IBO – 2008

INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

Country: INDONESIA Student Code: ____________

19th INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGY OLYMPIAD

13th – 20th July, 2008

Mumbai, INDIA

THEORETICAL TEST – PART B

Write all answers in the ANSWER SHEET.

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

Dear Participants

• You have a total of 2 hours 30 • Waktu untuk menyelesaikan

minutes for answering Part B.
• The questions in Part B may have
more than one correct answer. Fill
your answers in the Answer Sheet
for Part B. The marks for the
questions in Part B vary depending
on the number of answers and the
complexity of the question. These
marks have been indicated along with
the question.
• Mark your answers clearly. Avoid any
corrections in the Answer Sheet.
• NOTE: Some of the questions may
be marked “Skipped” / “Deleted”. DO
NOT attempt these questions. Also,
read the question completely before
attempting it as some questions may
continue from one page to the next.
• The maximum number of points is
120.
• Your Answer Sheets will be collected
at the end of the examination.
bagian B adalah 2 jam 30 menit.
• Pertanyaan pada bagian B
mungkin mempunyai lebih dari
satu jawaban yg benar. Isikan
jawaban anda di Lembar
jawaban Nilai masing-masing
pertanyaan pada bagian B
tergantung jumlah jawaban dan
kompleksitas pertanyaan.
• Tuliskan jawaban yang jelas.
Hindari perbaikan pada Lembar
Jawaban.
• Jangan jawab pertanyaan yang
telah diberi tanda
”skipped/deleted”. Baca
pertanyaan dgn lengkap sebelum
berusaha menjawabnya karena
beberapa pertanyaan merupakan
lanjutan dari halaman
sebelumnya.
• Nilai maksimum 120
• Lembar jawaban anda akan
dikumpulkan pada akhir ujian.

Good Luck!!

Country: __INDONESIA_______________________

First name: _________________________________

Middle name: _______________________________

Family name: ________________________________

Student Code: _______________________________

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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CELL BIOLOGY (26 points)

1. (2+1+2=6 points) A bacterium has 1. Suatu bakteri mempunyai satu DNA

a single copy of a 4 x106 bp
circular DNA. Use a value of 3 for
π, 6 x 10 23
for the Avogadro’s
number and 660 for the molecular
weight of 1 bp of DNA. The
volume of a sphere of radius r is
4/3 π r3. 10 bp of linear DNA has
a lengthof 3.4 nm.
berbentuk lingkaran sepanjang 4
x106 pb.
Gunakan:
π=3
Bilangan Avogadro = 6 x 1023
Berat molekul 1 pasang basa = 660
Volume bola = 4/3 π r3
Panjang 10 pb DNA = 3,4 nm
a. Bila diameter sel berbentuk bola
= 1 µm, berapa konsentrasi DNA
(dalam Molar) di dalam sel ini?

a. If the diameter of this spherical cell ________________ M

is 1 µm, what would be the molar
concentration of DNA in this cell?
b. Bila bentuk DNA sesuai model
Watson dan Crick, berapa
Answer: _________________Molar panjang DNA bakteri ini?

b. If the DNA assumed a conformation

as proposed by Watson and Crick, ________________ meter
what would be the linear length of
the bacterial DNA?
c. Diperlukan berapa bakteri untuk
dapat mengisolasi 1 mg DNA.
Answer: _________________metre

________________ sel
c. How many bacterial cells one
should take to get 1 mg of DNA?

Answer: ____________________

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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2. (3 points) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 2. Retikulum endoplasma halus

(SER) is mainly concerned with the (SER) mempunyai fungsi:
following functions:
I. Sintesis lipid
II. Detoksifikasi obat
I. Lipid synthesis
III. Penyimpanan Ca++
II. Drug detoxification
IV. Glukoneogenesis
III. Ca++ storage
Isi tabel di bawah dgn tanda
IV. Gluconeogenesis
(√) bila sesuai dan fungsi
Fill in the following table with a tick mark SER dengan memilih opsi I-IV
(√) wherever appropriate and indicate the di atas.
function/s of SER wherever it is
extensively present, by choosing from
options I – IV above.

Organ/Cell SER SER not Function/s (if

extensively extensively extensively
present present present)
SER SER tidak Fungsi SER
banyak banyak bila jumlah
SER banyak
a. Adrenal gland

b. Sebaceous glands
Kelenjar minyak pada
kulit
c. Intestinal villi

d. Muscles
Otot
e. Liver
Hati

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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f. Pancreas

3. (2 points) There are various 3. Sel dapat bunuh diri

mechanisms by which a cell can
commit suicide – a phenomenon
known as “apoptosis”. One of the
mechanisms is triggered by reactive
oxygen species. The outer membrane
of mitochondria normally expresses a
protein Bcl-2 on its surface. Another
protein Apaf-1 binds Bcl-2. Reactive
oxygen species cause Bcl-2 to release
Apaf-1 and a third protein Bax to
penetrate the mitochondrial membrane,
releasing cytochrome c. The released
cytochrome c forms a complex with
Apaf-1 and caspase 9. This complex
sequentially activates many proteases
that digest cellular proteins. Finally, the
cell is phagocytosed.
What will be the fate of a cell exposed to
reactive oxygen species in the following
situations?
Choose from the following options:
(apoptosis) dgn berbagai cara.
Salah satu cara dipicu oleh
oksigen yg reaktif. Membran
luar mitokondria biasanya
mempunyai protein Bcl-2 pada
permukaannya. Protein Apaf-1
mengikat Bcl-2. Oksigen yg
reaktif menyebabkan Bcl-2
melepaskan Apaf-1 dan protein
Bax untuk masuk membran
mitokondria, melepaskan
sitokrom c. Sitokrom-c yg lepas
membentuk kompleks dgn
Apaf-1 dan kaspase 9.
Kompleks ini mengaktivasi
banyak protease yg mengurai
protein sel. Akhirnya sel
difagositosis.
Bagaimana nasib sel yang
terpapar oksigen reaktif pada
kondisi berikut? Pilih dari opsi:

A. The cell resists apoptosis. A. sel tidak apoptosis

B. The cell is forced towards apoptosis. B. Sel mengalami apoptosis

C. The fate of the cell cannot be C. Nasib sel tdk dapat ditentukan.
predicted.

Situation I: The cell receives a signal
for inhibition of expression of Apaf-1
protein. ______
Situation II: The cell expresses low-
affinity Bcl-2 proteins. _______
Kondisi I. Sel menerima sinyal untuk
menginhibisi protein Apaf-1
____________
Kondisi II. Sel mengekspresi protein
Bcl-2 __________

Situation III: A competitive inhibitor of Kondisi III. Inhibitor kompetitif Apaf-1

Apaf-1 for Bcl-2 binding is added to the untuk pengikatan Bcl-2 ditambahkan
cell in excess quantity. _______ dalam jumah berlebihan __________

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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Situation IV: A chemical which
significantly lowers the ratio of Bax to
Bcl-2 is added to the cell. ________
4. (3 points) The stoichiometry of
aerobic and anaerobic
degradation
of glucose by yeast are as follows
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
In an experiment, the complete
utilization of 0.5 mol of glucose,
partly under aerobic and partly
under anaerobic conditions, yielded
1.8 mol of CO2.
a. Calculate the fraction of glucose
that is utilized aerobically.
Answer: _________________%
b. Calculate the Respiratory Quotient,
which is defined as the molar ratio
of the CO2 produced to the O2
utilized.
Answer: __________________
6
Kondisi IV. Bahan yg menurunkan
rasio Bax thd Bcl-2 ditambahkan ke sel
____________________
4. Stoikiometri degradasi glukosa oleh
ragi:
Pada suatu percobaan, penggunaan
0,5 mol glukosa, dalam keadaan
sebagian aerobik dan sebagian
anaerobik, menghasilkan 1,8 mol CO2.
a. Hitung fraksi glukosa yang
digunakan secara aerobik.
----------------------------------- %
b. Hitung Koefisien Respirasi (rasio
dalam molar antara CO2 yang
dihasilkan dengan O2 yang
digunakan.
___________________
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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5. (2.5 points) In order to study the effect 5. Untuk mempelajari pengaruh

of a hormone on the breakdown of a
polysaccharide in liver tissue, fresh
liver was homogenized in an isotonic
buffer system. Part of this homogenate
was centrifuged to obtain a clear
supernatant and a pellet.
The following experiments were then
conducted.
hormon terhadap hidrolisis
polisakarida dalam hati, hati
dihancurkan dalam buffer
isotonik. Sebagian homogent
disentrifugasi.
Kemudian dilakukan percobaan
berikut:

Experiment Reaction mixture Result

Percobaan Campuran reaksi Hasil
Quantity of Activity of
Enzyme Enzyme
Jumlah Aktivitas
enzim enzim
I Liver homogenate ++++ ±
Homogenat hati
II Liver homogenate + hormone ++++ ++++
Homogenat hati + hormon
III Supernatant + hormone ++++ ±
Supernatan + hormon
IV Pellet + hormone ± ±
Endapan + hormon
V Supernatant + small quantity of ++++ ++++
reaction mixture from Experiment IV
Supernatan + campuran dari
eksperimen IV
VI Supernatant + small quantity of ++++ ++++
heated reaction mixture from
Experiment IV
Supernatan + campuran dari
eksperimen IV yg dipanaskan
VII Supernatant + small quantity of ++++ ±
heated pellet + hormone
Supernatan + endapan yg
dipanaskan + hormon

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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Complete the signal transduction pathway Lengkapi jalur transduksi sinyal

for the breakdown of the polysaccharide in untuk hidrolisis polisakarida:
the following schematic.

1 2

precursor
3

4
5

Polysaccharide Monosaccharide

Options: Pilihan
A. Membrane-bound protein A. protein terikat membran
B. Heat-stable molecule B. molekul tahan panas
C. Inactive enzyme C. enzim inaktif
D. Active cytosolic enzyme D. enzim aktif di sitosol
E. Hormone E. hormon
F. Organic inhibitor F. inhibitor organik
G. Heat shock protein G. protein kejutan panas

Fill in the appropriate letters in the table Isi huruf sesuai ke dalam tabel di
from the options given bawah
.

1 2 3 4 5

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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6. (4 points) Sugars and fatty acids
are important biomolecules that
provide energy to the majority of
living systems. The estimated
utilization of palmitic acid and
glucose in the human body is
shown in the equation below:
129 Pi + 129 ADP 129 ATP
(A) C15H31COOH + 23 O2
38 Pi + 38 ADP
(B) C H O + 6 O
6 12 6 2
Answer the following questions:
(Atomic weights of H: 1, C: 12 and
O: 16)
I. ATP yield (in moles) per mole of
oxygen in Reaction A :__________
II. ATP yield (in moles) per mole of
oxygen in Reaction B:__________
III. ATP yield (in moles) per gram of
fuel in Reaction A: ____________
IV. ATP yield (in moles) per gram of
fuel in Reaction B:____________
V. Based on the above reactions, state
whether the following statements
are true or false by putting tick
marks (√) in the appropriate boxes
9
6. Gula dan asam lemak memberikan
energi bagi mahluk hidup.
Penggunaan asam palmitat dan
glukosa dalam tubuh manusia
ditunjukkan pada persamaan di
bawah:
16 CO2 + 16 H2O
38 ATP
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Jawab pertanyaan di bawah:
(berat atom H = 1, C = 12, ) = 16)
I. Hasil ATP (dalam mol) per mol
oksigen dalam reaksi A _________
II. Hasil ATP (dalam mol) per mol
oksigen dalam reaksi B ________
III. Hasil ATP (dalam mol) per gram
bahan bakar dalam reaksi A
________
IV. Hasil ATP (dalam mol) per gram
bahan bakar dalam reaksi B
________
V. Berdasarkan reaksi di atas,
nyatakan apakah pernyataan berikut
benar atau salah dengan memberi
tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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Statements:
a. Under conditions of mild
intensity exercise and
abundance of oxygen, the
Respiratory Quotient tends to be
< 1.
b. High-intensity exercise is
primarily fuelled by fat when
oxygen concentration is limiting.
c. Reaction A represents the
energy-acquiring process of
nervous tissue while Reaction B
is more common in skeletal
muscles involved in rapid
movement.
d. Under conditions of hypoxia, the
shift of tissue metabolism from
fatty acid oxidation to glucose
oxidation will yield more ATP..
True False
a.
b.
c.
d.
10
Pernyataan:
a. Pada kondisi olah raga dengan
intensitas rendah dan banyak
oksigen, koefisien respirasi
cenderung < 1.
b. Olah raga intensitas tinggi
terutama menggunakan bahan
bakar lemak apabila konsentrasi
oksigen terbatas.
c. Reaksi A menunjukkan proses
perolehan energi dari jaringan
syaraf, sedangkan reaksi B terjadi
pada otot yg terlibat pergerakan
cepat.
d. Dalam keadaan kekurangan
oksigen, pergeseran metabolisme
dari oksidasi asam lemak ke
oksidasi glukosa menghasilkan
lebih banyak ATP.
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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7. (1+1+2 = 4 points) Leena is a 7. Leena memurnikan 2 fragmen DNA,

molecular biology student. She
purifies two fragments of DNA,
800 and 300 base pairs long.
These were obtained from a
plasmid after digesting it with
HindIII. Each of these fragments
has a single EcoRI recognition
site.
Leena wants to join these two
fragments to get a 1.1kb gene as
shown in Figure 7.1. She suspects
that this gene has a unique protein-
coding sequence.
300 dan 800 pb. Kedua fragmen
diperoleh dari hasil pemotongan
plasmid dengan enzim HindIII.
Masing-masing fragmen mempunyai
satu sisi pengenalan enzim EcoRI.
Leena mau menggabungkan kedua
fragmen tersebut seperti pada
ganbar 7.1. Dia pikir bahwa gen
tersebut mengkode protein yang
spesifik.

HindIII HindIII HindIII

300bp 800bp
200bp 200bp 700bp
EcoRI EcoRI

Figure 7.1

She, therefore, mixes the two Kedua fragmen dicampur bersama

fragments in the presence of enzim ligase dan diinkubasi. Setelah
excess DNA ligase in an 30 menit, sebagian hasil reaksi diambil
appropriate buffer and incubates dan dielektroforesis. Ternyata
the mixture. She removes an aliquot diperoleh banyak sekali pita DNA
(a small part of the reaction mixture) selain pita 1,1 kb yg diharapkan.
after 30 minutes and loads it on an (Gambar 7.2)
agarose gel to check the results.
She is surprised to find many bands
along with the expected 1.1kb band
(as shown in the figure 7.2) in the
gel!

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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1.9kb

1.1kb

0.8kb
0.6kb

0.3kb

Figure 7.2
I. Which one of the following
statements can explain this result?
a. The two fragments used for ligation
were not sufficiently purified.
b. The multiple bands on the gel are
due to the degradation of DNA in
the reaction mixture.
c. The observed band pattern is a
result of ligation of randomly-
selected fragments.
d. DNA ligase did not function, and
hence, it led to the random
catenation of the DNA molecules.
Put a tick mark (√) in the
appropriate box.
I. Pernyataan mana yang menjelaskan
hasil di atas?
a. kedua fragmen yg diligasi tidak
cukup murni.
b. Pita yang banyak merupakan akibat
degradasi DNA yang terjadi selama
inkubasi.
c. Pola pita yang teramati terjadi akibat
ligasi fragmen DNA yang terjadi
secara acak.
d. DNA ligase tidak berfungsi,
sehingga terjadi hubungan molekul-
molekul DNA secara acak
Berikan tanda (√) pada kotak yang
sesuai.

a. b. c. d.

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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II. If another aliquot of the reaction
mixture is removed after 8 hours,
which one of the following would be
expected?
a. Prominent bands of high molecular
weight.
b. Prominent bands of low molecular
weight.
c. Large number of molecules of
varying lengths leading to a
smearing on the gel.
d. The gel pattern would remain the
same. Only the intensity of bands
would increase.
Put a tick mark (√) in the
appropriate box.
a. b.
13
II. Apabila setelah delapan jam,
sebagian hasil reaksi diambil dan
dielektroforesis. Bagaimana
hasilnya?
a. Pita DNA dengan berat molekul
tinggi makin tebal.
b. Pita DNA dengan berat molekul
rendah makin tebal.
c. Terdapat banyak sekali molekul
dengan berbagai ukuran
sehingga terlihat sebagai bercak
yang memanjang.
d. Pola pita pada gel tidak
berubah. Hanya intensitasnya
lebih tinggi.
Berikan tanda (√) pada kotak yang
sesuai.
c. d.
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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III. Leena is interested in the 1.1kb
fragment shown in Figure 7.1.
Hence, she elutes the 1.1kb
fragment from the gel shown in
Figure 7.2 and subjects part of this
sample to HindIII digestion. She
obtains the expected pattern with
two bands, 800 and 300 base pairs
long. To confirm its restriction map,
she subjects the remaining sample
to complete EcoRI digestion. Which
pattern of bands would she obtain?
III. Leena tertarik dengan fragmen 1,1
kb pada gambar 7.1. Fragmen
tersebut diambil dari gel hasil reaksi
ligasi pada gambar 7.2 dan sebagian
dia potong dengan HindIII. Dia peroleh
fragmen 800 dan 300 pb. Untuk
mengkonfirmasi peta restriksinya,
fragmen 1,1 kb selebihnya dia potong
dengan EcoRI. Bagaimana hasil
pemotongannya?

2 kb 2 kb 2 kb 2 kb

1 kb 1 kb 1 kb 1 kb

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

a b c d

Put a tick mark (√) in the Berikan tanda (√) pada kotak yang
appropriate box. sesuai.

a. b. c. d.

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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8. (2.5 points) Protein function can
be regulated at many levels. By
interpreting the graphs below, find
out how each of these proteins (A
to D) is regulated. They are all
enzymes involved in the same
physiological process, their
activity is induced by the same
treatment and their respective
activities in a sample can be
measured with specific assays.
The arrows indicate the beginning
of the activating treatment.
15
8. Fungsi protein dapat diregulasi
pada berbagai level. Berdasarkan
grafik di bawah, perhatikan
bagaimana tiap protein (A – D)
dapat diregulasi. Semua protein
tersebut adalah enzim yang
terlibat dalam proses fisiologi
yang sama (aktivitasnya diinduksi
oleh perlakuan yang sama dan
aktivitas masing-masing dapat
diukur dengan uji spesifik). Tanda
panah menunjukkan awal
perlakuan.
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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Match the proteins A to D with their Pasangkan protein A – D dengan

mode(s) of regulation (I to IV) by bentuk-bentuk regulasi (I – IV) dengan
putting tick marks (√) in the memberi tanda (√) pada kotak yang
appropriate boxes. sesuai.
I. Post-translational modification, but I. Modifikasi post-translatsi, tanpa
not phosphorylation fosofrilasi.
II. Transcriptional regulation II. Regulasi transkripsi
III. Proteasomal degradation and III. Degradasi oleh proteosom dan
rapid turnover putaran yang cepat
IV. Phosphorylation IV. Fosforilasi

Protein Mode of regulation

I II III IV
A

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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PLANT SCIENCES (15 points)

9. (4 points) Study the schematics of the 9. (Nilai 4) Perhatikan gambar sel-

plant tissues/cells shown below and fill in sel/jaringan tumbuhan dan jawablah
the blank column with appropriate letter/s. pertanyaan berikut!

A B C D E F

No.
I Cell/s that is/are not
alive when functional.
II Plasmodesmata can be
found associated with
this/these cell/s.
III When you eat potato,
you eat the tissue
formed of this/these
cell/s.
IV Cell/s that harden/s the
nut skin.
Answer
Sel/sel-sel yang fungsional dalam
keadaan mati.
Plasmodesmata dapat ditemukan
pada sel-sel ini.
Ketika anda memakan kentang,
anda memakan jaringan yang
tersusun atas sel ini
Sel yang membuat kulit kacang
menjadi keras

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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10. (1.5 points) On the basis of the
photoperiod required for flowering,
plants can be described as:
I. Short-day plants
II. Long-day plants
III. Day-length indifferent plants
The effect of varying light periods on
flowering in these three types of plants is
depicted in the graphs below, where TM,
trophic minimum, is the minimum light that
is required to produce the organic matter
indispensable to its metabolism and CP is
the critical period for flowering.
Choose a plant type (I, II or III) for each of
the three graphs and fill in the table.
Grafik
18
10. (Nilai 1.5) Berdasarkan fotoperiodisme,
pembungaan pada tumbuhan
digolongkan menjadi:
I. Tumbuhan hari pendek
II. Tumbuhan hari panjang
III. Tumbuhan yang tidak dipengaruhi
oleh panjang cahaya
Pada grafik berikut diperlihatkan pengaruh
panjang cahaya berbeda pada ketiga jenis
tumbuhan tersebut, dimana TM = Tropik
Minimum (cahaya minimum yang dibutuhkan
untuk menghasilkan senyawa organik dan
CP = Titik Kritis untuk pembungaan
Pilih tipe tumbuhan yang sesuai dengan
grafik (I, II atau III).
Tipe
tumbuhan
IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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A B
Number of days before flowering

Number of days before flowering

TM CP 24 24
Hours of light/day (TM = CP)
Hours of light/day
Number of days before flowering

TM CP 24
Hours of light/day

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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11. (2 points) (A) A mesophyte was
planted in soil with high salt
concentration and watered. It
showed wilting. Assign the
appropriate values of water
potentials to the regions marked
P, Q, and R in the schematic
representation of this plant.
Choose from the options given
below and fill in the table:
• -1 atm
• -5 atm
• -8 atm
11. (Nilai 2) (A) Ketika tumbuhan mesofit
dipindahkan ke tanah yang mengandung
konsentrasi garam sangat tinggi,
tumbuhan tersebut langsung menjadi
layu (kehilangan air). Tulis nilai
potensial air (air mengalir dari potensial
air tinggi ke rendah) yang sesuai pada
bagian tumbuhan yang ditunjukkan oleh
P, Q, dan R. Gunakan pilihan berikut!
• -1 atm
• -5 atm
• -8 atam

Region Water potential

P ______ atm

Q ______ atm

P
R ______ atm

Q
R

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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(B) Which of the following remedial
measures will completely reverse
wilting in this plant? Put a tick
mark (√) in the appropriate box.
a. Increasing environmental
humidity.
b. Irrigation to flush out the excess
salts.
c. Applying wax on the surface of
leaves.
d. Placing the plant in shade.
(B) Tindakan apakah yang dapat dilakukan untuk
mengatasi kondisi layu pada tumbuhan tersebut?
Jawab dengan menggunakan tanda (√) pada
kotak yang sesuai.
a. Meningkatkan kelembaban lingkungan
b. Pengairan untuk menghilangkan garam
berlebih
c. Penambahan lapisan lilin pada permukaan daun.
d. Memindahkan tumbuhan pada tempat yang
ternaungi.

a. b. c. d.

12. (4 points) A few characteristics of some 12. (4 points) Pada tabel berikut terdapat
organisms are listed in the table. Put a beberapa ciri dari organisme. Jawab dengan
tick mark (√) against the appropriate memberi tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai.
organisms.

Chlamydomonas Cyano- Green- Purple-

bacteria sulphur sulphur
(alga hijau) bacteria bacteria

Phototrophic autotrophs (Fotoautotrof)

Photosystem II absent
(Tidak memiliki fotosistem II)
Respiratory enzymes located on plasma
membrane
(Enzim-enzim respirasinya terdapat
pada membran plasma)
Chlorophyll a as the major
photosynthetic pigment (Klorofil a)

21
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

13. (3.5 points) 13. (3.5 points)

The total respiration (R) of a young growing Respirasi total pada tumbuhan muda
plant is described by the following digambarkan sesuai persamaan berikut:
expression:
R = 0.27 P + 0.015 W,
R = 0.27 P + 0.015 W,
P= Jumlah glukosa total yang dihasilkan/hari
where P is the total amount of glucose
W= Massa rata-rata tumbuhan
produced per day and W is the average
mass of the plant.
Of the processes listed below, some
Beberapa proses di bawah ini berpengaruh

influence the factor 0.27 of the above terhadap faktor 0.27, sementara yang lainnya
equation whereas the others do not. tidak.
1. Movement of water within the cells 1. Pergerakan air di dalam sel
-
2. Reduction of nitrate (NO3 ) ions to 2. Reduksi nitrat (NO3-) menjadi
+
ammonium (NH4 ) ions ammonium (NH4+)
+
3. Uptake of K ions through the
3. Uptake K+ melalui membran plasma sel-
plasma membrane of endodermal
sel endodermis
cells
4. Uptake CO2 oleh sel-sel palisade
4. Uptake of CO2 in cells of palisade
5. Membuka dan menutupnya stomata
parenchyma
5. Opening and closing of stomata
6. Pemanjangan rantai polipeptida

6. Lengthening of a polypeptide chain 7. Absorpsi cahaya oleh klorofil a

7. Absorption of light by chlorophyll a
Indicate with a tick mark (√), respectively, in
Jawablah dengan memberi tanda (√), apakah

the appropriate column which of these proses tersebut berpengaruh atau tidak
processes do or do not affect the factor 0.27. terhadap faktor 0.27.

Process Does Effect Does not

effect
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

22
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

ANIMAL SCIENCES (18 points)

14. (2 points) The tidal volume is defined as the
volume of air entering the lungs in a single
inhalation, which is approximately equal to
the volume exhaled during subsequent
exhalation on normal quiet breathing.
Exchange of gases with the blood occurs in
the alveoli of lungs. In the conducting
airways (e.g. trachea), which also contain a
volume of air, no exchange takes place.
The space within these airways is called the
anatomic dead space. Thus the volume of
fresh air entering the alveoli during each
inspiration equals the tidal volume minus
the volume of air in the anatomic dead
space. The total volume of fresh air entering
the alveoli per minute is called the alveolar
ventilation and is expressed in ml/min; it
varies directly with the respiration rate.
Consider the hypothetical breathing patterns of three individuals A, B and C:
Pertimbangkan hipotesis pernafasan 3 individu A, B dan C :
Individual Tidal volume (ml/breath) Frequency (breaths/min)
A 800 12
B 500 16
C 600 12
14. Volume tidal adalah volume udara yang masuk
ke paru-paru dalam satu (1) kali inhalasi, kira-
kira = volume yang dikeluarkan selama
ekshalasi selanjutnya ketika bernafas normal.
Pertukaran gas dengan gas terjadi di alveoli
paru-paru. Dalam perjalanannya, udara (di
trakea) juga mengandung volume, tapi tidak
terjadi pertukaran gas. Ruang ini disebut
‘anatomic dead space’. Jadi volume udara
bersih yang masuk ke alveoli setiap inspirasi =
volume udara di ‘anatomic dead space’. Total
volume udara bersih yang masuk ke alveoli per
menit disebut ‘alveolar ventilation’ dan
diekspresikan dalam ml/menit, bervariasi
langsung dengan laju respirasi
Anatomic dead space (ml/breath)
600
350
200

Which of the following holds true about the alveolar ventilation of these three individuals?
Pernyataan yang benar tentang ‘alveolar ventilation’ dari 3 individu ?
a. B has considerably greater alveolar ventilation than C (alveolar ventilation B > C).
b. A has considerably greater alveolar ventilation than C (alveolar ventilation A > C)
c. C has considerably greater alveolar ventilation than B (alveolar ventilation C > B)
d. A has considerably greater alveolar ventilation than B (alveolar ventilation A > B)
Put a tick mark (√) for the correct statement(s) in the appropriate box of the table.
a. b. c. d.

23
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

15. (2 points) The relative growth rates of four organs of the human body are shown in the following
graphs.
Laju pertumbuhan relatif 4 organ tubuh manusia ditunjukkan sbb :

P Q
100
% of mass in

% of mass in
100
adults

adults
10 20 10 20
Age (years) Age (years)

R
S
% of mass in

100
% of mass in
adults

adults
100

10 20 10 20
Age (years) Age (years)

Match the graphs with the organs by putting a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box of the table.
Cocokan grafik-grafik dengan organ-organ, beri (√) di kotak yang sesuai

P Q R S
Liver
Brain
Thymus
Gonads

24
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

16. (2 points) A few statements regarding the 16. Beberapa pernyataan mengenai proses
respiratory processes in animals are given respirasi pada hewan adalah sbb :
below a. Amphibi menggunakan tekanan pernafasan
a. Amphibians use negative pressure to force air
negatif untuk memasukan udara ke paru-
into the lungs.
paru.
b. Reptiles, birds, and mammals use positive
b. Reptil, burung & mamalia menggunakan
pressure to force air into the lungs.
tekanan pernafasan positif untuk
c. Lungs of amphibians and mammals are
incompletely ventilated during each breathing
memasukan udara ke paru-paru.

cycle. c. Paru-paru amfibi & mamalia ventilasinya

d. Lungs of birds are completely ventilated during tidak lengkap selama setiap siklus
each breathing cycle. pernafasan.
d. Paru-paru burung ventilasinya lengkap
selama setiap siklus pernafasan

Mark whether each statement is true or false by putting a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box of
the table.
Beri tanda (√)pada kotak yang sesuai untuk pernyataan benar atau salah

True False
a.
b.
c.
d.

25
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

17. (2 points) The oxygen saturation of 17. Kejenuhan oksigen di hemoglobin bila di
hemoglobin when plotted versus pO2 is plot dengan pO2 berbentuk sigmoid, dan
sigmoid and this is conventionally referred to berhubungan erat dengan kurva disosiasi
as the oxygen dissociation curve. Many
oksigen. Banyak parameter spt. pO2 suhu
parameters such as pH, pCO2, temperature,
& aktivitas metabolit sel mempengaruhi
and metabolic activity of the cell affect the
kurva kejenuhan oksigen. Dua kurva (I &
oxygen dissociation curve.
II) digambarkan sbb :
Two such curves, I and II, are depicted in the
following graph

I
% saturation of

II
hemoglobin

pO2 (mm of Hg)

Determine whether the curves could represent the sets of conditions given below. Put a
tick mark (√) in the appropriate boxes in the table.
Tentukan apakah kurva diatas memperlihatkan suatu kondisi dibawah ini, beri
tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai

Set Condition True False

I Curve I. Normal blood pH and Curve II. Acidosis
+
(pengasaman/peningkatan konsentrasi H )
II Curve I. 40°C and Curve II. 30°C
III Curve I. Elephant hemoglobin and Curve II. Cat hemoglobin
IV Curve I. Fetal hemoglobin and Curve II. Maternal hemoglobin

26
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

18. (2 points) Given below are the data on 18. Di bawah ini data laju pernafasan,
breathing rate, heart rate and body denyut jantung & suhu tubuh 4 hewan
temperature of four different mammals mamalia berbeda (A, B, C dan D)
A, B, C, and D.

Breathing rate Heart rate

Animals Body temperature (°C)
(inhalations/min) (beats/min)

A 160 500 36,5

B 15 40 37,2

C 28 190 38,2

D 8 28 35,9

Study the data and rank these animals in
descending order of surface area per unit
volume as well as the total volume of blood by
filling in the boxes with appropriate letters (A
to D).
Kaji data dan buat rangking hewan-hewan
dari area permukaan per unit volume yang
besar, juga total volume darah dengan
mengisi kotak yang sesuai (A s/d D)

Surface area per unit volume of the body

Total volume of blood in the body

27
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

19. (5 points)
In order to find out the nature of factors involved
in humoral immunity, three groups of mice were
immunized according to the scheme below:
Untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor alami yang
berpengaruh pada imunitas humoral, 3
kelompok mencit di imunisasi menurut skema
berikut

Immunization scheme
1. Mice
Isolate serum (S1) after 2 weeks
2. Mice
Immunized with pathogen P
Isolate serum (S2) after 2 weeks
3. Mice
Immunized with pathogen Q
Isolate serum (S3) after 2 weeks

Using sera from the above immunization
schemes, the following experiments were
conducted to test the response of these sera
towards pathogens P or Q:
Menggunakan skema serum imunisasi diatas,
percobaan berikut dillakukan untuk menguji
respon dari serum-serum terhadap patogen P &
Q

Number Experiment

I Serum S1
Add pathogen P or Q
No lysis of pathogen P or Q

II Serum S2
Add pathogen P
Lysis of pathogen P
III Serum S3
Add pathogen Q
Lysis of pathogen Q
IV Serum S2
Add pathogen Q
No lysis of pathogen Q
V Serum S3
Add pathogen P
No lysis of pathogen P
VI Serum S2
Heat at 55°C for 30 min
Add pathogen P
No lysis of pathogen P
VII Serum S3
Heat at 55°C for 30 min
Add pathogen Q
No lysis of pathogen Q
VIII Serum S2
Heat at 55°C for 30 min
Add serum S1
Add pathogen P
Lysis of
pathogen P
IX Serum S2
Heat at 55°C for 30 min
Add serum S1 heated at 55°C for 30 min

Add pathogen P
No lysis of pathogen P
X Serum S2
Heat at 55°C for 30 min
Add serum S3
Add pathogen P
Lysis of
pathogen P

28
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

Answer the following questions:

(A) If serum S3 is heated at 55°C for 30 min, (A) Jika serum S3 dipanaskan pada 55°C
and mixed with serum S1, which of the selama 30 menit, dan dicampur dengan serum
following pathogen would it lyse? S1, patogen manakah yang akan lisis ?

a. Only P c. P and Q (keduanya)

b. Only Q d. Tidak P atau Q

Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box. (Jawab di Lembar Jawaban)

a. b. c. d.

(B) If serum S2 is heated at 55°C for 30 min, (B) Jika serum S2 dipanaskan pada 55°C
and mixed with serum S3, which of the selama 30 menit, dan dicampur dengan serum
following pathogen would it lyse? S3, patogen manakah yang akan lisis ?

a. Only P c. P and Q (keduanya)

b. Only Q d. Tidak P atau Q

Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box. (Jawab di Lembar Jawaban)

a. b. c. d.

29
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

Which of the following statements are TRUE or FALSE for the above experiment ?
Pernyataan manakah yang Benar atau Salah dari percobaan di atas ?

a. The lysis of pathogen requires only one
component, which is heat-labile.
b. The lysis of pathogens requires at least
two components. One component is
induced by the pathogen, while the other
is non-inducible and is pathogen non-
specific.
c. The pathogen-induced component is
heat-labile whereas the non-specific
component is heat-stable.
d. The pathogen-induced component is
heat-stable whereas the non-specific
component is heat-labile.
e. The pathogen-specific components
cannot function if present together.
f. The non-specific component has to be
derived from the same mice in which the
pathogen-specific component would be
induced.
a. Untuk melisis patogen hanya diperlukan 1
komponen, yang labil terhadap panas.
b. Untuk melisis patogen diperlukan setidaknya
2 komponen. 1 komponen diinduksi oleh
patogen, yang lainnya tidak diinduksi, dan
patogen tsb tidak spesifik
c. Komponen penginduksi patogen tsb. Labil
terhadap panas, komponen non spesifiknya
d. Komponen penginduksi patogen tsb. stabil
terhadap panas, komponen non spesifiknya
labil terhadap panas.
e. Komponen patogen spesifik tidak berfungsi
jika berada bersama-sama.
f. Komponen non spesifik harus di diperoleh
dari mencit yang sama, dimana komponen
patogen spesifik dapat di induksi

Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate boxes. (Jawab di Lembar Jawaban)

Options True False

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

30
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

20. (3 points) In air-breathing animals, bicarbonate ions present in the blood play an important
role of buffering. Various equilibria that occur in lungs and plasma are shown below.
-
Dalam pernafasan hewan, ion HCO3 yang terdapat di dalam darah berperan penting
sebagai buffer. Berbagai kesetimbangan dapat terjadi di paru-paru dan plasma seperti hal

Plasma Lungs

+ -
H + HCO3 H2CO3 CO2 CO2

(dissolved) (gaseous)

berikut :
Indicate the events that will occur in sequence as a result of following activities by filling in the
boxes with the appropriate numbers I to VI of the given options:
Tunjukkan urutan kejadian yang merupakan hasil dari aktifitas berikut dengan mengisi
kotak-kotak di bawah (I s/d VI) ---- PADA LEMBAR JAWABAN

A. A person is hyperventilated as a result of rapid breathing. A. Seorang yang mengalami

hiperventilasi akibat bernafas dengan cepat

B. A person continues vigorous exercise: B. Seorang yang selalu olahraga

Options / Pilihan:
I. Decrease in plasma carbon dioxide concentration
II. Decrease in blood bicarbonates
+
III. Acidosis (peningkatan konsentrasi H )
IV. Increase in blood bicarbonates
V. Increase in exhalation of carbon dioxide
VI. Alkalosis (peningkatan suasana basa)

31
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (20.5 points)

21. (2 points) Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal
recessive trait. If parents who are both
carriers for this gene have 3 children,
what is the probability that exactly two will
be phenotypically normal?
21. Cystic fibrosis adalah sifat resesif
autosomal. Bila dua orang tua pembawa
alel tersebut mempunyai tiga anak,
berapa probabilitas orang tersebut
mempunyai dua anak yang fenotipenya
normal?

Answer: _________

22. (2 points) E. coli cells were grown in a 22. E. coli ditumbuhkan dalam medium yg
medium containing glucose and lactose, mengandung glukosa dan laktosa.
and a growth curve was obtained which is Kurva tumbuh yg dihasilkan:
shown below.

Fill in the table using tick marks (√) to Isi tabel di bawah ini dgn tanda (√) pada
indicate which of the listed events would proses utama yang terjadi pada masing-
predominate during the three phases of masing tahap pertumbuhan di atas.
growth (I to III).

32
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

I II III
Lactose hydrolysis by β-galactosidase
Hidrolisis laktosa oleh β-galaktosidase

Reduction of lac repressor’s affinity for the lac operator

Penurunan afinitas represor terhadap operator lac.

Binding of the CAP-cAMP complex to the lac promoter

Pengikatan kompleks CAP-cAMP pada promoter lac.

Utilization of glucose
Penggunaan glukosa

23. (2 points) In a small tribal
population, the frequencies of two
alleles A and a at a particular locus
were 0.3 and 0.7, respectively.
However, not all the individuals with
genotype aa could live up to the
reproductive age and the relative
fitness of this genotype was found to
be 0.5. The remaining genotypes
had a relative fitness of 1.
What is the expected percentage of
heterozygotes among newborns in the
next generation?
23. Pada sebuah populasi, frekuensi alel A
dan a pada sebuah lokus masing-masing
adalah 0.3 dan 0.7. Akan tetapi, tidak
semua individu dengan genotipe aa dapat
tetap hidup sampai usia reproduksi dan
fitness relatif genotipe tersebut adalah 0.5.
Genotipe sisanya memiliki fitness relatif =
1.
Berapa persentase heterozigot yang
diharapkan pada generasi-generasi
berikutnya?

Answer: ______________%

33
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

24. (2 points) In the following pedigree, 24. Pada silsilah berikut, peluang

◊ akan menjadi
the probability that the individual
individu
marked as ◊ will be affected is: penderita adalah:

Wanita normal

Laki-laki normal

Wanita penderita

Laki-laki penderita
?

Answer: _______________

25. (2 points) If two heterozygotes (Aa)
mate, what is the minimum number
of offspring they should have such
that the probability of at least one
offspring having genotype aa is
greater than 90%?
25. (2 points) Jika dua heterozigot (Aa)
melakukan perkawinan, berapakah
jumlah keturunan minimum yang harus
mereka miliki, sehingga terdapat
sekurang-kurangnya satu keturunan
ber-genotipe aa yang peluangnya
lebih besar dari 90%?

Answer: _______________

34
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________
26. (2 points) A celebrity has been named
in a paternity suit. The defendant
(labeled D in the autoradiogram), the
mother (labeled M), and the baby
(labeled B) have each been typed for
two loci VNTR1 and VNTR2, as shown
in the autoradiograms below. Each of
these VNTR loci has four alleles. For
VNTR1, the frequencies of the alleles
1, 2, 3, and 4 in the general population
are 0.2, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.1, respectively.
For VNTR2, the frequencies of alleles
1, 2, 3, and 4 are 0.1, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.6,
respectively.
VNTR 1
D M B D
a. Do the autoradiograms indicate that D
could be the father of the baby B?
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box.
35
26. Seorang selebriti tergugat dalam kasus
penentuan ayah (paternal). Terdakwa
(label D pada autodiagram), Ibu (M)
dan bayinya (B) masing-masing telah
dianalisis untuk dua lokus (VNTR1 dan
VNTR2) seperti terlihat pada
autodiagram. Tiap lokus VNTR
memiliki 4 (empat) alel. Untuk VNTR1,
frekuensi alel 1, 2, 3 dan 4 masing-
masing adalah 0.2, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.1.
Untuk VNTR 2, frekuensi alelnya
masing-masing adalah 0.1, 0.1, 0.2,
and 0.6
VNTR 2
M B
a. Apakah autodiagram dapat menunjukkan
bahwa D adalah ayah dari B?
Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

Yes No

b. What is the probability that another b. Berapa peluang laki-laki lain dalam
male in the general population could populasi dapat menjadi ayah dari B?
be the father of the baby B?

Answer: _________________

27. (2 points) In some populations, 27. (2 points) Pada beberapa populasi,

inbreeding takes place amongst first
cousins. Inbreeding leads to a
reduction in the frequency of
heterozygotes and is measured as the
inbreeding co-efficient, F, where
terjadi perkawinan antar sepupu
(inbreeding). Perkawinan ini
mengakibatkan reduksi frekuensi
heterozigot dan diukur sebagai
koefisien inbreeding (F) dimana:

heterozygotes
f observed = f expected
heterozygotes
× (1− F)
The symbol f denotes frequency. f = frekuensi.
If F = 1 (complete inbreeding), the population Jika F = 1 (complete inbreeding),
consists entirely of homozygotes. seluruh populasi akan homozigot.

In a population of 150 individuals, the Suatu populasi yang terdiri atas 150
observed numbers of MN blood group individu, jumlah golongan darah
genotypes are: 60 MM, 36 MN, 54 NN. bergenotipe MN yang teramati adaIah :
60 MM, 36 MN, 54 NN.

a. Calculate F.

Answer: __________

36
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________
b. If, for another population of the same
species, the allelic frequencies remain the
same but the value of F is half of that
calculated in a, what will be the frequency
of the heterozygotes (MN) observed in
this group?
Answer: ____________
28. (2 points) The transmission pattern of
a disease caused by an autosomal
dominant gene is shown in the
following pedigree: Each family
member has been typed for a seven-
allele microsatellite
polymorphism. Based on the
genotypes in Generation III, calculate
the recombination frequency between
the disease and microsatellite loci.
Generation
II
III
Answer: _________________
37
b. Untuk populasi lain dengan spesies
sama, andaikan frekuensi alel tetap,
tetapi nilai F = setengah dari
jawaban a, berapakah frekuensi
heterozigot (MN) yang teramati
pada kelompok ini?
28. (2 points) Pola penurunan penyakit
yang diakibatkan oleh gen dominan
pada autosom ditunjukkan pada
silsilah di bawah ini. Tiap anggota
keluarga telah dianalisis untuk tujuh
alel mikrosatelit polimorfisme.
Berdasarkan genotipe pada
generasi III, hitung frekuensi
rekombinasi antara lokus penyakit
dan mikrosatelit!
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

29. (2 points) The figure given below
depicts a region of double stranded
DNA, in a bacterium, containing a
polycistronic operon with three of your
favorite genes yfgA, yfgB and yfgC, as
shown. The positions of certain bases in
the nucleotide sequence around yfg
operon, with respect to position A are
marked in the figure
29. (2 points) Gambar berikut
menggambarkan daerah DNA
rantai ganda pada bakteri,
mengandung operon polycistronic
dengan tiga gen favorit yfgA, yfgB
dan yfgC. Posisi basa-basa
tertentu pada urutan nukleotida
disekitar operon yfg, hubungannya
terhadap posisi A ditandai pada
gambar

The yfg operon

TTGACA TATAAT

-35 region -10 region

Transcription termination site

A B C D
yfgA yfgB yfgC

1 200 1560 1750

300 810 1230
Length of DNA in base pairs

38
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________
Answer the following questions:
I. What is the expected minimum number
and length of the transcript(s) from this
operon?
a. A single transcript of 1260b
b. A single transcript of 1450b
c. A single transcript greater than 1451b
but less than 1550b
d. Three transcripts of 330b, 420b and
510b
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box
a. b.
II. From the above figure, calculate the
maximal expected mass of the YfgA
protein?: ____ KDa
(Assume the mass of an amino acid:
110 Da)
Answer: _________________ KDa
39
Jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan
berikut:
I. Berapakah jumlah minimum dan
panjang transkrip yang diharapkan
dari operon tersebut?
a. Satu transkrip - 1260b
b. Satu transkrip - 1450b
c. Satu transkrip lebih dari 1451b tapi
kurang dari 1550b
d. 3 transkrip: 330b, 420b dan 510b
c. d.
II. Dari gambar di atas, hitung massa
maksimal protein YfgA: ____ KDa?
Asumsikan bahwa massa asam amino
adalah 110 Da)
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

30. (2.5 points) The map distance between 30. Jarak antara dua gen pada satu
two genes on a chromosome can be kromosom dapat dihitung
calculated using the frequency of menggunakan frekuensi pindah
crossing over between them. In case of silang. Pada kasus persilangan
a genetic cross involving three genes, tiga gen, pindah silang
the crossover (CO) classes of progeny “crossover” (CO) dikategorikan
can be categorized as menjadi:
(i) Single crossover I (SCO I), (i) Single crossover I (SCO I),
(ii) Single crossover II (SCO II), and (ii) Single crossover II (SCO II), dan
(iii) Double crossover (DCO). (iii) Double crossover (DCO).
DCO requires the simultaneous DCO membutuhkan dua SCO
occurrence of the two SCOs. secara simultan.
Among the progeny of a test cross, the Di antara keturunan hasil test cross,
number of non-crossovers (NCO) is the Yang paling banyak adalah ‘non-
highest followed by SCO I and II. The DCO is crossovers’ (NCO) diikuti oleh SCO I
the least frequent. dan II. DCO jarang ditemukan.
A Drosophila fly, heterozygous for alleles p, q Drosophila heterozigot untuk alel p, q
and r, when crossed with a homozygous dan r, ketika disilangkan dengan lalat
recessive fly, had the following progeny: homozigot resesif, memiliki keturunan
+ + +
(p , q , and r indicate wild-type alleles seperti pada tabel:
whereas p, q, and r indicate the mutant (p+, q+, dan r+ menunjukkan alel wild-
alleles.) type, sedangkan p, q, dan r
menunjukkan alel mutannya.)

Genotype Jumlah keturunan

p q+ r 375
p+q r+ 355
pqr 50
+ + +
p q r 45
p+ q+ r 75
p q r+ 85
p q+ r+ 8
p+ q r 7
Total = 1000

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IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________
The middle gene is the one that has
altered position in the DCO classes
compared to that in the NCO classes.
(A) Which is the middle gene in the given
cross? Put a tick mark (√) in the
appropriate box.
(B) Assuming 1% crossover as one map
unit (mu), calculate the distance
between p, q, and r.
Jarak antara p dan q ________ mu
Jarak antara p dan r
Jarak antara q dan r
41
Gen yang terletak di tengah
merupakan gen yang mengalami
perubahan posisi pada kelompok
DCO dibandingkan dengan NCO
(A) Gen manakah yang posisinya di
tengah pada persilangan tersebut.
Jawab dengan memberi tanda (√)
pada kotak yang sesuai
(B) Asumsi 1% pindah silang (crossover)
sama dengan satu ‘map unit’ (mu),
hitung jarak antara p, q, dan r.
_________ mu
_________ mu
 IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

ECOLOGY (16.5 points)

31. (1.5 points) Consider a population of r - 31. Pilih yang cocok : kurva tumbuh, kurva
selected insects in the early part of its kesintasan, struktur umur sekarang dari
growth season. Choose the appropriate populasi serangga berstrategi r dari tiap
growth curve at this stage, survivorship pasangan grafik dan tuliskan hurufnya
curve and current age structure (from each pada kotak yang tersedia dibawah
pair of graphs) that represents this
population and put the corresponding letter
in the boxes below

Number of organisms
Log (number surviving)

Log (number surviving)

P Q R

Total life span Total life span Time

Number of organisms

S T U

Time

Growth curve Survivorship curve Age structure

42
IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

32. (3 points) Nitrogen, as a mineral Nitrogen, sebagai nutrisi memiliki

nutrient, has the greatest effect on
plant growth. Atmosphere contains
nearly 80% nitrogen gas (N2), yet
plants have to be provided
ammonium salts or nitrates as
fertilizers for optimum growth and
yield. Certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria
(rhizobia, cyanobacteria, etc.) can
convert atmospheric N2 into ammonia
using nitrogenase by the following
reaction:
pengaruh yang besar pada pertumbuhan
tanaman, 80% gas N2 di udara. Tumbuhan
memerlukan garam ammonium atau nitrat
sebagai pupuk untuk pertumbuhan optimal
dan hasilnya.
Bakteri tertentu pengikat nitrogen (rhizobia,
cyanobacteria, etc.) dapat mengubah N2 dr
atmosfir menjadi amonia menggunakan
nitrogenase dengan mengikuti reaksi :

N2 + 8 e- + 8 H+ + 16 ATP 2 NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi

Such bacteria can be used as biofertilizers Bakteri seperti itu dapat digunakan
in agriculture. In soil, ammonia is sebagai pupuk pertanian. Ammonia diubah
protonated to ammonium (NH4+). This, in menjadi amonium (NH4+). Kemudian
turn, is converted to nitrate (NO3−) and diubah menjadi nitrat (NO3−), selanjutnya
then to N2 gas by the action of nitrifying menjadi gas N2 oleh adanya bakteri
and denitrifying bacteria, respectively. nitrifikasi dan denitrifikasi berturut-turut.
Plants require nitrogen mainly in the form Tumbuhan memerlukan nitrogen terutama
of nitrate, which is exported from roots to dalam bentuk nitrat, yang diangkut dari
shoots, reconverted to ammonium and akar ke tunas, diubah kembali menjadi
assimilated as amino acids amonium dan diasimilasi sebagai asam
amino

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

(A) Plants do not themselves fix N2, (A) Tumbuhan sendiri tidak memfiksasi N2
because: karena
a. it is easily available from the soil. a. Tersedia dengan mudah di tanah.
b. they lack the nitrogenase enzyme b. Tumbuhan kekurangan enzyme
complex. nitrogenase
c. the process has a very high c. Proses sangat memerlukan ATP per
requirement of ATP per mole of N2 mol dari N2 yang diikatnya.
fixed. d. Hydrogen yang dihasilkan pada proses
d. hydrogen evolved in the process is tersebut merusak tanaman.
deleterious to plants.

Put a tick the appropriate box. Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai

a. b. c. d.

(B) Processes related to nitrogen (B) Proses-proses berhubungan dgn

conversion to different chemical forms
in the soil, carried out by the nitrogen-
fixing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and
denitrifying bacteria can be,
respectively, described as:
a. reduction, oxidation and oxidation.
b. reduction, oxidation and reduction.
c. reduction, reduction and oxidation.
d. oxidation, oxidation and reduction.
konversi nitrogen menjadi bentuk kimia
yang berbeda dalam tanah, dilakukan oleh
bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen, bakteria
nitrifikasi dan bateria denitrifikasi dapat
dijelaskan sbb:
a. reduction, oxidation and oxidation.
b. reduction, oxidation and reduction.
c. reduction, reduction and oxidation.
d. oxidation, oxidation and reduction.

Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box. Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai

a. b. c. d.

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________
(C) Based on the given information, which
type of soil bacteria will NOT be beneficial
for plants?
a. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
b. Nitrifying bacteria
c. Denitrifying bacteria
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box.
a.
33. (2 points) The relationship between
members of different species is termed as
interspecific relationships. Some such
relationships are listed below. -
1.Mosses (A) grow on the trunks and
branches of trees (B).
2. A female moth (A), the only pollinator,
arrives at a Yucca flower (B) with a ball
of Yucca pollen. She places her pollen
ball on the stigma and then lays eggs
in some, but not all, of the ovules.
Offspring development kills the seeds
on which they feed. If too many seeds
are killed, the fruit is aborted by the
plant, killing the developing moth larva.
3. Wolbachia, a rickettsia-like bacterium
(A) infects some insects (B). The
45
(C) Berdasarkan informasi yang diberikan,
tipe bakteri mana yang tidak
bermanfaat bagi tumbuhan?
a. Bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen
b. Bakteri nitrifikasi
c. Bakteri denitrifikasi
Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai
b. c.
Hubungan antara spesies yang berbeda
disebut hubungan interspesifik. Hubungan
tersebut diantaranya :
1. Lumut (A) tumbuh di batang dan cabang
pohon (B).
2. Betina ngengat (A), satu-satunya
penyerbuk yang datang ke bunga Yucca
flower (B). Ia menyimpan bola pollen di
stigma dan beberapa ngengat
meletakan telur di ovulum. Keturunan
ngengat berkembang, membunuh biji
yang dimakannya. Bila biji terlalu
banyak yang mati, buah akan
digugurkan, membunuh larva ngengat
yang sedang tumbuh.
3. Bakteri Wolbachia,
(A) menginfeksi beberapa serangga
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

infected males are either killed or (B). Jantan terinfeksi akan mati atau
develop as females, leading to berkembang seperti betina sehingga
distorted sex ratios (female bias) in the sex ratio populasi menjadi bias.
population. 4. Tumbuhan tertentu (A) menarik semut
4. Certain plants (A) attract ants (B) (B) dengan kelenjar nektarnya untuk
through extra-floral nectaries to deter menghalangi herbivor.
herbivores.
Tunjukan di table apakah spesies (A dan
Indicate in the table given below whether B) teribat : menguntungkan (+), merugikan
the species (A and B) involved in each of (–); tak berpengaruh (0).
these are benefited (indicate by +), harmed Identifikasi juga tipe interaksinya dengan
(indicate by –) or not affected (indicate by memilih I sampai VII.
0). Identify also the type of interaction by Pilihan:
choosing from the options I to VII given I. Amensalism
below. II. Commensalism
Options: III. Competition
I. Amensalism IV. Mutualism
II. Commensalism V. Parasitism
III. Competition VI. Predation
IV. Mutualism
V. Parasitism
VI. Predation

Number A B Type of
interaction
1.
2.
3.
4.

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________
34. (4 points) Mathematical models can
be applied to many aspects of
predator behavior.
In a simple mathematical model, it is
assumed that a predator can feed on two
prey species, Prey1 and Prey2 and that it
captures and consumes every prey it
encounters. For this predator, the variables
Ts, N1, N2, E1, E2, TH1, and TH2 are defined
as follows:
Ts: Time total spent searching for the two
prey species
N1: Number of Prey1 encountered per unit
time
N2: Number of Prey2 encountered per unit
time
E1: Energy gained from a single Prey1
E2: Energy gained from a single Prey2
TH1: Handling time needed for each Prey1.
This includes time required for
capturing and consuming the prey.
TH2: Handling time needed for each Prey2
(A) Once a prey has been capture, the
profitability (calories gained per unit
time) of each prey species for the
predator is, respectively:
47
Model matematik dapat diterapkan pada
berbagai aspek perilaku predator.
Pada model matematik sederhana,
diasumsikan predator dapat makan 2
spesies mangsa (Prey1 dan Prey2) dan
predator menangkap dan mengkonsumsi
setiap mangsa yang ditemuinya. Bagi
predator ini, variable Ts, N1, N2, E1, E2, TH1,
and TH2 didefinisikan sbb:
Ts: Total waktu untuk mencari spesies
mangsa
N1: Jumlah mangsa1 (Prey1) yang
dijumpai per unit waktu
N2: Jumlah mangsa2 (Prey2) yang
dijumpai per unit waktu
E1: Energi yang diperoleh dari satu
mangsa tunggal (Prey1)
E2: Energi yang diperoleh dari satu
mangsa tunggal (Prey2)
TH1: Waktu yang diperlukan untuk
menangani tiap mangsa (Prey1),
termasuk waktu yang dibutuhkan
untuk menangkap dan
mengkonsumsi mangsa.
TH2: Waktu yang diperlukan untuk
menangani tiap (Prey2).
(A) ketika mangsa tertangkap, profitabilitas
(kalories yang diperoleh per unit waktu)
dari tiap spesies mangsa bagi predator
berturut-turut adalah:
IBO – 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

E1 E2
a. and
TH1 TH2
E1 E2
b. and
TH1 + TH2 TH1 + TH2

E1 E2
c. and
N 1 TH1 N 2 TH2
E1 E2
d. and
TH1 + TH2 + TS TH1 + TH2 + TS

Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai

a. b. c. d.

(B) The total energy gain E for the Total energi yang akan diperoleh
predator will be:

a. E = (E 1 + E 2 ) TS

b. E = E1 N1 + E 2 N 2

c. E = (E1N1 + E 2 N 2 ) TS
E 1 N1 × E 2 N 2
d. E =
TS
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box. Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai

a. b. c. d.

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

(C) The total time (T) spent to gain the Total waktu (T) yang akan dipakai
total energy E will be: untuk memperoleh energi E

a. T = TS + TS (N 1TH1 + N 2 TH2 )

b. T = TS + TH1 + TH2
c. T = 1 + N 1TH1 + N 2 TH2
d. T = TS + N1TH1 + N 2 TH2

Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box. Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai

a. b. c. d.

(D) In one situation, the following data Pada satu situasi, diperoleh data berikut
were obtained:

Ts = 60 minutes
Prey1 Prey2
N1 = 2/min N2 = 5/min
TH1 = 10 min TH2 = 20 min
E1 = 1000 cal E2 = 700 cal

Which of the following hypothesis does the Hipotesis mana yang didukung model
above mathematical model support? matematik?

a. The predator should specialize on a. Predator harus khusus memangsa

Prey1 as it leads to a better rate of Prey1 untuk perolehan eneri lebih baik.

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________
energy gain.
b. The predator should specialize on
Prey2 as it leads to a better rate of
energy gain.
c. The predator should not specialize on
one particular prey as a combination of
both prey species is more beneficial
d. The predator should specialize on both
prey species as any one of them may
be likely to be unavailable in future.
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box.
a.
35. (6 points) A female gall fly (Eurosta
solidaginis) typically lays a single egg in
the bud of some plants. After the egg
hatches, the larva burrows its way through
the bud and produces a tumor-like
structure called a gall. Larvae inside these
galls present a very nutritious food source
for many birds.
b. Predator harus khusus memangsa
Prey2 untuk perolehan eneri lebih baik.
c. Predator tak harus husus memakan
satu mangsa (prey) tertentu, lebih
diuntungkan memangsa kombinasi
kedua spesies mangsa
d. Predator harus terspesialisasi pada
kedua spesies prey karena yang akan
datang mungkin /belum tentu ada dua-
duanya.
Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai
b. c. d.
Lalat betina (Eurosta solidaginis) secara
khusus meletakan satu telur di tunas
beberapa tumbuhan. Setelah telur
menetas, larva melubangi jalan melalui
tunas dan mengakibatkan terbentuknya
“gall” (struktur seperti tumor). Larva dalam
tumor merupakan makanan bergizi bagi
beberapa burung.
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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

(A) After observing some galls, a student
proposed a hypothesis that birds
choose larger galls in preference to
smaller ones. In order to gather the
data to test this hypothesis, she
conducted a survey of one such site
and measured the widths of disturbed
(fed on by the birds) as well as
undisturbed galls. The results are as
follows:
Setelah mengamati beberapa tumor, siswa
mengajukan hipotesis bahwa burung
memilih tumor yang lebih besar
dibandingkan dengan yang lebih kecil.
Untuk menguji hipotesis, ia melakukan
survey di satu tempat dan mengukur lebar
tumor yang diganggu (yang dimakan
burung) dan yang tidak. Hasilnya adalah
sbb :

Disturbed galls Undisturbed galls

(tumor yg diganggu) (tumor yg tak diganggu)
Gall number Width (mm) Gall number Width (mm)

1. 12 1. 18

2. 15 2. 15

3. 30 3. 22

4. 20 4. 12

5. 23 5. 20

You need to put this hypothesis to test.
(Some of the required statistical formulae
as well as the Student-t and Chi-square
probabilities are provided in the Annexure
at the end of Part B-Question Paper.)
Anda perlu membuat hipotesis untuk
mengujinya. (beberapa rumus statistic, uji
t-Student dan Chi-square probabilities
yang diperlukan diberikan di bagian
Annexure pada bagian akhir dari
pertanyaan type B.)

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

I. Which of the following is the correct Hipotesis nol yang betul?

null hypothesis?
a. The birds do not choose galls of
smaller size.
b. The birds do not choose galls of larger
size.
c. The birds do not choose galls based on
size.
d. The birds do not choose galls of
smaller size in preference to larger
size.
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box.
a. Burung tak memilih tumor ukuran lebih
kecil.
b. Burung tak memilih tumor ukuran lebih
besar.
c. Burung tak memilih tumor berdasarkan
ukuran.
d. Burung tak memilih tumor ukuran lebih
kecil sebagai pilihan terhadap ukuran
yang lebih besar.
Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai

a. b. c. d.

II. The test that you will require to do is: Tes yang harus dilakukan :
1. Student’s t test 1. Student’s t test
2. Chi-square test 2. Chi-square test
3. Both Student’s t test and chi-square 3. Both Student’s t test dan chi-square
test test
4. Either Student’s t test or chi-square test 4. Student’s t test atau chi-square test
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai

a. b. c. d.

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

III. The degree/s of freedom is/are: III. Derajat bebas:

Answer:___________ ___________
IV. The value/s of the statistic/s (up to two IV. Nilai statistic (sampai 2 angka
decimal points): dibelakang koma):
Answer: _______________________ _______________________

V. Mark the correct interpretation: V. Tandai interpretasi yang betul :

a. At p < 0.05, the null hypothesis is
accepted.
b. At p < 0.05, the null hypothesis is
rejected.
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box
a. Pada p < 0.05, hipotesis nol tak
diterima.
b. Pada p < 0.05, hipotesis nol ditolak.
Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai

a.
b.

(B) After observing more sites, another
student came up with a hypothesis that
patches with high density of galls are
foraged more than those with low
density. To test this hypothesis, he
surveyed six patches. The results are
as follows:
Setelah mengamati banyak tempat, siswa
lain datang dengan hipotesis bahwa
tempat (patches) dengan kerapatan tumor
tinggi lebih banyak dikunjungi/dimakan
dibandingkan dengan tumor kerapatan
rendah. Untuk menguji hipotesis ini, ia
survey di 6 tempat. Hasilnya sbb:

Gall description Site I Site II Site III Site IV Site V Site VI Total
Keadaan tumor tempat tempat tempat tempat tempat tempat
Density High Low High High Low Low
kerapatan tinggi rendah tinggi tinggi rendah rendah
Foraged 15 6 10 14 7 8 60
dikunjungi
Undisturbed 5 3 7 8 7 9 39
tak diganggu
Total 20 9 17 22 14 17 99

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________
I. The null hypothesis will be:
a. The birds do not choose galls in less
dense areas.
b. Density of galls is not more important
than the size of the gall.
c. Choosing of galls by birds is
independent of the gall density in the
patch.
d. Choosing of galls by birds is not
dependent on the size of galls but on
the density of the patch.
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box.
a. b.
II. To test the hypothesis, the test that will
be required is:
a. Student’s t test
b. Chi-square test
c. Both Student’s t test and chi-square
test
d. Either Student’s t test or chi-square test
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box
a. b.
54
Hipotesis nol :
a. Burung tak memilih tumor di area yang
kurang padat.
b. Kerapatan tumor tidak lebih penting
dari ukuran tumor.
c. Pemilihan tumor oleh burung tak
tergantung dari kerapatan tumor per
tempat.
d. Pemilihan tumor oleh burung tak
tergantung ukuran tumor tetapi
tergantung kerapatan tempat.
Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai
c. d.
Untuk uji hipotesis, perlu uji
a. Uji t - Student’s
b. Uji Chi-square
c. Uji t - Student’s dan uji chi-square
d. Uji t - Student’s atau uji chi-square
Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai
c. d.
IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

III. The degree/s of freedom is/are: Derajat bebas

____________

IV. The value/s of the statistic/s (up to two Nilai statistic (dua angka dibelakang koma)
decimal points):
___________________

V. Based on the value you obtain, the
correct interpretation is:
a. At p < 0.05, the null hypothesis can npt
be rejwcted.
b. At p < 0.05, the null hypothesis is
rejected.
Berdasarkan nilai yang anda peroleh,
interpretasi yang betul :
a. Pada p < 0.05, hipotesa nol, can not
be rejected.
b. Pada p < 0.05, hipotesa nol ditolak.

Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box. Beri tanda (√) pada kotak yang sesuai

a.
b.

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________
ETHOLOGY (11 points)
36. (2 points)
In a population of prey animals, most
individuals are solitary and stay well apart
from others. But some mutant types arise
that search out others, use them as shields
against predators and take away fitness
from the solitary types by making them
more conspicuous to their predators. Let
the fitness payoff for a solitary individual
living in a population consisting of only
solitary types be P. But when a solitary
individual is found and used by a social
type, the solitary animal loses some fitness
(B) to the social type. There is also an
additional cost C to being social in terms of
the time required to find a solitary
individual to hide behind and that arising
from the resulting increased
conspicuousness to predators. When two
social types interact, assume that they
each have an equal chance of hiding
behind the other when the predator
attacks. A game theory diagram
summarizes these interactions as follows:
56
Di populasi hewan-hewan mangsa, banyak
individu soliter, dan terpisah dari yang lain.
Beberapa tipe mutan dapat mencari hewan lain
untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai tameng dari
predator, serta mengurangi kemampuan tipe
soliter dengan menjadikan mereka lebih
mencolok terhadap predatornya.
Biaya kebugaran untuk individu soliter yang
hidup pada populasi soliter = P.
Saat indivudu soliter ditemukan menggunakan
tipe social, hewan soliter kehilangan beberapa
kebugaran (B) terhadap tipe social.
Ada biaya tambahan (C) untuk menjadi hewan
social agar dapat menemukan individu soliter
yang bersembunyi, sehingga mereka masih
dapat membingungkan predatornya.
Saat ke 2 tipe social berinteraksi, diasumsikan
bahwa keduanya memiliki kesempatan yang
sama untuk saling bersembunyi dari serangan
predator. Ringkasan diagram teori diatas
adalah sbb :
IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
_______________________________________________________________________

Payoff for In presence of (Kehadiran)

(Biaya) Solitary Social
Solitary P P–B
Social P+B–C P + B/2 – B/2 – C = P – C

(A) If B is greater than C, what behavioral (A) Jika B lebih besar dari C, tipe perilaku
type will predominate in the apa yang predominan dalam populasi
population over time?

a. Solitary
b. Social.
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box.
a.
b.

(B) The average fitness payoff of a prey (Rerata biaya kebugaran dari mangsa)
i. when it enters a population composed entirely of solitary types, and
(i) saat mangsa memasuki populasi yang penuh dengan tipe soliter, dan
(ii) when it enters a population composed entirely of social types
(ii) saat mangsa memasuki populasi yang penuh dengan tipe sosial,
would, respectively, be: (secara berurutan)
a. P – B/2 – C/2 ; P + B/2 – C/2
b. P – B/2 ; P + B/2 – C
c. P + B/2 – C/2 ; P – B/2 – C/2.
d. P + B/2 ; P – B/2 – C
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box.
a. b. c. d.

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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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37 (3 points)
Game theory models have been borrowed from
economics and often applied to behavioral ecology
in order to understand the strategies that animals
use against each other while competing for
resources. In a Hawk-Dove game, for example, in
which there were two kinds of competing
individuals, Hawks and Doves, with different
behavioral strategies, John Maynard Smith
suggested the following pay-offs:
Winner (Pemenang) + 50
Injury (Cedera) - 100
Loser (Kalah) 0
Display - 10
(A) Assuming that (a) Hawks always win
against Doves, (b) Hawks win on half the
occasions when they meet other Hawks
but suffer injury during the other half, (c)
Doves always display when they meet
other Doves, but win on only half of these
occasions, and (d) Doves never display to
hawks. What would be the average pay-off
to the attacker in different fights as listed in
the following matrix ?
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Model teori permainan diadopsi dari ilmu
ekonomi untuk diaplikasikan ke ekologi perilaku
dan mengetahui strategi kompetisi hewan dalam
memperoleh sumberdaya. Contohnya pada
‘game’ Elang vs Merpati, saat ada 2 jenis individu
yang berkompetisi, biaya/pay-off nya dapat di
hitung , Elang dan Merpati memiliki perbedaan
strategi perilaku, John Maynard Smith
mengusulkan teori perhitungan biaya sbb :
(A) Diasumsikan : (a) Elang selalu menang
terhadap merpati,, (b) Elang menang pada
setengah ‘game’, setengah ‘game’ berikutnya
cedera karena bertemu elang lain, (c) Merpati
selalu melakukan ‘display’ saat bertemu
merpati lainnya, tapi dapat menang pada
setengah permainan, dan (d) Merpati tidak
pernah melakukan ‘display’ terhadap elang.
Berapa biaya rata-rata yang diperlukan penyerang
untuk berkelahi dipertarungan (ada dua individu)
seperti matriks berikut (hawk vs hawk, hawk vs
dove, dove vs hawak & dove vs dove), :
IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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Attacker
(Penyerang)
(B) An Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)
is one that will always win against any
other strategy and no other strategy
can be succesfull within the population.
Evaluate whether the following statements
are true or false given the pay-offs for the
Hawk and Dove strategies listed above.
a. Hawk is an ESS and when all
individuals in a population play this
strategy, they can never be invaded by
a Dove.
b. Dove is an ESS and when all
individuals in a population play this
strategy, they can never be invaded by
a Hawk.
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box.
Statement
a.
b.
Opponent
(Lawan)
Hawk Dove
Hawk
Dove
(B) Suatu strategi evolusi stabil (ESS)
adalah strategi yang menyebabkan salah
1 akan selalu menang terhadap startegi
lainnya, dan tidak ada strategi yang
dapat sukses diantara populasi tsb.
Dari perhitungan biaya strategi, pernyataan
strategi elang dan merpati, yang selalu dapat
saling serang dibawah ini, benar atau salah ?
a. Hawk adalah hewan ESS & saat semua
individu dalam populasi melakukan
strategi ini, mereka tidak akan dapat di
serang oleh merpati
b. Merpati adalah hewan ESS & saat semua
individu dalam populasi melakukan
strategi ini, mereka tidak akan dapat di
serang oleh elang
(Jawab di lembar jawaban)
True False
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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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38. (2 points) White crown sparrows that live in temperate regions show a complex annual cycle
of behavior.
Burung gereja jambul putih yang hidup di daerah temperata memperlihatkan
perilaku siklus tahunan

Winter

Autumn D A Spring

B
C Migration to north
Increased rate of feeding

Territory establishment
Summer

Care of young

Match the physiological change (I to V) in these birds with the appropriate points in the behavior
cycle (A to D). Choose from the following options and fill in the table given below with the
appropriate numbers:
Cocokan perubahan fisiologi (I s/d V) dengan siklus perilaku (A s/d D), isi pilihan anda,
satu point perilaku dapat memiliki lebih dari satu perubahan fisiologis dan tulis pada
Lembar Jawaban

Options:
I. Molting (Ganti bulu)
II. Gonadal regression (regresi gonad)
III. Gonadal development (perkembangan gonad)
IV. Fat deposition (penyimpanan lemak)
V. Hibernation (hibernasi)

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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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Behavior cycle Physiological change (I to V)

A
B
C
D

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IBO – 2008
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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39 (4 points)
The dunnock is a common bird of the British
Islands. The females of this species establish
territories represented by solid lines in the
figure below, which may be defended by one or
two (α and β) unrelated males (dashed lines).
The numbers in the figure refer to the average
number of young raised per season by males
and females in the different mating
combinations. The arrows indicate the
directions in which the behaviour of the males
and females encourage changes in the mating
system.
Monogamy
I II
Male: 7.6
Female: 3.8 Female: 3.8
Polygyny
(♀ banyak)
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Dunnock merupakan burung yang umum di pulau-
pulau Inggris. Betinanya menciptakan teritori yang
ditunjukkan dengan garis lurus pada gambar
dibawah, teritori ini dapat dipertahankan oleh 1 atau
2 (α and β) jantan tak berkerabat (garis putus-
putus). Angka-angka pada gambar mejelaskan rata-
rata jumlah anak burung yang di asuh per musim
oleh jantan dan betina dari kombinasi perkawinan
yang berbeda . Tanda panah menjelaskan arah
perilaku jantan dan betina berani melakukan
perubahan sistem perilaku kawin.
Male: 5.0
Female: 5.0
III IV
α-Male: 3.7, β-Male: 3.0
Female: 6.7
Polyandry
(♂ banyak)
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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(A)
Identify the specific individuals, which Tentukan individu-individu spesifik yang akan

would attempt to change the mating berusaha mengubah sistem kawin yang ditunjukkan

system in the directions shown by the pada tanda panah

arrows.

a. I: Male, II: Female, III: Female, IV: β-Male

b. I: Female, II: Male, III: β-Male, IV: α-Male
c. I: Female, II: Male, III: Female, IV: α-Male.
d. I: Male, II: Female, III: α-Male, IV: β-Male
Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box di Lembar Jawaban.

a. b. c. d.

(B) Which of the following statements are true? (Pernyataan yang benar) ?
I. The benefit of polygyny to males is the
increased amount of food brought for
the chicks by two females instead of
one
II. The cost of polygyny to females is
shared male care because the
contribution of the male’s feeding
efforts is essential for the survival of
the chicks.
III. The cost of polyandry to females is the
aggression that often results between
the two males who have mated with
her
IV. The cost of polyandry to males is
shared paternity.
I. Keuntungan polygyny bagi jantan adalah
meningkatnya jumlah makanan yang dibawa
untuk anak-anaknya oleh 2 betina bukan 1
betina
II. Biaya polygyny untuk para betina adalah
perhatian dari 1 jantan yang sama, karena
diperlukan usaha mencari makan oleh jantan
untuk anak-anaknya.
II. Biaya polyandry untuk betina adalah agresi
yang sering muncul antara 2 jantan yang akan
mengawininya
IV, Biaya polyandry untuk jantan adalah
berbagi induk.

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a. I and II
b. II and III
c. I and IV
d. II and IV.

Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box. Jawab di Lembar Jawaban

a. b. c. d.

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IBO – 2008
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BIOSYSTEMATICS (13)
40.(2 points)
The schematic diagram below represents
group-in-group relationships. The T3
taxon, represented by the largest circle,
includes three T2 taxa. Each of these three
T2 taxa has one T1 taxon, represented by
circles filled with dots; the dots represent
individuals.
T2a
T1a
T3
T2b
T1b
According to above scheme, assign the
correct taxa from the options given
below to each of the circles. Fill in your
answers by writing the appropriate
number in the table. Points will only be
awarded if the entire table is correctly
filled.
65
40.(2 points)
Diagram skematik di bawah tampilan
hubungan kelompok dalam kelompok.
Takson T3, ditampilkan dengan lingkaran
besar, termasuk tiga takson T2. Setiap tiga
takson T2 memiliki satu takson T1,
ditampilkan oleh lingkaran bertitik, titik-titik
menampilkan individu.
T2c
T1c
Menurut skema di atas, tandailah takson
yang benar dari pernyataan yang
diberikan di bawah untuk setiap lingkaran.
Isikan jawaban anda yang benar dengan
menuliskan nomer atau angka di
depannya ke dalam kolom nomer tabel.
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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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Options: Options:
I. Annelida I. Annelida
II. Lepidoptera II. Lepidoptera
III. Polychaeta III. Polychaeta
IV. Mollusca IV. Mollusca
V. Orthoptera V. Orthoptera
VI. Insecta VI. Insecta
VII. Arthropoda VII. Arthropoda
VIII. Crustacea VIII. Crustacea
IX. Gastropoda IX. Gastropoda
X. Arachnida X. Arachnida
XI. Lumbricus (earthworm) XI. Lumbricus (cacing tanah)
XII. Hirudo (leech) XII. Hirudo (lintah)
XIII. Gryllus (cricket) XIII. Gryllus (jangkrik)
XIV. Unio (freshwater mussel) XIV. Unio (kerang air tawar)
XV. Euscorpias (scorpion) XV. Euscorpias (kalajengking)
XVI. Daphnia (water flea) XVI. Daphnia (kutu air)

Takson Option

T3
T2a
T1a
T2b
T1b
T2c
T1c

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41. (2 points) 41. (2 points)

The sequence of a pentanucleotide DNA Urutan segmen pentanukleotida DNA

segment of four species P, Q, R and S empat spesies P, Q, R dan S tertera

are given. pada tabel di bawah ini;

Sequence site
Spesies (Urutanletak)
1 2 3 4 5
P A G T T C
Q C G A T C
R C G T A T
S A G A A T

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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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The most parsimonious phylogenetic classification of these species would be:

Umumnya klasifikasi parsimoni filogenetik spesies adalah…

b.
a. 1 3 1 1 3
P R P R

Q 4 5 S Q S
145
1 3 3

4 5 1 4 5 d.
c. 3 1 3
P 3 Q P Q
R S S R
4 5
1
1

Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box.

Berilah tanda centang (√) pada kotak yang benar.

a. b. c. d.

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42. (5 points) A classification chart based on certain characteristics of invertebrates is

shown below:

Charta klasifikasi berdasarkan pada karakteristik dari invertebrata

diperlihatkan di bawah :

invertebrates no bilateral

aquatic

Fill in the appropriate numbers from the classification chart against the respective

groups in the table below:

Isikan nomer-nomer yang sesuai dari bagan klasifikasi di atas ke dalam

kelompok yang sesuai pada tabel di bawah:

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THEORETICAL TEST – PART B
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Group Number Group Number

Annelida (Earthworms) Mollusca (Land Snails)

Arthropoda (Crayfishes) Mollusca (Squids)

Cnidaria (Jellyfishes) Nematoda (Roundworms)

Echinodermata (Starfishes) Platyhelminthes (Tapeworms)

Mollusca (Bivalvia) Porifera (Sponges)

Kelompok Nomer Kelompok Nomer

Annelida (Cacing tanah) Mollusca (Siput darat)

Arthropoda (Udang) Mollusca (Cumi-cumi)

Cnidaria (Ubur-ubur) Nematoda (Cacing perut/gilig)

Echinodermata (Bintang laut) Platyhelminthes (Cacing pita)

Mollusca (Kerang) Porifera (Spons)

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43. (4 points) The genetic distances between four species are provided in a matrix
below. The numbers represent the percentage differences between each pair of
species.
Jarak genetik antara empat spesies ditampilkan pada matrik di bawah. Angka-
angka menunjukkan persentase perbedaan(jarak) antara setiap pasangan
spesies.

A B C D
A - - - -
B 5 - - -
C 13 14 - -
D 15 16 6 -

(A) Which of the following tree structures represents the matrix data most appropriately?
(Squares in the figure represent species and the lengths of the lines approximate the genetic
distance between them.)
Manakah struktrur pohon yang menampilkan data matrik yang tepat ? (Kotak-kotak
dalam gambar menampilkan spesies dan panjang garis perkiraan jarak genetik
diantara mereka)

a. b.

c.
d.

Put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box. Berilah tanda centang (√) pada kotak
yang benar.
a. b. c. d.

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(B) Based on the answer selected in the previous question and using the data given in
the matrix, construct the tree that correctly shows the genetic relatedness of the four
species, where number on the lines should approximate the genetic distance
between them.
Berdasarkan jawaban anda pada pertanyaan sebelumnya dan menggunakan data
yang diberikan pada matriks, bentuklah pohon yang benar memperlihatkan
kekerabatan genetik keempat spesies, dengan mencantumkan nilainya (angkanya)
pada setiap lengan (cabang) yang menunjukkan jarak genetik di antara spesies
tersebut

****************** END OF PART B ******************

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