Gramatica

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Gramática, Unidad 1, Lección 1
R EPASO Direct Object Pronouns
Direct object pronouns can be used to replace direct object nouns.
Here’s how:
Direct Object Pronouns
Singular Plural
me me nos us
te you (familiar) os you (familiar)
masculine lo you (formal), him, it los you, them masculine
feminine la you (formal), her, it las you, them feminine
Direct object pronouns are placed directly before conjugated verbs.

replaced by before verb
Veo a la profesora. La veo.
I see the teacher. I see her.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Héctor tiene el itinerario. Héctor lo tiene.

Héctor has the itinerary. Héctor has it.
When an infinitive follows the conjugated verb, the direct object

pronoun can be placed before the conjugated verb or attached to
the infinitive.
before
No voy a hacer la maleta hoy. No la voy a hacer hoy.
I’m not going to pack the suitcase today. attached
or No voy a hacerla hoy.
I’m not going to pack it today.
¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 1, Lección 1 16

TRANSPARENCY 17
Indirect Object Pronouns
In Spanish, indirect object pronouns are used to accompany or

replace nouns that act as indirect objects.
Here’s how: The indirect object pronouns me, te, nos, and os are
the same as the direct object pronouns. Only the usted/
él/ella and ustedes/ellos/ellas forms are different.
Indirect Object Pronouns
Singular Plural
me me nos us
te you (familiar) os you (familiar)
le you (formal), him, her les you, them
In Spanish, you must use the indirect object pronoun to accompany

the noun it modifies or to replace the noun. The pronoun appears
before conjugated verbs.
accompanies replaces
Mamá les da el dinero a José y Ana. Mamá les da el dinero.
Mom gives José and Ana the money. Mom gives them the money.
When an infinitive follows the conjugated verb, the indirect object

pronoun can be placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the
infinitive.
Le voy a vender mi coche a Sara.
before
I’m going to sell Sara my car.
becomes Le voy a vender mi coche.
attached
or Voy a venderle mi coche.
I’m going to sell her my car.

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Preterite of -ar Verbs

The preterite tense in Spanish tells what happened at a particular
moment in the past. How do you form the preterite of -ar verbs?
Here’s how: Like present-tense verbs, you form the preterite tense of
regular verbs by adding tense endings to the verb stem.
visitar to visit
yo visité nosotros(as) visitamos
tú visitaste vosotros(as) visitasteis
usted, visitó ustedes, visitaron
él, ella ellos(as)
Durante las vacaciones, yo monté a caballo, mi mamá

visitó un museo y mis hermanos nadaron.
During vacation, I went horseback riding, my mom visited a museum,
and my brothers went swimming.
The nosotros ending in the preterite tense is the same as in the

present tense. Look for clues in the sentence to help you determine
whether the verb is in the present or past tense.
Acampamos anoche en el parque.
We camped last night in the park.
The word anoche tells you that the verb acampamos is in the
preterite tense, not the present.

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Preterite of ir, ser, hacer, ver, dar

The verbs ir, ser, hacer, ver, and dar are irregular in the preterite
tense. They are formed without regular past-tense endings.
Here’s how:
The preterite forms of ir and ser are exactly ir to go / ser to be
the same.
fui fuimos
You must use clues in the sentence to fuiste fuisteis
determine whether ir or ser is used in the
preterite. fue fueron
Fuimos al parque de diversiones. ¡Fue un día muy divertido!

We went to the amusement park. It was a very fun day!
Hacer has its own preterite-tense forms. In

hacer to do; to make
the usted/él/ella form, the c of the stem
becomes a z before o. hice hicimos
¿Qué hizo usted ayer? Hice la tarea. hiciste hicisteis
What did you do yesterday? I did homework. hizo hicieron
The verbs ver and dar take regular -er/-ir past tense endings in the
preterite but have no written accent marks.
ver to see dar to give
vi vimos di dimos
viste visteis diste disteis
vio vieron dio dieron
Vimos mucho arte interesante en el museo. Mi amigo me dio un regalo.

We saw a lot of interesting art at the museum. My friend gave me a gift.

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Preterite of -er, -ir verbs

Regular -er and -ir verbs are different from regular -ar verbs in the
preterite tense.
Here’s how: Regular -er and -ir verbs have the same preterite
endings.
comer to eat
yo comí nosotros(as) comimos
tú comiste vosotros(as) comisteis
usted, comió ustedes, comieron
él, ella ellos(as)
escribir to write
yo escribí nosotros(as) escribimos
tú escribiste vosotros(as) escribisteis

usted, escribió ustedes, escribieron
él, ella ellos(as)
Note that the nosotros form of -ir verbs is the same in the preterite
and in the present tense (-imos). Look for clues in the sentence to
help you know whether the verb is in the present or past tense.
The word ayer tells you
Recibimos el premio ayer.
that recibimos is in the
We received the prize yesterday.
preterite tense.

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Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Demonstratives indicate where something is. In Spanish, they show if

something is close to, not as close to, or far away from the speaker.
Here’s how:
Demonstrative Adjectives
close not close far away
m. f. m. f. m. f.
Singular este esta ese esa aquel aquella
this this that that that that
Plural estos estas esos esas aquellos aquellas
these these those those those those
Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular éste ésta ése ésa aquél aquélla
Plural éstos éstas ésos ésas aquéllos aquéllas

Demonstrative pronouns have accents, but there is no change in pronunciation.
Demonstrative adjectives appear Demonstrative pronouns take

before the noun. They agree in the place of nouns. They agree in
gender and number with the noun gender and number with the noun
they describe. they replace.
¿Cuánto cuesta este anillo? ¿Cuánto cuesta éste?
How much does this ring cost? How much does this one cost?
Ese anillo cuesta diez dólares. Ése cuesta diez dólares.
That ring costs ten dollars. That one costs ten dollars.
Aquel anillo es más barato. Aquél es más barato.
That ring (over there) is cheaper. That one (over there) is cheaper.

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Reflexive Verbs
In Spanish, all reflexive verbs are expressed with a reflexive pronoun.
Here’s how: In the infinitive form of reflexive verbs, the

reflexive pronoun attaches to the end: bañarse.
When you conjugate reflexive verbs, the pronoun
appears before the conjugated verb.
bañarse to take a bath

yo me baño nosotros(as) nos bañamos
tú te bañas vosotros(as) os bañáis
usted, se baña ustedes, se bañan
él, ella ellos(as)
Jorgito se baña a las ocho. Jorgito takes a bath at eight.

When a reflexive verb follows a conjugated verb, use the correct

reflexive pronoun with the infinitive.
attached
You can attach the pronoun to ¿A qué hora quieres despertarte?
the infinitive. What time do you want to wake up?
before
You can also place the pronoun Me quiero despertar a las siete.
before the conjugated verb. I want to wake up at seven.
Some verbs are not always reflexive.

not reflexive Yo despierto a Celia a las siete.
I wake up Celia at seven.
reflexive Yo me despierto a las siete.
I wake (myself) up at seven.

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Present Progressive
Use the present tense of estar plus the present participle to form the
present progressive.
Here’s how: To make a present participle, drop the end of the infinitive
and add -ando (-ar verbs) or -iendo (-er/-ir verbs).
becomes
comprar comprando
comer comiendo
escribir escribiendo
Estoy comprando las toallas. ¿Qué estás comiendo?
I am buying the towels. What are you eating?
When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends becomes

in a vowel, change the -iendo to -yendo. leer leyendo
Some -ir verbs change vowels

in the stem of the present e → i: decir becomes diciendo
participle form. o → u: dormir becomes durmiendo
Pronouns can either be placed before the conjugated form of estar

or attached to the end of the present participle. When you attach a
pronoun to the present participle, you need to add an accent to the
stressed vowel.
before attached
Me estoy arreglando. or Estoy arreglándome.
I am getting ready. I am getting ready.

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REPASO Present Tense of Irregular yo Verbs
Some present-tense verbs are irregular only in the yo form.

They have endings different from the -o ending of regular verbs.
Here’s how: The verbs hacer, poner, salir, and traer end in -go
in the yo form. Compare them with their tú forms in
the present tense.
hacer poner salir traer
to make; to put to go out; to bring
to do to leave
yo hago pongo salgo traigo
tú haces pones sales traes
The verbs decir, venir, and tener also end in -go in the
yo form. All are stem-changing verbs, but only decir
changes in the yo form.
decir venir tener
(e → i) (e → ie) (e → ie)
to say; to tell to come to have
yo digo vengo tengo
tú dices vienes tienes
Conocer, dar, saber, and ver also have irregular yo

forms in the present tense.
conocer dar saber ver
to know; to give to know to see
to meet
yo conozco doy sé veo
tú conoces das sabes ves

TRANSPARENCY 11
Pronouns after Prepositions
Pronouns that follow prepositions are different from subject pronouns

and object pronouns.
Here’s how: Use these pronouns after prepositions like para, de, a,
and con.
Pronouns after Prepositions

mí nosotros(as)
ti vosotros(as)
él, ella, usted ellos, ellas, ustedes
Notice that these pronouns are the same as the subject pronouns in all
forms except mí (yo) and ti (tú).
Clara vive lejos de nosotros. Tengo un regalo para ti.
Clara lives far from us. I have a gift for you.
With verbs like gustar, use pronouns after the preposition a to add
emphasis.
A mí no me gusta la ropa de cuadros. I really don’t like plaid clothes.
The pronoun after a can also clarify to whom a sentence refers.

Uncertain Le gusta ir a la librería. He/She/You like(s) to go to
the bookstore.
Certain A él le gusta ir a la librería. He likes to go to the bookstore.
When you use mí and ti after the preposition con, they combine with
con to form the words conmigo and contigo.
¿Vas a la fiesta conmigo o con Jorge? Are you going to the party with
me or with Jorge?
No voy con él; voy contigo. I’m not going with him; I’m
going with you.

TRANSPARENCY 12
Irregular Preterite Verbs
The verbs estar, poder, poner, saber, and tener are irregular in the
preterite tense. To form the preterite of these verbs, you must change
their stems and add irregular preterite endings.
Here’s how: Each of these verbs has a unique stem in the preterite,
but they all take the same endings.
Verb Stem Preterite Endings

estar to be estuv- -e -imos
poder to be able pud- -iste -isteis
poner to put pus- -o -ieron
saber to know sup-
Note that there are no
tener to have tuv- accents on these endings.
¿Dónde pusiste mi cartera? Ella estuvo en casa ayer.

Where did you put my wallet? She was at home yesterday.
The verb saber usually has a different meaning in the preterite.

It means to find out.
Yo supe la verdad ayer.
I found out the truth yesterday.

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Preterite of -ir Stem-Changing Verbs
Remember that many -ir verbs have stem changes in the present tense.
These verbs change stems in some forms of the preterite tense too.
Here’s how: Stem-changing -ir verbs in the preterite change only in

the usted/él/ella and the ustedes/ellos/ellas forms.
Preterite tense e → i Preterite tense o → u

pedir to ask for dormir to sleep
pedí pedimos dormí dormimos
pediste pedisteis dormiste dormisteis
pidió pidieron durmió durmieron
¿Qué pidieron en el mercado? Zulma durmió diez horas

anoche.
What did they ask for at the market? Zulma slept ten hours last night
Here are some other e → i preterite stem-changing verbs that follow

the pattern of pedir.
preferir to prefer ¿Quiénes compitieron en el

servir to serve campeonato?
vestirse to get dressed Who competed in the
championship?
competir to compete
seguir to follow Nosotros competimos y ganamos.
We competed and we won.

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The Imperfect Tense
The imperfect is another past tense in Spanish. How do you use it?
Here’s how: The imperfect is used to describe something that was not
perfected or not completed in the past. You use it to . . .
• talk about something that was happening • say how old someone was
• talk about something you used to do • tell what time it was
Regular verbs in the imperfect take these endings:
estar hacer salir

Note that the
yo form and yo estaba hacía salía
the usted/él/ tú estabas hacías salías
ella forms are
the same. usted, él, ella estaba hacía salía
nosotros(as) estábamos hacíamos salíamos
vosotros(as) estabais hacíais salíais

ustedes, ellos(as) estaban hacían salían
Él estaba aquí cuando yo hacía el pastel.

He was here when I was making the cake.
Only three verbs are irregular in ser ir ver

the imperfect. era iba veía
eras ibas veías
Cuando yo era niña, íbamos a era iba veía
la playa. éramos íbamos veíamos
erais ibais veíais
When I was little, we used to go to
eran iban veían
the beach.

TRANSPARENCY 11
Preterite and Imperfect
You have learned two verb forms used for the past tense: the
preterite and the imperfect. How do you know when to use each one?
Here’s how: Decide whether an action had a specific beginning and

ending. Use the preterite if the action started and ended
at a definite time.
La guerra empezó en 1846.
The war began in 1846.
Santa Ana fue presidente de México.
Santa Ana was the president of Mexico.
Use the imperfect to talk about past actions without saying when they
began or ended.
Los guerreros no tenían miedo del enemigo.
The warriors were not afraid of the enemy.

El ejército peleaba valientemente.
The army fought bravely.
You can apply both tenses to talk about two overlapping events.
• the preterite for the action that occurred
• the imperfect for what was going on at the time
Cuando la guerra terminó, Santa Ana era presidente de México.
When the war ended, Santa Ana was president of Mexico.
Note that you use the preterite of ser (fue) to say that Santa Ana was
once president of Mexico, but you use the imperfect of ser (era) to say
that Santa Ana was president during an unspecified time.

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Preterite of -car, -gar, and -zar Verbs
In the preterite, verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar are spelled
differently in the yo form to maintain their pronunciation.
Here’s how:
buscar c becomes qu (yo) busqué
pagar g becomes gu (yo) pagué
empezar z becomes c (yo) empecé
tú Form yo Form
¿Buscaste las ruinas? Sí, busqué las ruinas.

Did you look for the ruins? Yes, I looked for the ruins.
¿Pagaste la cuenta? No, no pagué la cuenta.
Did you pay the bill? No, I didn’t pay the bill.
¿Cuándo empezaste la excavación? Empecé la excavación ayer.

When did you begin the excavation? I began the excavation yesterday.
Here are some other verbs that change in the same way.
-car -gar -zar

sacar llegar almorzar
tocar jugar comenzar

TRANSPARENCY 13
More Verbs with Irregular Preterite Stems
The verbs venir, querer, decir, and traer are irregular in the preterite.
Here’s how: All four verbs have irregular preterite stems. Venir and
querer take the same preterite endings as estar, poder,
poner, saber, and tener.
Verb Stem Irregular Preterite Endings
venir to come vin- -e -imos
querer to want quis- -iste -isteis
-o -ieron
¿Ustedes vinieron de la biblioteca?

Did you come from the library?
The verb querer usually has a different meaning in the preterite. It

means tried.
Quisimos ver las ruinas, pero no pudimos.

We tried to see the ruins, but we couldn’t.
The preterite stems of decir and traer end in j. Use the same
irregular preterite endings as above, but drop the i from the
ustedes/ellos/ellas ending.
Verb Stem ustedes/ellos/ellas
decir to say; to tell dij- dijeron
traer to bring traj- trajeron
Ellos trajeron unas cerámicas Marcos me dijo que están hechas

de México. a mano.
They brought some ceramics from Mexico. Marcos told me that they’re handmade.

TRANSPARENCY 10
Usted/Ustedes Commands
To tell someone respectfully to do or not do something, use usted

commands. Commands require a change in verb endings.
Here’s how: You form usted commands with the yo form of verbs in the
present tense. Drop the -o and add the following endings.
Commands
Infinitive Present Tense usted ustedes
probar (ue) yo pruebo pruebe prueben
comer yo como coma coman
añadir yo añado añada añadan
Pruebe el té. Coman la merienda. Añada más sal.

Taste the tea. Eat the snack. Add more salt.
Add no before the verb to make No añada más sal.

commands negative. Don’t add more salt.
Some common verbs have irregular usted/ustedes command forms.
dar estar ir saber ser

usted dé esté vaya sepa sea
ustedes den estén vayan sepan sean
Vaya a la cocina. Go to the kitchen. No estén tristes. Don’t be sad.
Verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar have a spelling change in the
command form.
buscar busque pagar pague
empezar empiece

TRANSPARENCY 11
Pronoun Placement with Commands
In Spanish, the placement of pronouns depends on whether a

command is affirmative or negative.
Here’s how:
In affirmative commands, you attach object pronouns to the end
of the verb.
attached
Affirmative: Llévenos al supermercado.
Take us to the supermarket.
Pónganlas en la mesa.
Put them on the table.
Note that when a pronoun is attached to an affirmative

command of two syllables or more, the stressed vowel carries
an accent.
In negative commands, you place object pronouns before the verb

and after no.
before
Negative: No le venda esta camisa.
Don’t sell her this shirt.
No lo prueben.
Don’t taste it.

TRANSPARENCY 12
Affirmative and Negative Words
Indefinite words refer to non-specific people, things, or situations and

can be affirmative or negative. How do you use them in Spanish?
Here’s how:
Affirmative Words Negative Words
algo something nada nothing
alguien someone nadie no one
algún/alguno(a) some ningún/ninguno(a) none, not any
o... o either . . . or ni... ni neither . . . nor
siempre always nunca never
también also tampoco neither, either
Alguno(a) and ninguno(a) have different forms before masculine

singular nouns.
alguno becomes algún ninguno becomes ningún

¿Quieres algún filete? No, no quiero ningún plato con carne.
Do you want some steak? No, I do not want any dish with meat.
A double negative is required in Spanish when no comes before the

verb. Indefinite words that follow no must be negative.
No veo nada. I do not see anything.
When alguien or nadie is the object of a verb, it is preceded by the

personal a.
¿Conoces a alguien de España? No, no conozco a nadie de España.
Do you know anyone from Spain? No, I do not know anyone from Spain.

TRANSPARENCY 13
Double Object Pronouns
In Spanish, direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns

appear before the conjugated verb. How do you place both in the same
sentence?
Here’s how: In sentences with both object pronouns, the indirect object
pronoun comes first.
indirect object direct object
La camarera nos trajo el caldo a Juan y a mí. La camarera nos lo trajo.

The waitress brought the broth to Juan and me. The waitress brought it to us.
When a conjugated verb appears with an infinitive or a verb in the -ndo

form, you can put the pronouns before the conjugated verb, or you can
attach them to the infinitive or -ndo form.
before attached
Me los vas a pedir. or Vas a pedírmelos.
Me los estás pidiendo. or Estás pidiéndomelos.
When you attach pronouns, you need to add an accent to the stressed
vowel.
If both pronouns start with the letter l, change the indirect object
pronoun to se.
Le pedí la cuenta al camarero. le becomes se Se la pedí.

I asked the waiter for the bill. I asked him for it.
¿Les puedes llevar el té a esas mujeres?

Can you take the tea to those women?
les becomes se
¿Puedes llevárselo?
Can you take it to them?

TRANSPARENCY 10
Negative tú Commands
You learned that negative usted commands begin with the word no and
change the verb ending. Negative tú commands follow a similar pattern.
Here’s how: You form negative tú commands with the yo form of verbs in
the present tense.
-ar verbs -o changes to -es
-er, -ir verbs -o changes to -as
Infinitive Present Tense Negative tú Commands

mirar yo miro ¡No mires esa película de terror!
Don’t watch that horror film!
poner yo pongo ¡No pongas el micrófono allí!
Don’t put the microphone there!
escribir yo escribo ¡No escribas otra escena!
Don’t write another scene!
Verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar have spelling changes.
tocar no toques jugar no juegues almorzar no almuerces
The negative tú command forms of some verbs are irregular.
dar no des saber no sepas

estar no estés ser no seas
ir no vayas
Pronouns with negative tú commands appear before the verb.

¿Ves esta cámara? No se la des. Do you see this camera? Don’t give it to her.

TRANSPARENCY 11
R EPASO Affirmative tú Commands
You use affirmative tú commands to tell someone you know well to do

something. How do you form these commands?
Here’s how: Regular affirmative tú commands are the same as the

usted/él/ella form of a verb in the present tense.
Present Tense Affirmative tú Command

Él escribe el guión y filma la Escribe el guión y filma la
película. película.
He writes the script and films the movie. Write the script and film the movie.
The verbs hacer, ir, and ser are irregular in the tú command form.
hacer Haz un documental. Make a documentary.
ir Ve al cine. Go to the movie theater.
ser ¡Sé bueno! Be good!
yo Form tú Command
Some irregular tú commands are based decir digo di

on the present-tense yo form. For these poner pongo pon
verbs, drop the -go ending to form the salir salgo sal
commands. tener tengo ten
venir vengo ven
The rules of pronoun placement also apply to affirmative tú commands.

Attach pronouns to affirmative commands. Dime. Tell me.
Preséntanos a la directora.
When you attach pronouns to verbs with
Introduce us to the director.
two or more syllables, add an accent to
show stress.

TRANSPARENCY 12
Present Subjunctive with Ojalá
One way to express a hope or wish is to use the phrase ojalá que...
with the present subjunctive. How do you form the subjunctive of
regular verbs?
Here’s how: Use what you already know about forming usted
commands.
-ar verbs = -e endings -er, -ir verbs = -a endings
Present Subjunctive of Regular Verbs

hablar tener escribir
yo hable tenga escriba
These forms tú hables tengas escribas
are the
same in the usted, él, ella hable tenga escriba
subjunctive. nosotros(as) hablemos tengamos escribamos
vosotros(as) habléis tengáis escribáis
ustedes, ellos(as) hablen tengan escriban
Fact: Ganamos un premio hoy. Hope: ¡Ojalá que ganemos un

premio hoy!
We’re winning a prize today. I hope that we win a prize today!
Stem-changing -ar and -er verbs in the present tense also change in the
subjunctive.
pensar e → ie poder o → ue
piense pensemos pueda podamos
pienses penséis puedas podáis
piense piensen pueda puedan

TRANSPARENCY 13
More Subjunctive Verbs with Ojalá

The verbs dar, estar, ir, saber, and ser are irregular in the subjunctive.
Here’s how:
dar estar ir saber ser
dé esté vaya sepa sea
des estés vayas sepas seas
dé esté vaya sepa sea
demos estemos vayamos sepamos seamos
deis estéis vayáis sepáis seáis
den estén vayan sepan sean
Ojalá que vayan a la gala. I hope they go to the gala.
Stem-changing -ir verbs in the present tense also change stems in the
subjunctive.
The e → i stem change applies to all forms. pedir e→i
pida pidamos
Ojalá que ellos pidan un entremés.
I hope they order an appetizer. pidas pidáis
pida pidan
The e → ie stem change applies The o → ue stem change applies

to all forms except nosotros to all forms except nosotros and
and vosotros. Those forms vosotros. Those forms change
change e → i. o → u.
preferir e → ie, i dormir o → ue, u
prefiera prefiramos duerma durmamos
prefieras prefiráis duermas durmáis
prefiera prefieran duerma duerman

TRANSPARENCY 10
Subjunctive with Impersonal Expressions
You know how to form the subjunctive and how to use it after
expressions of hope. You also use the subjunctive after some
impersonal expressions to show uncertainty that something will
happen.
Here’s how: When an impersonal expression gives an opinion that

something should happen, the verbs that follow are in
the subjunctive.
Fact: Mis amigos y yo estudiamos para los exámenes.
My friends and I study for the exams.
Opinion: Es importante que todos estudiemos para los exámenes.
It’s important that we all study for the exams.
In the second example, the speaker thinks it is important that everyone
study, but it is uncertain that everyone will.
Use the subjunctive with impersonal expressions to tell what you

think is necessary, important, preferable, good, or bad.

Es necesario que presentemos la verdad.
It’s necessary that we present the truth.
Es preferible que escribas tres artículos.
It’s preferable that you write three articles.
Es bueno que tenga la cámara.
It’s a good idea that she have the camera.
Es malo que publiquen ese titular.
It’s bad that they may publish that headline.
Pronouns appear before verbs in the subjunctive.

Es importante que nos expliques tu punto de vista.
It’s important that you explain to us your point of view.

TRANSPARENCY 11
Por and para
The prepositions por and para have similar meanings but different uses
in Spanish. How do you know which one to use?
Here’s how:
The preposition por can mean for, The preposition para can mean
through, in, because, and by. Use por for, in order to, to, and by. Use para
when referring to when referring to
• action
the cause of or reason for an • goals to reach or purposes to
fulfill
Por eso, ella escribió el artículo. Practicamos para ganar el partido.
For that reason, she wrote the article. We practice in order to win the game.
Gracias por el regalo.
Thanks for the gift.
• movement toward a place
Salíamos para la escuela a las
• means of communication siete.
Te llamo por teléfono. We used to leave for school at seven.
I’ll call you by phone.
• the recipient of an action or
• periods of time object
Mari fue a Samaná por un mes. Estas fotos son para Laura.
Mari went to Samaná for one month. These photos are for Laura.
Vengo por la tarde.
I’ll come in the afternoon.
• an opinion
Para mí, es una cuestión de
• movement through a place tiempo.
To me, it’s a question of time.
Los turistas pasan por la aduana.
The tourists are going through customs. • deadlines to meet
Fui a México por Texas. Escribe el artículo para el viernes.
I went to Mexico through Texas. Write the article by Friday.
• employment
Sara trabaja para el periódico.
Sara works for the newspaper.
Use por to indicate cause rather than purpose. Think of para as
moving you toward the word, or destination, that follows.

TRANSPARENCY 12
REPASO Comparatives
There are several phrases for making comparisons in Spanish. They

compare differences and similarities between people and things.
Here’s how: Use the following phrases with an adjective to compare

qualities. Use them with a noun to compare quantities.
más... que Lorena es más generosa que yo.
more . . . than Lorena is more generous than I.
menos... que Tengo menos dinero que Tania.
less . . . than I have less money than Tania.
tan... como Víctor es tan tímido como Sonia.
as . . . as Víctor is as shy as Sonia.
When using tan to compare quantities, it changes to agree with the noun.
tanto(s)... como Tienes tantas opiniones como yo.
as . . . as You have as many opinions as I.
When a comparison does not involve qualities or quantities, use these

phrases.
más que... Me gusta leer más que escribir.
more than . . . I like to read more than write.
menos que... Francisca juega al fútbol menos que al tenis.
less than . . . Francisca plays soccer less than tennis.
tanto como... Viajo tanto como tú.
as much as . . . I travel as much as you.
The following comparative words are irregular.
mayor menor mejor peor

older younger better worse
Mis hermanos son menores que yo. My brothers are younger than I.

TRANSPARENCY 13
Superlatives
In Spanish, you form superlatives by using más and menos.
Here’s how: When you want to say that something has the most or the
least of a certain quality, use a definite article with más or
menos. You use de after the adjective to say from what
group you are comparing.
el (la) más... el (la) menos...

los (las) más... los (las) menos...
Estos pájaros son los más bellos de la tienda.

These birds are the prettiest in the store.
When the noun is part of the superlative phrase, place it between the
article and the superlative word.
Eres la persona menos tímida que conozco.
You are the least shy person I know.
When you refer to an idea or concept, use the neuter article lo.
Lo más importante es estudiar. The most important thing is to study.
Use the irregular forms you learned with comparatives when referring to the
best, worst, oldest, and youngest. You use them without más and menos.
Adjective Superlative
bueno good el (la) mejor the best
malo bad el (la) peor the worst
viejo old (for person) el (la) mayor the oldest
joven young (for person) el (la) menor the youngest
Mis botas son buenas, pero tus botas son las mejores.
My boots are good, but your boots are the best.

TRANSPARENCY 10
Other Impersonal Expressions
You have learned that the subjunctive is used after some impersonal
expressions to show uncertainty. If an impersonal expression deals
with certainty, however, the verbs that follow are in the present tense.
Here’s how:
Impersonal expressions with the words cierto and verdad express

certainty in the affirmative and are followed by the present tense.
Es cierto que respiramos aire puro.

It’s true that we breathe clean air.
Es verdad que trabajan de voluntarios.

It’s true that they work as volunteers.
When these expressions are made negative, they imply doubt or

disbelief. The impersonal expressions No es cierto que and No es
verdad que are followed by verbs in the present subjunctive.
No es cierto que respiremos aire puro.

It’s not true that we breathe clean air.
No es verdad que trabajen de voluntarios.

It’s not true that they work as volunteers.

TRANSPARENCY 11
Future Tense of Regular Verbs
You have learned one way to talk about future actions in Spanish using
ir a + infinitive. Spanish also has a future tense. How do you form it?
Here’s how:
You attach endings to the infinitive to form the future tense of regular
verbs. These endings are the same for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs.
Infinitive Future Tense Endings

trabajar -é -emos
recoger + -ás -éis
-á -án
escribir
Trabajaré de voluntario para proteger el medio ambiente.

I will volunteer to protect the environment.
¿Recogerán la basura en el parque mañana?

Will they pick up trash in the park tomorrow?
Escribiremos un artículo sobre la deforestación.

We will write an article about deforestation.
Notice that all future tense endings have accents except nosotros.

TRANSPARENCY 12
Future Tense of Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs in the future tense use the same endings as regular verbs,
but the infinitive stem changes.
Here’s how: Some infinitives lose a letter. saber to know

sabré sabremos
saber becomes sabr- sabrás sabréis
e
e sabrá sabrán
The verbs haber, poder, and querer also follow this pattern.
haber habr-
¿Qué podrá hacer la doctora?
poder podr-
What will the doctor be able to do?
querer querr-
Some infinitives change a letter. poner to put, to place

pondré pondremos
poner becomes pondr- pondrás pondréis

pondrá pondrán
The verbs salir, tener, and venir also follow this pattern.
salir saldr-
Algún día, tendremos más curas.
tener tendr-
Some day, we will have more cures.
venir vendr-
Decir and hacer do not follow either pattern.

decir dir- hacer har-

TRANSPARENCY 13
R EPASO Pronouns
In Spanish, reflexive pronouns, indirect object pronouns, and direct
object pronouns all function in relation to the action of the verb in a
sentence.
Here’s how: Pronouns

Reflexive Indirect Object Direct Object
Note that only the
me nos me nos me nos usted/él/ella and
te os te os te os ustedes/ellos/ellas
forms are different.
se se le les lo/la los/las
Reflexive pronouns appear with reflexive verbs. Together, they refer to

the same person, place, or thing as the subject.
Él se gana la vida como carpintero.
Indirect object pronouns answer to whom? or for whom? about the verb.
La ingeniera le habla al arquitecto.
La ingeniera le habla.
Direct objects pronouns answer whom? or what? about the verb.

El enfermero hizo los exámenes.
El enfermero los hizo.
When both object pronouns appear in the same sentence, the
indirect object goes first. When both pronouns start with l, change
the indirect object to se.
Delsi le explica la tarea a Juan.
Delsi se la explica.
Attach pronouns to affirmative commands. Place them before
negative commands.
Dímelo más tarde.
No me lo digas ahora.

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TRANSPARENCY 16

Gramática, Unidad 1, Lección 1

R EPASO Direct Object Pronouns

Direct object pronouns can be used to replace direct object nouns.

Direct object pronouns are placed directly before conjugated verbs.

Héctor tiene el itinerario. Héctor lo tiene.

When an infinitive follows the conjugated verb, the direct object

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 1, Lección 1 16

Indirect Object Pronouns

In Spanish, indirect object pronouns are used to accompany or

In Spanish, you must use the indirect object pronoun to accompany

When an infinitive follows the conjugated verb, the indirect object

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 1, Lección 1 17

Preterite of -ar Verbs

Durante las vacaciones, yo monté a caballo, mi mamá

The nosotros ending in the preterite tense is the same as in the

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 1, Lección 2 18

Preterite of ir, ser, hacer, ver, dar

Fuimos al parque de diversiones. ¡Fue un día muy divertido!

Hacer has its own preterite-tense forms. In

Vimos mucho arte interesante en el museo. Mi amigo me dio un regalo.

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 1, Lección 2 19

Preterite of -er, -ir verbs

tú escribiste vosotros(as) escribisteis

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 2, Lección 1 10

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

Demonstratives indicate where something is. In Spanish, they show if

Plural éstos éstas ésos ésas aquéllos aquéllas

Demonstrative adjectives appear Demonstrative pronouns take

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 2, Lección 1 11

In Spanish, all reflexive verbs are expressed with a reflexive pronoun.

Here’s how: In the infinitive form of reflexive verbs, the

bañarse to take a bath

Jorgito se baña a las ocho. Jorgito takes a bath at eight.

When a reflexive verb follows a conjugated verb, use the correct

Some verbs are not always reflexive.

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 2, Lección 2 12

When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends becomes

in a vowel, change the -iendo to -yendo. leer leyendo

Some -ir verbs change vowels

Pronouns can either be placed before the conjugated form of estar

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 2, Lección 2 13

REPASO Present Tense of Irregular yo Verbs

Some present-tense verbs are irregular only in the yo form.

Conocer, dar, saber, and ver also have irregular yo

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 3, Lección 1 10

Pronouns after Prepositions

Pronouns that follow prepositions are different from subject pronouns

Pronouns after Prepositions

The pronoun after a can also clarify to whom a sentence refers.

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 3, Lección 1 11

Irregular Preterite Verbs

Verb Stem Preterite Endings

¿Dónde pusiste mi cartera? Ella estuvo en casa ayer.

Where did you put my wallet? She was at home yesterday.

The verb saber usually has a different meaning in the preterite.

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 3, Lección 2 12

Preterite of -ir Stem-Changing Verbs

Here’s how: Stem-changing -ir verbs in the preterite change only in

Preterite tense e → i Preterite tense o → u

¿Qué pidieron en el mercado? Zulma durmió diez horas

Here are some other e → i preterite stem-changing verbs that follow

preferir to prefer ¿Quiénes compitieron en el

¡Avancemos! 2 Unidad 3, Lección 2 13