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INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………..…..… 4
MOTIVATION ……………………………..…………………………..… 5
RECESSION …………………………………………………………………… 18
CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………… 52
LIMITATIONS …………………………………………………………… 54
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………… 55
The response was sorted based on the below mentioned categories and their linkage
to motivation.
Role Clarity/Responsibility
Facilities / Support System
Recognition/Reward
Team Work
Training & Development
Another focus of the research was to know whether people are really affected with
recession. An alarming 70% of respondents said that they have been impacted due
to recession. Some have lost on perks and did not receive any promotion/increment
in the last year. The motivational level has remained same post recession. 50%
respondents also said that there had been layoff’s in their organization.
It was also noted that currently organizations are undertaking the following
initiatives during the downturn
o Cost Cutting with respect to travel
Video-conferencing facility used
Travel only by economy class and only if urgent
o Centralizing most operations
o Cutting down on incentives
o Training
o Restructuring of operations
The survey highlighted the fact that most of the Organization’s are really
considering human capital as the most important factor and are undertaking several
measures to motivate them for better performance during the downturn.
Introduction
Since the beginning of mankind, leaders have risen to take charge of societies and
make decisions.
These decisions often meant the difference between having food and going hungry,
having shelter or being left outside, and sometimes the difference between life and
death.
Business is the means by which people make the money to acquire their needs, and
managers today are the leaders who rise to make decisions and ensure the survival
of the business. The success of a business is largely dependent upon the ability of
mangers to motivate workers to achieve the highest results.
Motivation
What is Motivation
Motivation is a six phased process beginning from the inner state or need
deficiency and ending with need fulfillment. The motivation level is explained
below
Thousands of years before the word motivation entered the manager's vocabulary,
people realized the importance of influencing workers to accomplish tasks for an
organization. The oldest technique used to motivate others is known today as the
Carrot and Stick method. The name evolved from the stubbornness of donkeys who
could only be moved by taunting them with a carrot. Early managers regularly
offered economic "carrots" to entice people to work harder. This technique was
passed on from generation to generation and was a deeply rooted part of society for
hundreds of years. This theory created a misconception that money always
motivated a person to work harder. To counter this argument, The awakening field
of psychology was looking for new ways to motivate people.
It was not until 1923 when Elton Mayo made clear the inadequacy of the pure
carrot-and-stick motivation that psychological theory began to trickle into
management. Performing an experiment in a Philadelphia textile mill, Mayo
concluded that the reason for the low productivity was that spinners had few
opportunities to communicate with one another. Financial incentives failed to
increase productivity. Mayo felt that the solution to this productivity problem was
to change the atmosphere of the workplace. The introduction of 2 ten-minute
breaks for the spinners produced immediate and dramatic results. Morale improved
and output increased tremendously . The spinner experiment confirmed Mayo's
belief that it was important for managers to take into account the psychology and
well being of the worker. A new era of partnership between managers and
psychology was now underway.
Motivation Theory is based upon needs. The models for needs start at the most
basic such as food and shelter and work their way up to social interaction and
success. The paycheck is usually the means by which managers motivate people to
have a job in the first place. Simply offering more money will motivate people to
some degree, but it is far more effective to focus on other needs. By offering
rewards which satisfy other needs such as responsibility and recognition the
manager can better motivate people to achieve results. This may be especially
important if money is tight in a business and increasing salaries is not an option for
improving motivation. A strong knowledge of motivation theory will help
managers to get the most out of people, without always dangling a carrot in their
face.
Motivation Concepts
Intrinsic motivation comes from rewards inherent to a task or activity itself - the
enjoyment of a puzzle or the love of playing. This form of motivation has been
studied by social and educational psychologists since the early 1970s. Research has
found that it is usually associated with high educational achievement and
enjoyment by students. Intrinsic motivation has been explained by Fritz Heider's
attribution theory, Bandura's work on self-efficacy, and Ryan and Deci's cognitive
evaluation theory. Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they:
• attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control
(e.g. the amount of effort they put in),
• believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results
are not determined by luck),
• are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve
good grades.
Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. Money is the most
obvious example, but coercion and threat of punishment are also common extrinsic
motivations.
In sports, the crowd may cheer on the performer, which may motivate him or her to
do well. Trophies are also extrinsic incentives. Competition is in general extrinsic
because it encourages the performer to win and beat others, not to enjoy the
intrinsic rewards of the activity.
Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to over
justification and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic incentives sometimes can weaken the motivation as well. In one classic
study done by Green & Lepper, children who were lavishly rewarded for drawing
with felt-tip pens later showed little interest in playing with the pens again.
Self Control
Drives and desires can be described as a deficiency or need that activates behavior
that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. These are thought to originate within the
individual and may not require external stimuli to encourage the behavior. Basic
drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger, which motivates a person
to seek food; whereas more subtle drives might be the desire for praise and
approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing to others.
By contrast, the role of extrinsic rewards and stimuli can be seen in the example of
training animals by giving them treats when they perform a trick correctly. The
treat motivates the animals to perform the trick consistently, even later when the
treat is removed from the process.
Theories on Motivation
To understand content and process theories, one must first understand the meaning
of two concepts fundamental to both: needs and rewards. Psychologists say a
person has a need when that individual perceives a physiological or psychological
deficiency. Although a person may not be conscience of perceiving that need at a
particular time, it will still affect them. Content theories represent efforts to classify
these common needs with specific categories. Most psychologists agree that needs
can generally be classified as either primary of secondary.
Primary needs are physiological in nature and generally inborn. Examples include
the need for food, water, air sleep, and sex. Secondary needs are socio-
psychological in nature. Examples are the need for achievement, esteem, affection,
power, and belonging. Primary needs are genetically determined whearas
secondary needs are usually learned through experience. Because individuals have
different learned experiences, secondary needs vary among people to a greater
extent than primary needs.
Three famous psychologists who have developed models to illustrate the needs of
people are Maslow, Alderfer, and Herzberg. Maslow and Alderfer focus on the
internal needs while Herzberg focuses more on differences in job context and
content which could provide satisfaction. All three states that before a manager
tries to give a reward, it is very important to first figure out the needs of the
employee.
Motivation Theories
5. Manifest Needs
Theory
The Incentive Theory of Motivation
Applying proper motivational techniques can be much harder than it seems. Steven
Kerr notes that when creating a reward system, it can be easy to reward A, while
hoping for B, and in the process, reap harmful effects that can jeopardize your
goals.
Drive-reduction Theories
There are a number of drive theories. The Drive Reduction Theory grows out of the
concept that we have certain biological drives, such as hunger. As time passes the
strength of the drive increases if it is not satisfied (in this case by eating). Upon
satisfying a drive the drive's strength is reduced. The theory is based on diverse
ideas from the theories of Freud to the ideas of feedback control systems, such as a
thermostat.
Drive theory has some intuitive or folk validity. For instance when preparing food,
the drive model appears to be compatible with sensations of rising hunger as the
food is prepared, and, after the food has been consumed, a decrease in subjective
hunger. There are several problems, however, that leave the validity of drive
reduction open for debate. The first problem is that it does not explain how
secondary reinforcers reduce drive. For example, money satisfies no biological or
psychological needs, but a pay check appears to reduce drive through second-order
conditioning. Secondly, a drive, such as hunger, is viewed as having a "desire" to
eat, making the drive a homuncular being - a feature criticized as simply moving
the fundamental problem behind this "small man" and his desires.
• Human beings have wants and desires which influence their behavior. Only
unsatisfied needs influence behavior, satisfied needs do not.
• Since needs are many, they are arranged in order of importance, from the
basic to the complex.
• The person advances to the next level of needs only after the lower level
need is at least minimally satisfied.
• The further the progress up the hierarchy, the more individuality,
humanness and psychological health a person will show.
• The needs, listed from basic (lowest-earliest) to most complex (highest-
latest) are as follows:
o Safety
o Physiology
o Self-esteem
o Belongingness
o Self actualization
Herzberg’s two-factor Theory
The factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime, but "respect for me
as a person" is one of the top motivating factors at any stage of life.
He distinguished between:
The name Hygiene factors is used because, like hygiene, the presence will not
make you healthier, but absence can cause health deterioration.
Self-determination Theory
Broad Theories
What is Recession
A recession has many attributes that can occur simultaneously and includes
declines in coincident measures of activity such as employment, investment, and
corporate profits.
While the financial experts monitor and project the extent of an economic
slowdown, little doubt remains that the early years of this decade will likely feature
layoffs and restructuring across every industry. These staff reductions, or even the
anticipation of them, can have a dramatic influence on employee motivation and
productivity. Recognizing the warning signs of declining motivation and overall
morale can allow managers to respond quickly with intervention strategies aimed at
propping up declining productivity.
Dailey suggests that while employee motivation may lag for a time, some
incidental benefits to employers may include less tardiness and improved work
habits as employees position themselves to survive potential staff reductions. Few
employees will want to be perceived as marginal performers if the possibility of
recession and restructuring looms in the near future.
The real challenge for managers is to develop strategies aimed at protecting
employee motivation, despite the fear and concern normally attributed to tough
economic times. Dr. Larry Craft, developer of the Craft Personality Questionnaire
-- a tool that measures personality and motivation for pre-employment selection
systems, understands the impact of uncertainty on employee productivity.
According to Dr. Craft, companies looking to reduce expenses by slashing
personnel need to take a hard look at the impact on current and future employees
before choosing a course of action. "Future employees will tend to look for
companies that offer consistency and will likely shy away from jobs in the long run
where the potential for turnover is the highest." A company that receives media
attention for staff reductions may find that candidates are few and far between
when economic times allow for hiring increases.
Dr. Craft agrees however that most companies find it difficult to consider the
impact on hiring it will undertake after a recession when the numbers suggest the
need for staff reduction in the near term. His best advice is to understand the unique
personalities of current employees and open the lines of communication early to
avoid many of the problems associated with rumors and false claims.
Thousands of companies have used Dr. Craft's various testing services to do just
that in the last two decades, and many find that the resulting productivity requires
fewer staff reductions during tougher economic times. Rick Daughtrey, a
consultant with CraftSystems(800.228.5866) of Bradenton, Florida, suggests that
"it's really a matter of investing the time and resources on the right people and then
cultivating them along the way, therefore reducing the need for cutbacks because
the right people can typically pay for themselves over the long run."
Managers must learn to assess how they respond to good and bad economic times.
Too many companies over-hire in good times and quickly look to downsizing as a
temporary fix to slowing demand for their services. It has long been acknowledged
that employees are a company's most valuable assets, but many are slow to
recognize the full impact of these tough decisions on the motivation of surviving
employees. A carefully thought out plan can go a long way in preventing the
potential nightmare associated with cutting expenses while attempting to maintain
productivity.
Finally, the biggest threat to employee motivation may be a shift in focus to self-
preservation rather than team performance. What once was a finely tuned machine
may break down as the individual parts become more concerned with whether they
can meet their own goals, while failing to recognize that the team's performance
may be their greatest hope for individual survival. The lessons learned from the
early 1990s are simple: seek expert advice in selecting the right employees for jobs,
teach managers to incorporate an understanding of personality and motivation into
their communication, develop a game plan that utilizes cross-training to add
flexibility to existing staff, and if you must downsize, do it wisely and do it rarely.
Recession also helps companies to develop new ideas, techniques and innovate.
Amidst the pain of an economic downturn, comes an overlooked competitive
opportunity for companies: during recessions, only major innovations pass the test
of success. These are the kinds of innovations that can sweep away older business
models, creating a foundation for major growth that will endure long after the
downturn has passed
The history of recession is also the story of technology advances that overturned
the existing competitive order. Digital computers were born during the Great
Depression, the Ethernet during the 1970s oil crisis, the IBM personal computer in
the early 1980s recession, and the World Wide Web, which emerged from the
recession of the early 1990s. And it was during the last recession, in the early
2000s, that innovative companies began staking out new leadership positions via
the Internet. Apple, for instance, changed the business model in the music industry
when it launched its popular iPod music player, synched to its online iTunes music
store. Amazon.com pioneered commercial “cloud computing” by selling Web
services that tapped its huge in-house base of servers and other IT infrastructure.
Google, meanwhile, became an online industry leader by linking its search engine
to advertising.
Many of these technology building blocks also are helping companies navigate
through the current downturn: video conferencing is reducing travel costs, the Web
is furthering collaborative efforts and increasing the effectiveness of workers, and
many companies are mining and analyzing their unused data to find new customers
and better serve existing ones. To be sure, these are critical survival tools for tough
times. But it is by thinking through the recession that business leaders will discover
how technology will once again enable the successful business models of
tomorrow.
These days, with layoffs rampant and companies slashing budgets across the board
to weather the economic downturn, motivating employees has become harder than
ever. According to a survey of nearly 80,000 employees by the Corporate
Executive Board, one in every five employees now consider themselves disengaged
from their job, compared with one out of ten last summer. What's more, two out of
three companies surveyed in late 2008 by market research firm Quantum
Workplace had lower overall employee engagement scores compared with a year
earlier.
Some managers may feel that unmotivated employees are not a huge problem.
After all, where are they going to go in this crummy job market? But such an
attitude is short-sighted. The best employees are still in high demand, so if their
organization is not motivating them, they will move. The challenge, then, is not
only to get them to stay, but to shine.
Motivation in the current
scenario
Studies show that employees who are ‘engaged’ tend to be more committed to the
organisation’s future goals, are more productive and experience higher job
satisfaction. In the long term, it can also help retain employees.
As part of designing and delivering solutions, Four Soft Ltd interacts lot with their
customers and employees are encouraged to do this directly. Employees get to talk
to customers both in person and through electronic support, in terms of
understanding customers’ requirements, involving them for getting to test the
solutions built and also do joint- project management.”
Invest in people
Employee engagement can happen in various forms, but whichever be the form, it
has to be slowly built into the DNA of the organisation over time. “The people best
suited to flag problems and suggest improvements are those actually doing the job.
If the management thinks that only a few can think for the rest and also make
improvements on behalf of the rest, then the organisation is said to be having no
employee engagement programme or structure in place.
Some companies have suggestion schemes run at their office. The Toyota
Corporation in-house suggestion scheme generates over 2 million ideas a year.
Over 95 per cent of the workforce contributes suggestions; that works out to over
30 suggestions per worker per year. The most remarkable statistic from Toyota is
that over 90 per cent of the suggestions are implemented. Employers are going the
extra mile to bring the best to their employees, to build a nurturing, symbiotic
relationship with them. Like never before, employers are more sympathetic to their
wards’ needs — and many have instituted an entire department to foster this very
culture.
Companies need to understand that the today, the best places to work are the ones
that identify, encourage and celebrate individual potential. It is important to create
a learning curve for the employees and there are numerous opportunities specially
created for them to contribute not only in their regular work but other areas of
interest as well.”
Kansai Nerolac Paints has a dialogue process with the employees termed as HR
Connect. This ensures a clear two way communication with the employees and
also helps the management in understanding their perspective
Some companies also facilitate interest groups like culture club, reading club, quiz,
technical lectures, knowledge sharing sessions etc. which goes a long way in
engaging the employees. Some also organize wellness sessions and camps to Yoga
sessions for the employees.
Infosys believes that employees are their core assets and when then work towards
adopting best practices, it provides great encouragement and motivation to them. It
also helps them to foster a sense of ownership and belongingness with the
employees thereby establishing strong connect.
It helps the employee in achieving a sense of belonging to the company, helps them
perform better and encourage an open transparent culture. There is a sense of
increased interaction among members of different teams. Engaging with employees
helps create a high level of transparency and ownership. Employees better receive
organisation decisions and strategies and employees start demonstrating more
ownership in everything they do. The level of trust within the organisation also
improves significantly. All of this has a very high positive impact on employee
morale and retention. Employees feel they are part of a larger family and part of the
decision making process. They get the opportunity to connect with managers more
openly, proactively participate in organisational initiatives and share their ideas.
Employees see this as an avenue to a well-rounded career. There is clear and
mounting evidence that high levels of employee engagement keenly correlates to
individual, group and corporate performance in areas such as retention, turnover,
productivity, customer service and loyalty.
Organisations are looking more intently at the unique behaviours that drive
organisational performance that in turn requires a high performing and engaged
environment. “The changes in trends can be attributed to the change in times,
workforce and economic growth. Organisations are also looking at global best
practices that drive business performance and link engagement to business metrics
such as profitability, long-term share holder value and others, to understand the
impact of the organisation’s engagement to these business metrics and create
specific strategies to improve engagement
It is very important to understand that the ‘CEO’ does not stand for Chief
engagement officer. He or she is too busy figuring out how to keep the company
afloat to do much more than transmit a companywide e-mail or Webcast. Middle
Managers have to taken up the responsibility by their words and actions. This will
have a very positive impact on employee engagement. Thus to be very effective,
the Line Manager has to shoulder the responsibility to address the concerns
amongst employees.
Every company will not be in a position to make a huge equity grant at the
moment. Small gestures can go a lon way during difficult times. It is very
important to recognise your high performance employees and keep them motivated.
Some companies like Globoforce, which designs recognition programs for
companies like P&G & Dow Chemicals, allow employees to choose a reward they
want rather than co-workers or managers making the choice for them. A music
lover in accounts receivable, for example, might choose tickets to a concert, while a
food lover would get restaurant vouchers. Such freedom of choice can be much
more effective than the scattershot, ad hoc recognition (parties, celebrations) that
normally takes place in corporations.
Such programs are more valuable than ever in a recession, according to a study
conducted last fall by Towers Perrin that polled more than 10,000 respondents in
13 countries. (Globoforce, whose U.S. headquarters is in Boston, has closed several
deals in the first quarter of 2009 with clients like Celestica and The Hartford.)
Nearly half (49%) of U.S. companies have recognition programs, according to a
May 2008, study from Watson Wyatt. But those programs only target 10% of
employees in the U.S., compared with 36% at European firms, the survey found, so
there's an opportunity to enlarge their scope and effectiveness.
There are also risks associated with rewards. When managers dangle monetary
rewards, employee motivation can actually suffer says Charles Jacobs, author of
Management Rewired. It all has to do with how our brains are wired, When we're
focused on the work we're doing now, an area of the brain called the nucleus
accumbens releases dopamine, which pumps us up and gets the brain working
quickly. Focusing on an extrinsic reward, though, rather than work can be
counterproductive, according to Jacobs, as it diverts the brain's bandwidth from the
task at hand. "We like rewards and they work," Jacobs says. "But rewards can
distract us."
Research Methodology
Hypothesis
1) Motivational levels of employees decrease during the recessionary times
2) Organisations conduct various activities to motivate employees during
the downturn
Research Design
Survey was done on the target population through a questionnaire. The
questionnaire consisted of 20 questions and it was administered on 30 participants
Sample Design
The questionnaire was intended to study the motivational levels of employees
working in sectors like BPO, Aviation etc which was badly affected due to
recession. As the companies in these sectors were not very keen on providing
information with respect to the survey (Refer to Limitations on page 54), the
questionnaire was administered on 30 part time MBA students from a reputed
Business School. The respondents belonged to varied sectors viz BPO, FMCG, IT,
Banking etc.
There were 20 questions in all out of which 12 questions were objective types
categorized into 5 concepts viz
Role Clarity / Responsibility
Facilities / Support System
Recognition / Reward System
Team Work
Training & Development
The balance questions were to understand the effect on the respondent due to
recession and the initiatives undertaken by their companies to motivate the
employees.
It is very important that all employees are very clear about their roles and
responsibilities in the organization. It helps them in discharging their duties as per
their capabilities and motivates them to perform better.
The individual’s goals are always related to the organization’s goal. Hence the
management should see to it that clear cut roles and responsibilities are assigned to
each and every individual in the company.
The employee should know as to what is expected from him at work and his roles
and responsibilities should be detailed in advance.
Below is the response from respondents for the questions based on Goal Clarity /
Responsibility. The scores assigned for the responses based on awareness of
job/Goal/Responsibility are:
Low , 3%
Medium,
30%
Low
Medium
High
High, 67%
It was observed that 67% of respondents were very clear about their roles
and responsibility in the organization.
30% respondents felt that they were not that clear about their roles and
responsibilities
4% respondents were totally unaware about their roles and responsibilities
with respect to their job
Facilities / Support System
Proper facilities at the work place are very crucial for motivating employees and
thereby improving their morale and performance.
The company should provide basic facilities so that it improves the effectiveness of
the employees thereby enhancing the company’s overall performance and growth.
Advent of Technology has led to improvement in process and increase in efficiency
thus resulting in less wastage of time and resources.
Below is the response from respondents for the questions based on Facilities /
Support System. The scores assigned for the responses based on availability of
Facilities / Support System are:
Low
10%
Low
Medium Medium
High 33%
High
57%
57% respondents felt that they had the adequate systems and support
facilities in discharging their duties in the organization.
33% respondents felt that there were not adequate support and system
facilities at their workplace.
10% respondents said that their organization lacked the basic system and
support facilities
Recognition / Reward System
A good recognition and reward system is very important for the success of any
organization. It recognizes and rewards potential employees who had performed
exceedingly well in their job.
Below is the response from the respondents for the questions based on
Recognition / Reward System. The scores assigned for the responses based on
proper recognition / Reward system at their work place are:
Low
3%
High
37%
Low
Medium
High
Medium
60%
It was observed that only 37% respondents felt that their organization had
proper reward and recognition system. Also most of them were recognized
or rewarded for their efforts and performance in the last 6 months
60% respondents felt that that they are not fully satisfied with the reward
and recognition system at their workplace.
30% respondents felt that there is no proper reward and recognition system
at their workplace
Team work
Team work fosters the achievement of departmental goals and also motivates
employees for higher performance.
Below is the response from the respondents for the questions based on Team work.
The scores assigned for the responses based on Team work at their work place are:
Low
23%
Low
High Medium
Medium
60%
17% High
17% respondents felt that there is team-work in the organization but not
always.
Training helps in bridging the knowledge gap and provides the required skills and
expertise to the individual to perform his roles and responsibilities. It aids in the
development of the employee as well as the growth of the organization.
Below is the response from the respondents for the questions based on Training &
Development. The scores assigned for the responses based on Training &
Development at their work place are:
Medium Low
30% Medium
High High
60%
30% respondents felt that the training and development activities are not
conducted regularly and its not that effective
10% respondents said that their organization is not conducting any training
and developmental activities.
Preference ranked by respondents
(1 being the highest and 8 being the lowest)
Summary with respect to the preference given by the respondents
Respondents were asked to rank their preference with respect to the following
variables. (1 being the highest preferred and 8 the least preferred).
Compensation / Salary
Recognition / Promotion
Job / Responsibility
Job Security
Facilities
Perks
Others
Job profile / Responsibility was the 3rd best preferred motivating factor
Summary of Response with respect to Recession and its impact
70% respondents said that they have been impacted due to recession. Some
have lost on perks and some respondents did not receive any
promotion/increment last year
Motivation level in almost 50% of cases has remained same post recession. In
30% cases, it was low and 20% respondents felt that the motivational level
increased
Some of the initiatives that companies are undertaking in this period are
o Cost Cutting with respect to travel
Video-conferencing facility used
Travel only by economy class and only if urgent
o Centralizing most operations
o Cutting down on incentives
o Training
o Restructuring of operations
Conclusion
The hypothesis that motivational levels decrease during recessionary times were
found not true as almost 50% respondents felt that the motivational levels has
remained unchanged.
Employees are the key for the survival of the company during recession. It is very
important for the organization to realize the importance of motivating employees
during the downturn.
Motivated employees will positively impact the top line and bottom line of the
company. It will help the company in negotiating the downturn crisis in the short
run and build a respectable and profitable organization in the long run.
The sample population cannot be treated as the full population hence the
response gathered cannot be considered applicable to all companies in India.
The sample size does not cover all sectors in the Indian Industry
Most companies are reluctant to give any information with respect to the steps
undertaken by them to counter recession
Bibliography
1. www.wikipedia.org
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE
Name
Company
Sector
Department
Designation
Q.2 I have the materials and equipment that I need to do my work right
Q.3 At work, I have the opportunity to do what I can do best every day
Q.9 Along with me, my associates and fellow employees are committed to
doing quality job
Q.11 In the last 6 months, someone at work has talked to me about my progress
Q.12 In the last 2 years, I have had opportunities at work to learn and grow
Yes No Not Sure
Yes No
a. ___________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________
d. ___________________________________________________
e. ___________________________________________________
Q.20 Your consistent high level of performance has been rewarded with
a. ___________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________
d. ___________________________________________________
e. ___________________________________________________
#### T H A N K Y O U ####