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QUESTION:
In order for an organization to achieve its overall goals and objectives there
is an absolute need for effective “Work Measurements or methods”
Discuss these methods exhaustively and highlight the benefits that could be
achieved from each of them?
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This term paper gives a brief history of what is “work measurements” and its
purpose or objective.
Secondly this paper will analysis the various techniques and or methods of
Work measurements employed by organizations and or firm in order to
estimate the work content of a specified task, its size and the time taken by
a skilled employee to complete a particular task at a defined level of
performance.
Thirdly this paper shall highlight in a concise manner the advantages and or
benefits of the various work measurement techniques or methods.
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INTRODUCTION
From the above definition it is clear that work measurement provides a basis
for comparing quantitative performance in like operations performed at
different locations and in the same operation at the same location over a
period of time.
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Work study is the systematic study of an operation or process to ensure the best possible
use of the human and material resources available. The prime aim is to improve
productivity. The application of work study to a department or company is made to improve
the existing method of operation as a result change will occur which will affect all personnel
irrespective of their status.
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1. TIME STUDY
According to F. W. Talyor there are two basic procedures that are used to
conduct this type of technique that is the analytical work study and the
constructive work study. These two procedures are carried out as follows:
• Divide the work of a man performing any job into simple elementary
movements
• Pick out all useless movements and discard them
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RM CUMES FARCDAY & JOSEDPH (1972) WORK STUDY; PITMAN PUBLISHING MANAGEMENT
PUBLICATIONS FOR THE BRISTISH INSTUTUETE OF MANAGEMENT 3RD EDITION LONDON AT
PAGE 121
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Through out his professional life he worked as an apprentice machinist, time keeper,
expediter, lathe operator, gang boss foreman of the machine shop and chief engineer.
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• Study one after another just how wach several skilled workmen makes
each lementary movement and with the aid of a stop watch select the
qyickest and best method of making each elememnatry movement
known in the trade
• Describe, record and index each elementary movement with its proper
times so that it can be quickly found.
• Study and record the percentage which must be added to the actual
working time of a goos workman to cover avoidable delays,
interruptions and minor accidents
• Study and record the percentage which must be added to cover the
newness of a good workman to a job the first few times that he does it.
• Study and record the percentage of time that must be allowed for rest
and the intervals at which the ret must be taken in order to offset the
physical fatigue.
Advantages
Disadvantages
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may not reflect skills and abilities of local workers
does not provide information that will aid the company in
improving its output in the future.
This technique was developed around 1930 and 1940 when the united stated
of America(USA) brought rapid war mobilization which led to shortage of
material and manpower. There was little time in which to achieve
tremendous increases in productivity. Therefore it was during this period
that Frank and Lilian Gilbreth introduced the concept of motion time analysis,
work factor and motion time standards.
Advantages
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d. No performance rating eliminates inherent inaccuracies
e. Consistent regardless of who performs the work or by whom the study is
performed
f. Requires fewer observations, thereby reducing the amount of time
required to develop standards
g. Can be understood by personnel at all levels of the organization
h. Widely accepted by labor unions as an impartial “umpire”
• This method is easy to learn and use, and it provides more operational
detail than historical data.
• Less expensive than time study
• Observers need little training
• Studies can be delayed or interrupted with little impact on results
• Worker has little chance to affect results
• Less intrusive
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3. ESTIMATING
A means for assessing the time required to carry out work based
on knowledge and experience of a similar types of work without
a detailed breakdown of the work into elements and their
corresponding times at a defined level of performance.
Analysis: In AE, the ‘analysis’ phase consists of breaking a task down into its
basic component operations or elements so that these can be individually
assigned time values.
Synthesis: When a time has been assigned to each element, they are added
together to give the ‘basic time’ for the complete task, taking account of the
specific frequencies with which each element would occur in the defined
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task. Rather than applying allowances to individual elements, relaxation and
contingency allowance are applied to basic time to give the standard time.
The analysis into elements is a key factor in producing reliable times, since,
while time estimates for individual elements may be "inaccurate", any errors
are random and will compensate for each other. Additionally, since the
technique is normally used for assessing workloads over a reasonably long
planning period, errors in individual tasks will also cancel each other out.
ADVANTAGES
• Useful for setting standards for a job when there are unlikely to be
more than a very few repetitions, or where no two jobs are likely to be
the same (e.g, in some repair or maintenance work).
• that a standard time can be set prior to the start of a job. This is
helpful in costing and scheduling. Usually, an experienced person in
doing the particular kind of work does the estimating.
4. SYNTHESIS
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WORK
MEASUREMENT
Predetermined
Time study Work Estimatin
Motion time study
g
systems
Standard
data
Comparative
estimating
Job standards
CONCLUSION
Work measurement offers one of the most reliable ways to achieve the
benefits of increased production at lower costs for the advantage of
everyone that is from the managers, workers to the consumer.
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question is how does the organization determine which is the best method to
use.
4. Are there any real deadlines for the availability of measured data?
REFRENCES
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