft
= 0.67 × 150 × 300 1.518 + 0.8 × 5 × 1.518
Vc = 87.26 KN
ft= 0.24 = 0.24 ×
= 1.518 N/mm²
Balance shear = V – Vc
= 130 – 87.26
= 42.74 KN
Using 8mm dia 2 legged stirrups , the spacing of stirrups
Su = Asv × 0.87 × fy × d
V – Vc
= 0.87 × 2 × /4 × 8² × 250 × 415
42.74 × 10
= 212.28mm > 0.75 d
> 187.5mm
Adopt 8mm dia two legged stirups @ 180mm c/c spacing.

5. The cross section of prestressed concrete beam is unsymmetrical T-section with

following data: Overall depth = 1300mm, Thickness of web = 150mm, M45,
Distance of top and bottom fibres from centroid = 545mm and 755mm
respectively. At a particular section, M= 2130kNm and V= 237kN, effective
depth = 1100mm. Effective prestress at the extreme tensile face of the beam =
19.3N/mm2. I = 665 x 108 mm4, Ap = 2310mm2, fp = 1500N/mm2, effective stress
in tendons after all losses = 890N/mm2. Estimate the flexure shear resistance of
the section as per IS code.
Given data:
M = 2130 KNm V = 237 KN d = 1100mm
fck = 45 N/mm² fep = 19.3 N/mm² Ap = 2310 N/mm²
I = 665×10 mm² fp = 1500 N/mm² fpe = 890 N/mm²
IS 1343 page 46,
Vcp = (1-(0.55 ×fpe/fp)
bw d + (Mo/M) V
M0 = 0.8 fep× I/Yb
= 0.8 × 19.3 × I / 755
= 136 × 10×Nmm
Table 6,
100 Ap 100 × 2310

= = 1.40
bwd 150 × 1100
= 0.77 N/mm²
1.25 0.74 1.4-1.25 X – 9.74 X = 0.77

=
1.50 0.79 1.4 – 1.5 X – 0.79

1.4 X
Vd = 1- 0.55 × 890 × 0.77 × 150 ×1100 + (136 × 10 /2130 × 10 ) × 237 ×10
1500
= 240 KN > 237 KN
Provide minimum shear reinforcement .
UNIT 3
DEFLECTION AND DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE ZONE
PART A
1. List down the factors influencing the deflection of prestressed concrete
members? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2016, NOV/DEC 2015, MAY/JUNE 2012)
The factors influencing the deflection are
 Imposed load and self-weight
 Magnitude of prestressing force
 Cable profile
 Moment of inertia
 Modulus of elasticity of concrete
 Span of the member
 Relaxation of stress in steel, shrinkage and creep
 Fixity conditions
2. What are the forces considered in the calculation of deflection of prestressed
concrete beams? (AU: APRIL/MAY 2010)
The forces considered in calculation of deflection are
 Prestressing force
 Dead load
 Live load or imposed load
3. Enumerate effect on tendon profile on deflections (AU: MAY/JUNE 2012)
Tendons are located with eccentricities towards the soffit of beams to counteract
the sagging bending moments due to transverse loads. Consequently, the concrete
beams deflect upwards on the application or transfer of prestress. Since the
bending moment at every section is the product of the prestressing force and
eccentricity, the tendon profile itself will represent the shape of BMD.
4. What is meant by anchorage zone? What is its length? (AU: NOV/DEC 2015,
NOV/DEC 2016)

The zone between the end of the beam and the section where only the longitudinal
stress exists is generally referred to as anchorage zone or end block. The length is
taken equal to the depth of the beam.
5. What are the functions of end blocks? (AU: NOV/DEC 2013, MAY/JUNE
2013, APR/MAY 2017)
 The forces on the end block of the post tensioned prestressed concrete member
are physical concept of state of stress in transverse direction.
 The curvature of the struts, being convex towards the centre line of the block,
induces compressive stresses in zone.
6. Draw a sketch showing the stress distribution in end block by double anchor
plate (AU: APRIL/MAY 2010)
7. Draw the idealised stress distribution in end block by single anchor plate?
8. What is meant by spalling force?

The surface at end section just adjacent to the anchor plate is subjected to tensile
force which is called spalling force.
9. What is meant by bursting force? (AU: NOV/DEC 2016)

The material along the axis of concentrated forces is subjected to a transverse

tensile force called bursting force.
10. What is zone of transmission in end block of prestressed concrete structures?
(AU: MAY/JUNE 2009)
The zone between the end of the beam and the section where only longitudinal
stresses exists is referred as end block or anchorage zone. The length is taken as
equal to depth of the beam. This zone is called as transmission zone.
11. What are the methods used to analyse the stress in anchorage zone?
 Magnel’s method
 Guyon’s method
 Zielinski and Rowe’s method
 IS 1343 method
12. Sketch the pattern of reinforcement in anchorage zone
13. Why anchorage zone needs specific analysis and design?

The transverse stresses developed in the anchorage zone are tensile in nature over
a large length and since concrete is weak tension, adequate reinforcement must be
provided to resist this tension.So, anchorage zone needs specific analysis and
design.
14. How will you compute the bursting tensile force in end block by IS 1343?
IS 1343-1980, page no.36, Section: 18.6.2.2.
15. Explain Magnel’s method of stress distribution in anchorage zone.
In this method, the end block is considered as deep beam subjected to
concentrated loads due to anchorages on one side and to normal and tangential
distributed loads from the linear direct stress and shear stress distribution from
the other side.

16. Briefly explain the Guyon’s method for the end block with evenly distributed
force system.(AU: NOV/DEC 2010).
When the forces are arranged such that the resultant of the stress distribution at
the distance equal to the depth of end block coincides with the line of action of
the forces, then the forces are considered to be evenly distributed. For eccentric
forces and multiple cables, the symmetric prism method may be used.
17. Draw the tensile stress distribution in end anchorage plate?
18. How is spalling tension taken care in the anchorage zone?

Spalling tension is developed on the edge surfaces on the beam adjacent of the
anchor plate. The spalling stress is directly proportional to the bearing stresses
imposed and inversely proportional to the interval of bearing forces. In most of the
cases the spalling forces is in the range of 0.3P/A to 0.4P/A.
19. Why control of deflection is very essential? (AU: APR/MAY 2017)
The deflection is necessary to check the performance of flexural members at
serviceability limit state. Since prestressed concrete members are slender than
reinforced concrete members, check for deflection is more important. Deflections in a
prestressed concrete is usually checked at transfer and service condition.
20. Define degree of prestressing.

A measure of the magnitude of prestressing force related to resultant stress

occurring in structural member at working loadis called as degree of prestressing.
PART B
1. The end block of post-tensioned bridge girder is 500mm wide and 1000mm
deep. Two cables, each compressing 90HTS wires of 7mm diameter are
anchored using square plate of side length 400mm with their centre located at
500mm from the top and bottom edges of the beam. The jacking force in each
cable is 4000kN. Design suitable anchorage zone reinforcement using Fe415
HYSD bars as per IS code.
1. Given data:
b=500mm
d=1000mm
Pa=4000 KN
2yp0=400mm
Solution:
2yp0=400mm
2y0=500mm
Distribution ratio=( 2yp0/ 2y0)
=400/500
=0.8
Tensile force,fbsr= Pk [0.32 - 0.3( yp0/ y0)]
=4000×[0.32 – (0.3×0.8)]
=320 KN
Use 10mm diameter, no of bars=[ (320×10³) / ( 0.87×200×78.54) ]
=18.73 ~ 18 Nos.
The reinforcement are arranged in zone between 0.2y0 &y0
0.2 y0= 0.2×(500/2)
y0 = 250mm

18 Nos of 10 mm dia bars arranged @ 50 mm spacing
2. The end block of post-tensioned PSC beam of 300mm wide and 300mm deep
is subjected to concentric anchorage force of 832.8kN by Freyssinet
anchorage of area 11720mm2. Design and detail the anchorage reinforcement
for end block.
Given data:

b=100mm
d=200mm
P=100 KN
Anchor plate
Solution:
Direct stress= P/A =[(100×10³) / (200×100)]
=5 N/mm²
The principle tensile stresses are critical @ x =0.5h
For section xx (centre of plate)
X=0.5
From the table, K1= -5, K2=2, K3=1.25
M= [(5×100×(200/2)) × (100/2)] - [((100×10³)/2) × (50/4)]
=1875×10³Nmm
V=0 & H=0
Fv= -5×[(1875×10³)/(100/200²)]
= -2.35 N/mm²
Fh= 5 N/mm²
Fmin=[((5-2.35)/2) – ((1/2)×((5+2.35)²+0)1/2)]
= -2.35 N/mm²
Fbsr=(2/3)×150×2.35×100
=23500 N
For section yy: (passing through edge of plate)

=0.5h
=100mm from end
Principal tensile stress
Fmin=[((-1.75+5)/2) – ((1/2)×((5+1.75)²+(4×(-2.35)²)))1/2]
= -2.475 N/mm²
tan2ɵ=(2Ʈ/(fv-fb))
=((2×(-2.35))/(-1.75-5))
=0.7
2ɵ=35°
ɵ=17.5°
Tensile stress components in vertical direction
=2.475×sec17.5°
=2.6 N/mm²
Bursting tension,
Fbsr=((2/3)×2.6×150)×100
=26000 N.
3. A prestressed concrete beam of span 8mhaving rectangular cross section of

150mm wide and 300mm deep. The beam is prestressed by parabolic cable
having eccentricity of 75mm below the centroidal axis at the centre and 25mm
above the centroidal axis at the supports. The initial force in the cable is
350kN. The beam supports three concentrated loads of 10kN each at interval
of 2m. Ec=38kN/mm2
a) Neglecting losses of prestress, estimate the short term deflection due to
prestress and self-weight
b) Allowing 20% loss in prestress, estimate long term deflection under
prestress, self-weight and live load. Assume creep coefficient as 1.8
Given data:
b=300mm
d=300mm
P=832.84 N
Area of anchorage=11720 mm²
Solution:
Fc=((832.8×10³)/(300×300)) =9.253 N/mm²
Side of square
2yp0=(11720)1/2

=108.26mm ≈ 110mm
2y0=300mm
Distribution ratio,
=( )
=(110/300) =0.37
Bursting tensile force,
Fbsr =Pre×(0.32-(0.3×( )))
=832.8×10³(0.32-(0.3×0.37)
=171.88 N
Using 10mm dia rods of 250 N/mm² (yield stress)

No of bars required =(174888/(0.87×250×( )×10²))
=10.25 Nos
Says =10 nos
The reinforcement is arranged in zone b/w
0.2y0=0.2×150
=30mm
Y0=150mm
Detailing:
4. The concrete beam of rectangular section, 100mm wide and 300mm deep, is
stressed by 3 cables, each carrying an effective force of 200kN. The span of
the beam is 12m. The first cable is parabolic with eccentricity of 50mm
below the centroidal axis at the centre of span and 50mm above the
centroidal axis at the supports. The second cable is parabolic with zero
eccentricity at the support and 50mm eccentricity at the centre of span. The
third cable is straight with uniform eccentricity of 50mm below the

centroidal axis. If the beam supports a UDL of 6kN/m and E c= 38kN/m2,

estimate the instantaneous deflection at
a) prestress+ self-weight of the beam
b) prestress+ self-weight + live load
Given data:
P=350 KN
L=8m
E1 = 75mm
E2 = 25mm
b=150mm
D = 300 mm
I= = = 337.5 106 mm4
Ec=38 KN/mm2
Deflection due to presterssing force

= (Pl2/48EI) (-5e1+e2)
=[((350×10³×(8×10³)²)/(48×38×10³×337.5×106))]×[(-5×75)×25]
= -12.7mm (upward)
Deflection due to dead load
Self weight of beam,w0=(24×0.3×0.240)
=1.08 KN/m
D =[(5×1.08×(8×10³)4)/(384×38×10³×337.5×106)]
=4.5mm (downward)
Deflection due to prestress and self weight
= -12.7+4.5mm
= -8.5mm (upward)
Deflection due to live load
MA=MB=0
MC=ME=(15×2) =30KNm
MD=((15×4) – (10×2))
=40KNm
L=((A×x)/(E×I))
From BMD,

A1=((1/2)×2×30) =30m², A2=(2×30)=60m²

X1=((2/3)×2) =1.33m, X2=(2×(2/2))=3m
A3=((1/2)×2×10)=10m²
X3=(2+((2/3)×2))=3.33m²
L=((Ax1+Ax2+Ax3)/(EI))
=[((30×1.33+60×3+10×3.33)×106)/(38×103×337.5×106)]
=19.75mm (downward)
Long term deflection=(1+ )×( D+ L +Ƞ P)
=(1+1.08)×(0.8×19.75+4.5-8.5) =33mm(downward)
5. A simply supported beam is having dimensions 200mm x 450mm is post

tensioned with two cables of each having area of 150mm 2. The first cable is
parabolic with an eccentricity of 70mm at mid span and zero at support
whereas the second cable is having straight profile with uniform eccentricity
of 70mm throughout. The initial prestress applied to each cable is 1100

N/mm2. The modulus of elasticity of concrete is 40 kN/mm2. The length of the

beam is 7.5m carry two point load of 25kN at 1/3rd of span. Determine
a. The instantaneous deflection at the centre of span and
b. The deflection at the centre of span after 2 years, assuming 18% loss in
prestress and effective modulus of elasticity to be 3/4 th of the short term
modulus of elasticity.
Given data:
b=150mm
D=300mm
P=200KN
Live load=6KN/m
Ec=38KN/mm²
Self weight of beam=(0.15×0.3×24)=1.08KN/m
I= = =337.5×106mm4
Deflection due to self weight:
D =
=22.43mm (downward)
Deflection due to live load:
L =

=126.3mm (downward)
Deflection due to cable 1:

e1=50mm e2=50mm
SP1=((200×10³×12000²)/(48×38×10³×337.5×10⁶))×(-5×50+50)
= -9.357mm(upward)
e1=50mm e2=0
SP2=(Pl2/48EI) (-5e1+e2)
= -11.696mm (upward)
SP3= -((P×e×l²)/(8EI))
= -((200×10³×50×(12×10³)²)/(8×38×10³×337.5×10⁶))
Deflection due to prestress= SP1+ SP2+ SP3
= -(9.35+11.696+14.085)
= -35.08mm (upward)
a.) Deflection due to prestress+self weight = -35.088+22.737
b.) Prestress+self weight +live load= -35.08+22.73+126.314
=113.16mm (downward).
UNIT 4
COMPOSITE BEAMS AND CONTINUOUS BEAMS
PART A
1. Define propped construction.(AU: MAY/JUNE 2016, NOV/DEC 2015,
NOV/DEC 2013, MAY/JUNE 2013)
The dead load stress developed in the precast prestressed units can be minimized
by propping them while casting the concrete in sit-this method of construction is
termed as propped construction

2. How to achieve compositeness between precast and cast in situ part? (How
do you form bonding between prestressed units and reinforced units)(AU:
MAY/JUNE 2016, NOV/DEC 2015, NOV/DEC 2014, NOV/DEC
2013,MAY/JUNE 2013, , NOV/DEC 2016)
In structural system prestressed concrete is often combined with other materials
such as reinforced concrete for the sake of economy and efficiency. The resulting
structure formed by two are more material is called composite construction .So the
combination of two are more material is called composite construction .So the
combination of two materials acting as a monolithic action called composite action in
prestressed concrete structure
3. What is the difference between propped and unpropped composite
construction? (AU: APRIL/MAY 2015, NOV/DEC 2016)
The dead load stress developed in the precast prestressed units can be minimized
by propping them while casting the concrete in situ. This method of construction is
termed as propped construction.
If the precast units are not propped while placing them in situ concrete, stresses
are developed in the unit due to the self-weight of the member and the dead weight of
the in situ concrete. This method of construction is referred to as unpropped
construction.
4. What is the effect of differential shrinkage in composite beam? (AU:
APRIL/MAY 2015
The in-situ concrete in a composite beam is of relatively lower grade (M-15 or
M-20) and as correspondingly higher water-cement ratio. On the other hand, the
precast prestressed concrete is higher grade and most of its shrinkage as already
occurred before the placement of in-situ concrete. Consequently, the in-situ concrete
shrinks more than the precast concrete.
5. What is meant by unpropped construction? (AU: APR/MAY 2017)
If the precast units are not propped while placing them in situ concrete, stresses
are developed in the unit due to the self-weight of the member and the dead weight of
the in situ concrete. This method of construction is referred to as unpropped
construction.
6. What are the advantages of composite construction? (AU: APR/MAY 2017)

 Appreciable saving in the cost of steel in a composite member compared with a

reinforced or prestressed concrete member.
 Sizes of precast prestressed units can be reduced due to the effect the member
 Low ratio of size of the precast unit that of whole composite member
 In many cases, precast prestressed units serve as supports and dispense with the
formwork for placement of in-situ concrete
 Composite member are ideally suited for constructing bridge decks without the
disruption of normal traffic.
7. Explain with neat sketches, the stress developed due to differential shrinkage
in structural elements comprising of precast prestress element and cast in
situ concrete element?
A reasonably estimation of stresses developed due to differentially shrinkage may
be made using the following assumption:
1. The shrinkage is uniform over the in-situ part of the section and
2. Effect of creep and increase in modulus of elasticity with age and the component
of shrinkage, which is common to both the units, is negligible.
8. Define composite construction?(AU: NOV/DEC 2009)
Composite construction of providing monolithic action between i) prefabricated
units steel beams, precast reinforced or prestressed concrete beams and ii) cast- insitu
concrete. This method is found to provide greater structure efficiency compared with
the conventional methods of construction. The resulting structure formed by two or
more materials is called composite construction.
9. Draw the any four types of composite prestressed concrete sections.

10. What are the advantages of continuous members?

i. The bending moments are evenly distributed between the centre of the span
and the supports of the members.
ii. Reduction in the size of members results in the lighter structures.
iii. Ultimate load carrying capacity is high.
iv. Continuity of the members in framed structures leads to increased stability.
v. Reduction in the numbers of anchorages.
11. What are the methods of achieving continuity in continuous members?
i. Continuous cable
ii. Straight cable.
iii. Cap cable.
iv. Straight tendon.
12. What is cap cable?
A short curved tendon arrangement at the interior support of a continuous
beam. The anchors are in the compression zone, while the curve portion is in the
tensile zone.
13. What is concordant cable profile in continuous beams?
A tendon profile in which the eccentricity is proportional at all cross sections
to the bending moments caused by any loading on a rigidly supported statically

indeterminate structure is a concordant profile. Stressing a tendon laid to such a

profile does not induce any redundant reactions and hence the secondary moments
are zero.
14. What is meant by primary and secondary moment?
The primary moment is the apparent bending moment at a section in a statically
indeterminate structure due to the actual eccentricity of the tendons from the
centroidal axis. The secondary moments are additional moments induced at a section
of a statically indeterminate structure due to the redundant reactions developed as a
consequence of prestressing the structure.
15. Explain with neat sketches, the stress developed due to differential shrinkage
in structural elements comprising of precast prestress element and cast in
situ concrete element?
A reasonably estimation of stresses developed due to differentially shrinkage may
be made using the following assumptions
 The shrinkage is the uniform over the in-situ part of the section and
 Effects of the creep and increase in the modulus of elasticity with age and the
component of shrinkage, which is common to both the units is negligible.
16. What are the methods used to analyse continuous beam?

i. Three moment theorem
ii. Consistent deformation method
iii. Tendon reaction (or) Equivalent load method
17. State Guyon’s theorem of continuous beams?

“In a continuous prestressed beam, if the tendon profile is displaced vertically

at any of the intermediate supports by any moments, but without altering its intrinsic
shape between the supports, the resultant line of thrust is unchanged.’’
18. What is linear transformation of cable?
A transformation profile is any tendon profile consisting of straight lines
between the rigid supports and having zero eccentricity at simple end supports. A
tendon following such a profile will produce support reactions and uniform
longitudinal compression but no bending moments.
19. What is moment redistribution ratio?
The moment redistribution ratio βb as,
βb = (Moment at a section after redistribution/Moment at the section
before redistribution) ≤ 1.
PART B
1. A prestressed pre-tensioned beam of rectangular section has 100mm wide

and 200mm deep. The beam, with an effective span of 5m, is prestressed by
tendons with their centroid coinciding with the bottom kern. The initial force
in tendons is 150kN. The loss of prestress may be assumed as 15%. The beam
is incorporated in a composite T-beam by casting a top flange of 400mm
wide and 40mm thick. If the composite beam supports a live load of
8kN/mm2, calculate the resultant stress developed in precast and in situ
concrete assuming pre-tensioned beam as propped and unpropped
construction. Assume the same modulus of elasticity for concrete in precast
beam and in situ cast slab.
GIVEN DATA
b=100 mm
d=200 mm
P=150 KN
Ƞ=0.85
LL=8 KN/m2

SOLUTION
A=100 × 200 = 20000 mm2
Zt =Zb = = 666666.67 mm3
Kt = Kb = = 33.33 mm
e = 33.33 mm
P = 150 KN
Stress due to prestress,
@ top = –
= -
@ bottom = + = 15 N/mm2
Effective prestress after loss = 0.35 × 15 = 12.75 N/mm2
Self weight of precast beam = 0.1 × 0.2 × 24 = 0.48 KN/m
Self weight moment = = KN/m
Stress due to self weight @ top & bottom = = 2.25 N/ mm2

Self weight of cast insitu slab = 0.04 × 0.4 × 24 = 0.384 KN/m
Moment due to self weight of slab = = 1.2 KN-m
Stress due to self weight of cast insitu slab = = = 1.8 N/mm2
Sectional properties of composite section
Yt = = 86.67 mm
Yb = 240 – 86.67 = 153.33 mm
I= + (400 × 40 × 66.672) + + (200 × 100 × 53.332)
= 196.8 × 106 mm4

Zt = = 2.27 × 106 mm3
Zb = = 1.28 × 106 mm3
Live load on composite action = 0.4 × 1 × 8000 = 3200 N/m
Moment due to live load = = 10000 N m
Live load stress
@ top = = = 4.4 N/mm2
@ bottom = = = 7.79 N/mm2
Stress due to cast insitu weight
@ top = = 0.529 N/mm2
@ bottom = = 0.935 N/mm2

UNPROPPED CONDITION
PROPPED CONDITION
2. A rectangular pretensioned concrete beam has 100mm wide and 230mm depth
and the prestress after all losses is 12N/mm 2 at the soffit and zero at top. The
beam is incorporated in composite Tee beam by casting a top flange of 300mm
wide and 50mm thick. Calculate the maximum UDL that can support a simply
supported span 4.5m, without any tensile stress occurring (i) if the slab is
externally supported while casting and (ii) if the pre-tensioned beam supports the
weight of slab while casting.
Given data
b = 100 mm

d = 230 mm
fp = 12 N/mm2
SOLUTION
A = 100 × 230 = 23000 mm2
I= = = 101.39 × 106
Zt = Zb = = = 881.67 × 103 mm3
Yt = = 109.74 mm
Yb = 280 - 109.74 = 170.26 mm
I= + (300 × 50) × (109.74 – 50/2) 2 + + (100 × 300) × (170.26
– 230/2)2
= 282.46 × 106 mm4
Zb = = 1.66 × 106 mm3
Zt = = 2.57 × 106 mm3

Self weight of cast insitu slab is,

= 0.3 × 0.05 × 25 = 0.375 KN/m
Moment due to self weight of slab
= = = 0.633 KN-m
i. Slab is extremely supported
Stress @ bottom of the beam due to self weight of cast insitu slab
= = 0.38 N/mm2
Stress @ soffit of beam = 12 N/mm2
Net stress available @ bottom = 12 – 0.38 = 11.62 N/mm2
Moment due to UDL @ zero stress @ bottom
M = f×Zb = 11.62 × 1.66 × 106 = 19.28 × 106 N-mm
Live load = = 7.62 KN/m
ii. The pretensioned beam of beam support the weight of slab
= = = 0.718 N/mm
Net stress available = 12 - 0.718 = 11.282 N/mm2
3. A composite T-section girder consists of a pre-tensioned rectangular beam

120mm wide and 240mm deep, with an insitu cast slab, 360mmwide and
60mm deep laid over the beam. The pretensioned beam contains 8 wires of
5mm diameter, located 30mm from the soffit. The tensile strength of HTS
wires is 1600N/mm2 and cube strength of 20N/mm2.
(i) Estimate the flexural strength of composite section
(ii) Calculate the ultimate shear which causes separation of two parts of the
girder if the contact surface is roughened to withstand a shear stress of
1N/mm2.
GIVEN DATA
bw = 120 mm
d = 240 mm

b = 360 mm
Df = 60 mm
Ap = 8 × × 52 = 160 mm2
fp = 1600 N/mm2
fck = 20 N/mm2
SOLUTION
= = 0.155 N/mm2
IS 1343,
=1 & = 0.326
fpu = 1392 N/mm2 xu = 0.326 × 240 = 78 mm
xu > Df ,
Mu = fpu Apw (d – 0.42 xu) + 0.45fck (b – bw) × Df (d – 0.5 Df )
Ap = Apw + Apf
Apf = 0.45 × fck × (b – bw) × (Df/fp)
= 0.45 × 20 × (360 – 120) × (60/600) = 81 mm2
Apw = 160 – 81 = 79 mm2
= = 0.219
IS 1343, bonded tendons
=1 & = 0.478
fpu = 1392 N/mm2 xu = 114.72 mm

xu > Df ,
Mu = 1392 × 79 × ( 240 – 0.42 × 114.72) + 0.45 × 20 × (360 – 120) × 60 × (240 – 0.5

× 60)
= 48.31 KN-m
= (or) Vu =
= 1 N/mm2
= = 115.71 mm
y = 115.71 – 30 = 85.71 mm
I= + (360 × 60 × 85.712) + + (120 × 240 × 64.292)
= 422.43 × 106 mm4
Vu = = 27371 N = 27.37
4. A continuous prestress concrete beam ABC (AB = BC = 8m) has a uniform

rectangular section of width 100mm and deep 250mm. The cable carries a
effective prestressing force of300kN which is parallel to the axis of the beam
and located at 75mm from the soffit. Take density of concrete as 24kN/m3.
a. Determine the secondary and resultant moment at central support B
b. If the beam supports an imposed load of 1.2kN/m, calculate the
resultant stress top and bottom of the beam at B
GIVEN DATA
AB=BC=10m
B=100mm
D=300mm-

P=300KN
e =100mm
SOLUTION
Dead load = 24 × 0.1 × 0.3
=0.72KN/m
Applying three moment therm,
MAB + 2MBA + 2kMBC + KmCB = KBA + kKBC
MAB = MBC = 0 k=1
MBA = KBC = MB
KBA = KBC =
= [- 0.05 × 10 × 5] = 54 KNm
4MB = 2 × 54 = 108 KNm
SM @ B is, MB = 27 KNm
Total resultant moment @ B = 9 - 27.75 = -18.75
Stress at central support section B
Top fibre stress = ˗
= - 0.5 N/mm2 (ten)
Bottom fibre stress = 24.7 N/mm2(com)
Pressure line position
@ A = - 5cm
@B= = = - 52mm
Resultant moment @ centre stress
= +

= +
= 9.25 kNm
Shift of pressure line from the centroid axis
= = 26mm

UNIT V
MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
PART A
1. How are the tanks classified based on the joint? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2016,
APRIL/MAY 2015, NOV/DEC 2013, NOV/DEC 2015)
The joint between the walls of the tank and floor slab may be of following three
types
a. Fixed base
b. Hinged base
c. Sliding base
2. Define circular prestressing(AU: MAY/JUNE 2016, APRIL/MAY 2015,
NOV/DEC 2013, NOV/DEC 2012)
The terms referred to prestressing in round members such as tanks and pipes.
Liquid retaining structures such as circular pipes, tanks and pressure vessels are
admirably suited for circular prestressing.
3. How circular prestressing is achieved? (AU: NOV/DEC 2015)
a) Overlapping tendons
b) Wrapping of HTS wires
c) Pulling through a die
4. What is circumferential prestressing?(AU: NOV/DEC 2014)
Precast members are prestressed circumferentially by wrapping the tendons
around the members. Circumferential prestress fc, is given by
Fc = (N/mm2)
5. What is the main function of longitudinal prestressing? (AU: NOV/DEC

2014)

The main function of longitudinal prestress is to prevent cracking in

concrete during circumferential winding and cracking due to bending stresses
developed during the handling and installation of pipes.
6. Define partial prestressing(AU: MAY/JUNE 2016, NOV/DEC 2014,
MAY/JUNE 2013)
Partial prestressing can be defined by 2 condition,
a) Tensile stresses are permitted in concrete i.e tensioning the entire HTS to a
stress smaller than the maximum permissible stress.
b) Non prestressed reinforcement are employed in the member the resisting part
of working moment by prestress HTS and remaining part untensioned HTS
of intermediate grade steel or mild steel.
7. What are the merits and demerits of partial prestressing? (AU: NOV/DEC
2013, NOV/DEC 2012, MAY/JUNE 2009)
Merits:
 Camber of bridge deck is better controlled.
 Saving in amount of prestressing steel.
 Saving in the work of tensioning and end anchorages.
 Economical utilization of mild steel.
Demerits:
 Earlier appearance of cracks.
 Greater deflection under overloads.
 Higher principle stresses.
 Decrease in ultimate flexural strength in the member.
8. Differentiate prestressed cylinder and non-cylinder pipe. (AU: MAY/JUNE
2013)
Prestress concrete cylinder pipe consist of the concrete core, a thin steel
cylinder, high tensile prestressing wire and a mortar coating. The concrete core is
the main structure load bearing component with the steel cylinder acting as a
water barrier between concrete layers, the prestressing wires produced a uniform
compressive pressure in the core that offset tensile stress in the pipe, and the
mortar coating product the prestressing wires for physical damage and external
corrosion.
9. What are the stages to be considered while designing PSC pipes? (AU:
NOV/DEC 2012, MAY/JUNE 2012)
 Circumferential prestressing, winding with or without longitudinal
prestressing.
 Handling stresses with or without longitudinal prestressing.

 Condition in which a pipe is supported by saddles at extreme point with full

water load but zero hydrostatic pressure.
 Full working pressure conforming to the limit state of serviceability.
 The first crack stage corresponding to the limit state of local damage.
10. Write a short note on prestressed tank floors? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2012)
The base slab forming the floor or the tank in generally made of
reinforced concrete constructed on a flat bituminous surfacing or on a thin
concrete binding with the interposition of a sliding layer such as oil paper, so that
the slab can move over the compacted soil bed. The slab should be sufficiently
flexible so that it can adapt itself to the local deformations of the precompacted
subsoil.
11. Define two stage construction for non-cylinder pipe.(AU: NOV/DEC 2011)
 It was developed by Lewiston Pipe Corporation in 1930.
 The first stage consists of concrete casting over the longitudinal
reinforcement.
 The second stage concrete pipes are curved circumferential stressing is
provided by means of spiral wires owned around the pipe and protected by
on coat of mortar.
12. What are different shapes of prestressed concrete tanks? (AU: NOV/DEC
2011, NOV/DEC 2010)

13. What are advantages of PSC poles?(AU: NOV/DEC 2010)

 Resistance to corrosion in humid and temperate climates and to erosion in
desert areas.
 Easy handling due to less weight than other poles.
 Fire resistance, particularly to grass and bush fires near the ground line.
 Lighter because of reduce cross section when compared with reinforced
concrete pole
 Have increased crack resistance, rigidity and can resist dynamic loads better
than reinforced concrete poles.
14. What is the stress induced in concrete due to circular prestressing? (AU:
APRIL/MAY 2010)
The circumferential hoop compression induced in concrete by prestressing
counterbalances the hoop tension developed due to internal fluid pressure.
15. What are the needs of prestressing in compression members? (AU:
MAY/JUNE 2009)
In some members, such as portal frames and masts, the sections are subjected
to compression bending. Even in axially loaded columns the external loads are
rarely concentric. As a result, the concrete section is subjected to tension at the
side farthest from the line of section of the longitudinal load. The cracking that
develops can be prevented by the prestress in the columns.
16. What is the necessity of vertical prestressing in water tanks? (AU:
MAY/JUNE 2012)
The design of tank walls to resist the hoop tension and moments developed are
based on the considerations of desirable load factor against cracking and collapse.
So, we need to go for vertical prestressing in water tank design in PSC structures.
17. What is monolyte construction of PSC pipes?
It was developed by Mr.Freyssinet in 1930.The main principle is fresh
concrete subjected to triaxial pressure. The steel is placed and the concrete is
poured with high frequency vibration. The construction consists of outer cell with
longitudinal section held together by spring and inner cell with expandable rubber
membrane. The concrete is cured by steel curing. This method is used to achieve
stressing and protection in single cycle.
PART B

1. A PSC circular water tank required to store 24500 million litres of water.
The permissible compressive stress in concrete at transfer should not exceed
13N/mm2 and minimum compressive stress under working pressure should
not be less than 1N/mm2. The loss ratio is 0.75. HTS wires of 7mm diameter
with initial stress of 1000N/mm2 are available for winding. Freyssinet cables
of 12 wires of 8mm diameter which are stressed to 1200N/mm 2 are available
for vertical prestressing. Assume coefficient of friction as 0.5. Use M40
concrete. Design the tank walls supported by elastometric pads.
Solution:
Volume of water tank= 24500x106liters =24500m3

IS 3370 table 12.1 D=50m(assume)
H=12.5m wall thickness @ base=400mm which gradually reduced to 200mm towards the top
WW=W H=10X12.5=125KN/m2 =0.125N/mm2
maximum ring tension(Nd)=WHR
=10X12.5X25=3125KN/m
self wt of wall=12.5+(0.4+0.2)/(0.2)X24=90KN/m
frictional force @ base=0.5X90=45KN/m
t=Nd /(ηfcd-fmin,w) =((3125)/(0.75X13)-1 )=357.14mm say 120mm
thickness of wall @ top=160mm Ring tension @0.75m from
top=WHR=10X0.75X25=188KN/m
WW=WH=0.75X10=7.5KN/m=0.0075N/mm2
f 2
c =(Nd/ηt)+(fmin,w /η) = (188/(0.75X160))+(1/0.75)=2.9N/mm
∆=(2Nd/ WW)x(fp AS/fcDt)
=((2x188)/(0.0075))X((1000x38.5)/(2.9x50x160))
=83.2mm
No of wires @ top/m=(1000/83.2)=12nos
maximum radial pressure due top prestress,
wt=(2fsAS)/(s D)=(2x1000x38.5)/(8.3x50)
2
=0.816 N/mm

Maximum vertical moment due to prestress
Mt = Mw (Wt/ WW)
=35.15X(0.186/0.128)=52.3KNm/m
z=1000x4002 = 26.67x106 mm2

f
c =(fmin,w/η )+(Mt/2)
=(1/0.75)+(52.3x 106mm )=3.924N/mm 2
fct= 13N/mm2
vertical prestress required=0.3x13=3.9 N/mm2
vertical prestressing force=3.9x1000x400=1560KN
spacing of vertical cables,={((12xΠx8x8)/(4)x(1200))/(1560x1000)}x(1000)
=464mm
ultimate force @ base=(120x38.5x1500)/(1000)=6930KN
load factor=(6930/3126)=2.2
cracking load=1000x400x((0.75x13)+1.7)/(1000))=4580KN
FOS=(4580/3125)=1.466
2.(a)Advantage of prestressed concrete bridge deck
 High-strength concrete and high-tensile steel, besides being economical,

make for slender sections, which are aesthetically superior.
 Prestressed concrete bridges can be designed as class I type structures without
any tensile stressesunderserviceloads, thusresulting in a crack-free structure.
 In comparison with steel bridges, prestressed concrete bridges require
verylittlemaintenance.
 Prestressed concrete is ideally suited for composite bridge construction in
which precast prestressed girders support the castin situ slab deck. This type of
construction is very popular since it involves minimum disruption of traffic.
 Post-tensioned prestressed concrete finds extensive applications in long-span
continuous girder bridges of variable cross-section. Not only does it make
forsleek. structures, but it also effects considerable saving in the overall cost of
construction.
 In recent years, partially prestressed concrete (type-3 structure) bas been

preferred for bridge construction, because it offers considerable economy in

the use of costly high-tensile steel in the girder.
2.(b) Difference between pre-tensioned and post-tensioned concrete bridges with

neat sketch?
 By controlling the amount of prestress, a structural system can be made either

flexible [portal frame], or rigid [floor slab] without influencing its
strength.Prestressed, pre-tensioned, tendons are tensioned by a jack without
any concrete. Then, concrete is poured, allowed to set and bond, at which
time the ends are cut and the beam becomes instantly stressed by the tendons.
Service loads can then be applied.
 Prestressed, post-tensioned, tendons are tensioned by a jack after the concrete

has already cured (but a duct is installed such that the concrete is unbonded to
the prestressing), at which time the tendons are tensioned by means of a
hydraulic jack, and the beam becomes stressed. Grout may or may not then
infill the ducts. Grouting should typically be performed, to minimize the
chance of a single tendon rupture causing catastrophic failure of the member.
Service loads can then be applied.
 Post-tensioning minimizes losses in prestress that are a result of concrete

shrinkage. The only prestress loss due to shrinkage would come as a result of
duct grout shrinkage. In addition, for pre-tensioned beams, because
of concrete compressive strain at the instant that the tendons transfer the
compressive force to the concrete beam.

 For post-tensioned beams, with all of the tendons jacked simultaneously, the
concrete will strain, but our value for will be equal to our , since the
tendon force is essentially (neglecting ‘anchor set’) measured after the load
is applied to the beam (after the hydraulic jacking is complete). This is in
contrast to pre-tensioning, where is measured beforethe load is applied to
the beam (before the tendons are ‘cut’).
 However, post-tensioning is more prone to anchorage zone failure, as the

beam is stressed by the tendons, since large compressive forces (especially
when the tendons are un-bonded) occur only at the ends of the beam. Pre-
tensioned beams transfer the tendon force to the concrete through friction,
within a given ‘transfer length’ near the ends of the beam, rather than at a
single point. This distinct feature of pre-tensioned beams is analogous to the
development length for concrete mild-reinforced members, and should not be
confused with ‘friction losses’ in post-tensioned beams.
 Losses due to friction are unavoidable for post-tensioned beams. This will be
explained in detail ..n the section on friction losses.
 Where pre-tensioning is concerned, ‘hold-downs’ to form the ‘draped’ shape

of the tension, which we will talk about later, are expensive. Typically, pre-
tensioned beams will use a ‘harped’ shape, which is marginally less efficient
for most beams loading conditions.
 One reason for the grouting of post-tensioned beams is to avoid a condition

where a single tendon failure point would cause total failure, i.e. a tendon
puncture from a careless jack hammer.

3. A prestressed concrete pipe of 1.6m diameter having core thickness of

100mm is required to withstand a service pressure intensity of 1N/mm 2.
Estimate the pitch of 5mm diameter HTS winding if initial stress is limited to
1000N/mm2. Permissible stresses in concrete being 12N/mm 2 in compression
and zero in tension. The loss ratio is 0.8, if direct tensile strength of concrete
is 2N/mm2, estimate load factor against cracking.
Solution;
Minimum thickness of pipe,
t>[1.0(1600/2] /(0.8x12-0) >84mm
thickness provided=100mm
fc=[1x1600]/[2x0.8x100]=10N/mm2
no of wires,n=(4000x100x10)/(Πx52x1000)=51turns
pitch of winding=(1000/51)=19.6mm
hoop tension due to fluid pressure,=(1x1600)/(2x100)=8N/mm2
hoop compression due to prestress=10N/mm2
resultant stress=10-8=2N/mm2
tensile stress in concrete=2N/mm2
additional fluid pressure required to develop a tensile stress of 4N/mm2 in concrete,
=(2x100x4)/(1600)=0.5N/mm2
Cracking fluid pressure =1.5N/mm2
Load factor=(1.5/1)=1.5
4. A non-cylindrical PSC pipe of internal diameter 1000mm and thickness of

cone shell 75mm is required to convey water at a working pressure of
1.5N/mm2. The length of the pipe is 6m. The loss ratio is 0.8.

i) Design the circumferential wire winding using 5mm diameter wires

stretched 1000 N/mm2
ii) Design the longitudinal prestressing using 7mm diameter wires
tensioned to 10N/mm2. The maximum permissible tensile stress under
critical transient loading should not exceed 0.8 where fci = 40
N/mm2
Solution;
D=100mm
fct=15N/mm2
ww=1.5N/mm2
fmin,w=2N/mm2
t=75mm
fs=1000N/mm2
L=6m
Compressive stress in concrete,
Fc=(Nd/ηt)+(fmin,w/η)
=[(1.5x1000/2)/(0.8x75)]+(2/0.8)
=15N/mm2
n=(4000tfc/Πd2fs)=(4000x75x15)/(Πx52x1000)=57turns/m
pitch of winding=(1000/57)=17.5mm
critical transient stress @ spigot end=0.6xhoop stress=0.6x15=9N/mm2
maximum permissible tensile stress=0.8 √fci=0.8 √40=5N/mm2
tensile stress=9-5=4N/mm2
cross sectional area=Πx1.075x0.075=0.23m2
if p=longitudinal prestressing force,
p=[(Πx1.075x0.075)x106x4]/(103)

p=1013KN
use 7mm wires stressed to 1000N/mm2
force in each wire=38.5KN
number of wires=(1013/38.5)=27
t=((w D/2)/(η f
i) w fct - min,w )
=(1x(5000/2))/((0.8x13.5)-0.8))
=25m
ii) n=((
400xtxfc )/(Π d2 fs))
=((400x25x13.5)/(Πx2x2x1200))
=89.52
=90turns/m
iii) ww=(2t(fc-fmin,w))/(D)
since η=1
=2x25(13.5-(-0.7))/(500)
=1.42N/mm2
iv) fsi=(1+αe ρ)e=(ES/Ec)

=(210/35)=6
ρ=(fc/fs)
=(13.5/1200)
=0.01
fsi=(1+(6x0.11))x1200
=128N/mm2

5.Explain pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete bridge decks? advantages of

prestressed concrete.
The term pre-tensioning is used to describe a method of prestressing in which

the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed, and the prestress is transferred
to the concrete when a suitable cube strength is reached.
Post-tensioning is a method of prestressing in which the tendon is tensioned after the
concrete has reached a suitable strength. The tendons are anchored against the
hardened concrete immediately after prestressing.
There are three concepts involved in the design of prestressed concrete :
i. Prestressing transforms concrete into an elastic material.

By applying this concept concrete may be regarded as an elastic material, and
may be treated as such for design at normal working loads. From this concept
the criterion of no tensile stresses in the concrete was evolved.
In an economically designed simply supported beam, at the critical section, the
bottom fibre stress under dead load and prestress should ideally be the
maximum allowable stress; and under dead load, live load and prestress the
stress should be the minimum allowable stress.
Therefore under dead load and prestress, as the dead load moment reduces
towards the support, then the prestress moment will have to reduce
accordingly to avoid exceeding the permissible stresses. In post-tensioned
structures this may be achieved by curving the tendons, or in pre-tensioned
structures some of the prestressing strands may be deflected or de-bonded near
the support.
ii. Prestressed concrete is to be considered as a combination of steel and concrete
with the steel taking tension and concrete compression so that the two
materials form a resisting couple against the external moment. (Analogous to
reinforced concrete concepts).
This concept is utilized to determine the ultimate strength of prestressed
beams.
iii. Prestressing is used to achieve load balancing.
It is possible to arrange the tendons to produce an upward load which balances
the downward load due to say, dead load, in which case the concrete would be
in uniform compression.
Pre-tensioned Bridge Decks

Types of beams in common use are inverted T-beams, M-beams and Y beams.
Inverted T-beams are generally used for spans between 7 and 16 metres and the voids
between the beams are filled with insitu concrete thus forming a solid deck. M-Beams
are used for spans between 14 and 30 metres and have a thin slab cast insitu spanning
between the top flanges with the aim of forming a voided slab type deck. The top face
of the bottom flange of M-Beams cannot be readily inspected, also the limited access
makes bearing replacement difficult. As a consequence of these restrictions the Y-
beam was introduced in 1990 to replace the M-beam. This lead to the production of an
SY-beam which is used for spans between 32 and 40 metres. The U-beam is used for
spans between 14 and 34 metres and is usually chosen where torsional strength is
required.

Advantages
 High-strength concrete and high-tensile steel, besides being economical,
make for slender sections, which are aesthetically superior.
 Prestressed concrete bridges can be designed as class I type structures without
any tensile stressesunderserviceloads, thusresulting in a crack-free structure.
 In comparison with steel bridges, prestressed concrete bridges require
verylittlemaintenance.
 Prestressed concrete is ideally suited for composite bridge construction in
which precast prestressed girders support the castin situ slab deck. This type of
construction is very popular since it involves minimum disruption of traffic.
 Post-tensioned prestressed concrete finds extensive applications in long-span
continuous girder bridges of variable cross-section. Not only does it make for
sleek. structures, but it also effects considerable saving in the overall cost of
construction.

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CE6702/ Prestressed Concrete

Year –IV/ Semester-VII

ARS College of Engineering

CE 6702 – PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTION BANK

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 1

CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 2

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 3

3. State the advantages of PSC members?(AU: NOV/DEC 2012, MAY/JUNE

4. What is the principle of post-tensioning? (AU: NOV/DEC 2014)

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 4

 Looping the wires around the concrete

9. Define load balancing concept? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2012, MAY/JUNE 2010)

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 5

Prestressing of members in which the cables follow concordant profile is called

stress in steel due to shrinkage of concrete =total residual strain x modulus of

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 6

15. What do you understand by unbounded tendon? (AU: MAY/JUNE 2016,

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 7

distribution at mid span by stress and strength concept, if prestressing force

Zt = Zb = (500 × 8002)/6 = 53.33 × 106mm3

Uniform stress= = (1200 × 103)/(400× 103)= 3N/mm2

Stress due to eccentricity=

i. Stress @ top= - + MD/Z + ML/Z

ii. Stress @ bottom= + - MD/Z - ML/Z

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 8

Stress @ top= + =10.22 N/mm2

Stress @ bottom= – =-4.22 N/mm2

Zt = Zb = (150 × 3502)/6 = 3.05 × 106mm3

Uniform stress= = (200 × 103)/(52500)= 3.8N/mm2

Stress due to eccentricity=

= (200×103×50)/(3.05×106)= 3.27 N/mm2

Stress due to DL & LL= = (48×106)/ (3.05×106)=15.73 N/mm2

Resultant stress @ central axis

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 9

ii. Stress @ bottom= + -

Shift of pressure line from cable line @ centre=

To find moment @ quarter span

Mxx = RA (2)- 6 × 2 × = 36 kNm

Bending stress @ quarter span=(36×106)/(3.05×106)=11.8 N/mm2

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 10

b) Self weight of beam = 24× 0.15× 0.3

Stress due to self weight = ± MD/Z

Let WL be the concentrated load @ centre of span.

ML = (WLl) / 4= (WL × 10)/4 =2.5 WL

Stress due to prestressing force = +

.22 = 6+(((2.5 × WL) ×106)/(2.25×106))

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 11

4. A prestressed concrete beam support an imposed load of 3kN/m over a

A=(200×75)×2 + (300×100)=60×103 mm2

Z = BD2/6-bD2/6 =((200×4502)/6) –((100×3002)/6)

=5.25× 106 mm3

Dead load = (24×(60×103))/ 106= 1.44kN/m

Moment due to dead load = (1.44×102)/8

Moment due to live load = (3×102)/8=37.5kNm

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 12

5.83 + 0.066e – 3.42 -7.14 = 0

=((350×103)/(60×103))-((350×103×71.67)/(5.25×106))+ 3.42 + 7.14

=5.83 – 4.77 + 3.42 +7.14

= 11.62 N/mm2 (Comp.)

ARS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 13