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  • Concrete Design For Civil & Structural PE Exams (Prestressed Concrete)

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    Nayeemuddin Khaja
    113 Ansichten14 Seiten
    Design Examples of post-tension

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    Concrete Design for Civil & Structural PE Exams (Prestressed Concrete)

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    Design Examples of post-tension

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    113 Ansichten14 Seiten

    Concrete Design For Civil & Structural PE Exams (Prestressed Concrete)

    Hochgeladen von

    Nayeemuddin Khaja
    Design Examples of post-tension

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    von 14
    10 Prestressed Concrete ‘There are two general methods to overcome the rela- tively small tensile strength of concrete, * Provide reinforcement that wil esisttensi ‘the conerete cracks. ' Prestress the sogions that are subject to tensile stress under applied loads by deliberately nding, compression stresses, Chapters 1 through 9 of this book have treated the first approach. This chapter summarizes the fuudamen- tals of the second approach, after 1. Prestressing Methods Pretensioning and post-teasioning are the two general methods of prestresing concrete. For pretensioned concrete, high-steength steel strands are stretched and temporarily anchored before casting the concrete. Figure 10.1 shows the operation schematically, When the concrote is sufficiently hart ned, the strands are cut. The initial tension in the sMretchod strands transfers into the end regions of the "uweaber and induces stresses. Ifthe strand foree nets ec centrieally to the center of gravity of the section, which is the usual ease, It induces additional stiesses to coun texact stresses due to both axial compression and bend ing. Protensioning is an sitractive approach far several | ¢ Fabrication is normally done in plants, whi pets units better quality control of materials al worke manship. 2.» Coniovents are standard, whic per Scent une and reuse of formork. (Chapter of? shows typi ed for preten- sioned members. Concrete will bond to the stel strands as ft hard- ens. ‘This provides corrosion resistance and en- sures strain compatibility between the steel and ‘the concrete at ritical lations, a strand anchorage 1. sttetch and anchor strands 2 for, eas, and cure component [—] 3. eu strands abutment | fre wanatertonath EN ete 4 pretension in strand Wansfes ta concrete ‘vera shor Teng ‘Figure 101 Schematic of Pretensioning Operation Au entire group of strands is a tendon, ‘The dashed line representing the center of gravity ofall prestressed stee! at a section shows the tendon profile. This lin the centroid of prestess, and Is typically label [center of gravity of stel). ‘The distance from tht een troid of concrete (typically labeled gil for centroid of grass concrote section) to the centFURl of prosteess Is the; 3 a section PPost-teusioning is the practice of stressing the ten don in a member after the conerete hardens. Strands ‘enclosed in flexible sheaths or conduits are positioned in a desired profile, and the concrete is cast su cured to achieve a desired strength, The strands are thea stretched and anchored using an appropriate anchorage system. After anchorage, grout is Sometimes pumped into the conduits to fill the inner space and encase the strands After hardening, the grout provides enerosion protec. ‘don and provides bond hetween the straicls atid the surrounding concrete. Alterastively, especially for si fle strands, grouting is omitted, leaving, an unbonded strand, and tho strand is coated with compounds that provide cocrosion protection. ‘The Post-Tensioning Ine stitute’s PTY Post-Tensioning Marsal shows a variety of systems for post-tensioning 3 ™ Concrete Design forthe Civil and Structural PE Exams Post-tensioning bas several advantages over preen- soning } Reactive forces ace applied dicecty tothe han- 7 ened ‘concrete, which means that the operation can bre done without special end abutments Yo Sean can bine curved profes that better match the demands ofthe external loadings. » Continuous systems are relator easy and eco tomical to construc Among the relative disadvantages of pos-ensoning [at thee (Friction forces develop betwoon the strands and conduits that ease les of pst. + Strands ee either unbonded or require grouting to ackinwe bon. 4 Beemsepot-tensioning i fied operation, qual ity conto x unolly nots good as fr placa members. 2. Materials ‘The concrete used in prestremed members i similar to that used for reinforeed concrete members, as su marized in Ch, 1. Stoel used for prestressing, how ‘cer, is significantly different from the mill stecl used in conventionally reinforced members Vhile there are many types of steels used for pre= stressing, the most widely used in modem construe- tion is a seven-aire strand that consists of sic round Cor early round vires helically wrapped around a cet ter wite, For modern construction, grade 270 strand is most common, and is available in diameters ranging from Ya in to 06 in. Figure 10.2 shows qualitatively the strosestrain re- Jatiouships for a grade 60 sobar and a grade 270 seve wite strand. ‘The grade 270 strand has aver ve times the tensile strength of the rebar, but the eold drawing ‘of the wire siguifcantly reduees the strand's ductility ‘compared to that of the rebar. Purtherimote, the a Fangement of the wites eauses an apparent deviation in the modulus of elasticity eompared to that of a solid steo! bar. Most important from a design standpoint, the sade 270 strand does not have the well-defined yield plateau of a rebar. ‘The stres-strain relationship for prestressing strand is nonlinear ovee much of the range that is ituportant for asscssing member strength Reasonable approximations of the average stres-rain relationship for grade 270, strands are (according to Fre = 2880p iP epu < 0.00557 Pe oot ct Meno > 000s 102 fig = 270 zfo oh 250Ki Strad fs22— Sg Gis — 90064 strand stress in ksi is stonnd strain, and He strands modulus of elastic- milar expressions sre available for other types of prestressing stool, rade 270 prosessing sand =f proportions ait = 08 = 245 ks} f= e01ai = 29000 esi igure 10.2 Comporatve tes Stain Curves for Grade 60 Rebar and Grade 270 tow-Relaxaton Stand 3. Changes in Prestress Force with Time One complicating factor associated with prestrasand fonerete is that the force in the non changes with time. The change is mostly in the di rection of diminishing force, but the application of e temal losds may cause tensile strains in the tendons that increase the force slightly. Losses occur at fast ‘ate initially but gradually diminish to achieve a stead state after several years. ‘The strethat remains at the oad toi aed he ARSENE is convenient to describe the chauges for pretensined and post-tensioned members separately, ‘A. Pretensioned Members Protensioned members typically have strands that are several hundred fee in length ding the pretenson- Steel stressed to such high stress is subject to relax: ation, which is a time-dependent loss of stress uncer ‘essentially constant strain, Thi stress loss occurs ini tially at fast rate and gradually diminishes to a neg. ligible rate. The grade 270 strands currently used are clasified ws low-telaxation, which limits the maximum relaxation loss to about & ksi overtime, ‘When stress transfor into the member, reductions in tensile strains in the bonded tendons match the-eom- pressive strains, resulting in. oss of prestreas due to @Ushiggghosiening. Behavior at this stage is linearly bpp 28,800 Eps [) t E pr© R221 Gdaceins [7 Ep oeid WO Prestressed Concrete lost and the loss of prestress due to elastic shorten- ing is determined using basic equations of stenth of materials. As subsequent external losds are applied to the member (for example, superimposed dead and live lout), the strain in the vendon may increase resnlting in an elastic gain of sess, Over the first few years of service, subsequent losses of prestress occur due to ereep, shrinkage, and celax- tation of steel. These time-dependent losses are inter. dependent aud are dificult to estimate with precision, Recommended mej imating the Insses are sxailable (soe the 7, but detailed estimates are seldom needed i desig. Com mon practice is 0 take imated as, losses that are (For example, the stress for grade 270 low-relaxation strand immediately after transfer Is estimated as (0.9}(202 kip/in*) = 182 ksi) Adaitlonal loss due to creep, shrinkage, and relax- ‘ation occurs aver tine, which gives a steady-state effec. tive prestress in the range of 159 ksi to 100 ksh The magnitude of the effective prestress affects the com- uted stresses and deflections in a member under service loads, but has practically no effect on the strength of a prestressed member, B, Post-tensioned Members ‘The losses of prestress in post-tensioned meubers due ‘to creep, shrinkage, and relaxation are sila to those for pretensioned members. However, there are signif icant diferences between the two, In most eases, the strands in post-tensioned members are shorter than pretenstoned members. Consequently, the loss of pre stvess tht occurs when the strand anclors I greater in 8 post-tensioned momber. Since stress transfers directly to a post-tensioned membor as strands are stressed, there is no clastic shortening loss when a patticular strand Is stressed In many cases, post-tensioned strands are stresed ‘sequentially aud the first strand to be stressed shortens | loses stress as stress is applied to each subsea strand. Thus if there strands have curvature that) creates Strning proces. The fcton fom ees associated with ascidental wobble over the projected length of stron plus the losses due to deliberate ct vate. tunately, as noted for pretensioned members, & precise estimate of presress loss is usually unnecessaey and lump sum losses apply to most practical designs Examples In the rest of this chapter follow this ap. proach * 4. Servceablity of Prestressed Members, (g- 38 -- ACL ACL 318 nis the behavior of pretences at all critical service load stages. ‘Typically this involves ‘checking stresses and dellections immediately after the transfer of prestress, when the concrete Is teatively ‘weak and the prostross force is largest and again under te service loads when al losses have oceurted (the con- crete has reached its design strength and the prestress is at its effective value A distinction is made among three classes of meu bers jeracked. The computed tensile sess ress zane - iG in the precompressed 2one ix me a ecopresed aos i eater than LBV Ernie entreaties In prac- oe, there are few application for Class C members and they will not be considered further in this book, In analyz nembers for sexvicenbil- ity, ACI permits the assumption that an uncracked soo. tion will show linea elastic behavior. Ina strict sense, a ‘transformed area is needed to account for the differences i elastic properties of steel and concrete. However long history of satishitory performance based on anal ysis of the gross concrete soction has justified using this Simpler approach. The basic assumptions for Class 13 and TT analysis are as follows o + Linear elastic behavior hased on the gross concrete ross section applies. Strains vary linearly through the cross section Changes in steel stress due to beading are stall and may be neglected ‘The angle, a, botwwen the exntroid of gross com crete section (eg..) and the tendon (ees) is small enough that Z o ° Subject to these asumptions, the normal stress at sven section ean be computed a5 8 the prestress force at.the stage of investigation, Ads gross concrete area. Mis the total moment taken ‘bout the e.g. and includes all actions dae to prestress Profesional pubcations, In, , = 0.00207 03 0.003) (45 =) (0.008) 22 in 6.56 in) a6 i = 0.0071 Eps = (Gee + Eve) + Eon = 0.0085 + 0.0071 = 0121 > 0.0086 0.04 Jen i kip 0.04 SE =279 SP __" in? _ in? 00131 ~ 0.007 = 262 ksi ‘Thus, the process converges. ‘The neutral axis is well ‘above the ledger, so the compression region is rectangy- lar with 16 in wideh as assumed. The nominal strength Mn = Spurs (Up -$) + Soda (a3) = (08) a2 (aw 28) + (8) ox (te 5288 = ca ain) (5%) = 858 fe-kip B, Duclity Considerations Ductility criteria with respect to achieving a desired strain in the reinforcement are the same for prestressed members for conven 3! Increasing linearly ‘Requirements on minimum reinforcement take a dif ferent form for prestrssod beams than they do for co ventionally reinforced beams. Tustend of jgyposing. a ‘minimum steel requirement, ures ‘that the cracking moment of the member must be at least 20% larger than the caleulated strength. ‘That is, onal moment Profesional Pubieatons In 10 Prestressed Concrete a Check the requsemea: in By, 107 My > L2Mee eas (eaves) 2.2100 6) Ducty Requirements fora Presesed Beam 2 kip 300 kip For the beam analyzed in Bx, 10.4, the area of the gross The requirement satisfied. The design flexural \) section is 604 in, the centroid of the gross section is strength is 502 f-kip. ei sot Ek ee Apa aig ents Fee eens. Deterine the denn fee © For unbouded tendons, und fr many’ practical cases in r Solution: ‘Sec. 18.7. ‘The increment of strain in the prestressing steel ens For # without compression stel, hav- computed in Bx 10 nd od pe ing an eflertive psec of the appr: bcos ot hopin mond ereng i calctlated cu oor, / from ACI Ei. 1p ‘This exceeds the limit of 0.005 for # tension-controlied failure; therefore, a (factor of 0.9 applies.”/ ‘The exacking moment is the external bending moment for grade 270 low-relaxation strand, that overcomes the precompression stress on the bottom grade 270 stress-relieved strand, anc for fiber and poodvcs a tensile srs equal tthe modelos gre 250 stresezaived strand. The of ruptre, The moda of rapt is 5 RTS nae. are sVE ole 9 ae 2 int (Go00 mi Gt ony oe If the ompresion ste index is nonzero, then addi ‘Caleulate the precompression stress on the bottom fiber tional requirements apply eae ts me 1 (tes (f)o-wn) 00m core (» wy (122 in?) ay co 2 “Th sts at nominal moment strength in te as ye? ven by vither of two expresions. Whon the 2 Sririo-depth ati ie les than oF equal to 38, 183 kip ~ (188 kip)(&. in)(10:3 _ by ‘ Min 25,000 in™ fu +10 000 BF 4 ( Speer gS = 102 ksi At be, f v eh iy / “ar Fil the cracking moment : Soe 00,000 } Mao 5 5-4 i ys . ‘When the span-to-depth ratio exceeds 35, 1 =(Z)u-s wf 7 Spe ta (B)e-9 qranatl gf? Se ySS B00P» | “Pop (eam) a. (Va Sain i | = 300 Fkip Jee 30000 Profesional Publications, tn. 2 Concrete Design forthe Civil and Structural PE Exams xample 106 ‘Nominal Moment Strength Using ACI ‘Approximate Equations. Recompute the strand stress at nominal moment strength for the beam in Ex. Wl using the ACT ap- proximate equations to corpus tendan Solution ‘The beam does not contain compression steel, so the compression steel index, 0 is 2ev0, From Eq. 10.9, the tension steel index for the mild steel is Se bef (0.62 in?) (60, (a6 inj(ae = 0.020 The strand steess is 19s ‘Thus, the stress calewlated by the ACT equation is 5% lower than the value obtained by the general strain compatiblity method, 262 ksi. Furthermore, ACI See. 18.7.3 prevents ineluding the mild stoel in the compu- tation of M,, without doing a steain compatiblity anal- 3. Shear Strength of Prestressed Members ACI See. 1L.1 gives the shear strength requirement for 4 prestressed beam in the same form as for conven inforeed member. Yes oWe+%) tos Vis calculated using the same truss model ns for non- prestressed beams. Acfutt v= Ae oa re ido {AC} in te vicinity of supports, the factored shea is = mite ‘as alone distance fom eompreion ee 8 to th bf prestressed and non-prestressed reinforcement, butind less than OSA. 9,4 tn iew ofa more deta says, the contribu) tion of conte to shear rexstance sven ACI Sec. BY ‘_ | (0 ns 1 “ey ow 2VFibed wR M, is the fuctored moment occugegi simultane. ously with Vi. The GOO Rin « Stirups are not required if. ler ze man be oid pcg / 5, Which is uot to exeoed min (0.75h, 24 im) ff Vs < AV Feud) min (0.8754, 12 In) | [Vs > 4y/Fbvd| (ch) SOAs hyd [ou Apefew ample 107 Shear Reinforcement ina Pressed Beam A simply supported rctanglar beam spens 28 and barn on § i wide neoprene pads as shown. ‘The given Ions are factored gravity oad, The eam i 12 in wide 25 in overall depths is pretend ith 12 gree Fp 24 niamoter stright strands tn exenttty Epes mal weir ar con Compre the reuired mating of Supe ih sree of 6D aN a at ye Ba Of maxim design shear i ‘Profesional Publications, ne 10 Prestressed Concrete 33 (notte seni Vel een section 70Kio i Solution: ‘The most: critical section for shear occurs at h/? fom (23**) (es) a tical section is "The factored shear foree at the ‘The factored moment at the critical seetion ix Mg = Blt a ) (28 (1.5 ft) (ote) as? 2 a 904 help c Pe ae ee een aerinat pala : pera 2 230 ~“ 224in ‘The shear resisted by concrete is given in ACI 11.4.2. % v 1k (625 ip)(23 in) Gas) Vad i

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