Mineral. Deposita (Berl.

) 7, 202--216 (1972)
© by Springer-Verlag 1972

Central and West African Rare-Metal Granitic Pegmatites,

Related Aplites, Quartz Veins and Mineral Deposits
N. VARIbAMOFF
White Plains, N e w York, USA

The author summarises the results of his studies of Central and West African
rare-metal pegmatites and supplements them by the newest datas obtained by
H. Adam in Ivory Coast. He compares then the classification of African rare-
metal pegmatites with the classifications obtained in U. S. S. R., in U.S.A. and
in Canada for the same kind of pegmatites. The author's conclusions may be
summarised as follows: (a) The rare-metal pegmatite types succeed each other
in a more or less defined order which is independent from the ages of the
orogenies as well as from the nature and from the degree of metamorphism
of enclosing rocks. (b) The spatial distribution of the rare-metal pegmatite
types in or around the granitic intrusions depends from the depth at which
the parent granites are crystallizing. -- When the granites are crystallizing at
relatively shallow depths, the rare-metal pegmatites and partially the quartz
veins and the associated mineralizations are located in the granitic bodies them
selves. When the granites are crystallizing at more and more greather depths,
the rare-metal pegmatites, the quartz veins and the associated mineralizations
as well as the secondary phenomena such as albitization and greisenization
are no more restricted to the granitic intrusions, but with the increasing depth
of their crystallization are more and more penetrating in the roofs of the
granitic cupolas. In addition it must be underlined that in granites crystallizing
at shallow depths, the dimensions of the individual pegmatites are small and
have no economic value; the rare-metal pegmatites associated with granitic
intrusions crystallizing at greather depths may reach gigantic dimensions and
certain types may be mined for tin, niobium, tantalum, beryl and lithium
minerals; (c) In the same metallogenic province may co-exist granitic intru-
sions having crystallized at diffrent depths or at diffrent geological ages. To
each depth of crystallization of the granitic intrusions corresponds a specific
spatial distribution pattern of rare-metal pegmatites characterized by the
distance of different pegmatite types to the granitic contacts as well as by the
dimensions of the pegmatite types and by the size of their minerals. This may
outline a special zonation within a metallogenic province. -- At the eed of
the paper, the author gives a comparison of Central and West African rare-
metal pegmatite type classification with similar classifications obtained in
U. S. S.R., in U.S.A. and in Canada. From this comparison it results that the
evolution of the pegmatitic process remains the same throughout geological
epochs and is independent of the nature of the enclosing rocks. The magnitude
and the fiallness of this process are depending from the depth of crystallization
of the granitic intrusions.

L'auteur r6sume ses observations sur les pegmatites ~ m&aux rares du centre
et de l'ouest africain, il les compl&e par des nouvelles donn~es et notamment
par celles de H. Adam, relatives ~ la C6te d'Ivoire et les compare aux donn6es
obtenues sur d'autres continents et notamment en URSS, au Canada et aux
Etats Unis. -- Les conclusions relatives aux pegmatites ~ m&aux rares du
Central and West African Rare-Metal 203

centre et de l'ouest africain sont r6sum4es ci-dessous: (a) les types de pegma-
rites ~ m6taux rares se succhdent dans nn ordre d6termin6 ind4pendant de
l'fige, de la nature et du degr4 de m6tamorphisme des roches dans lesquelles
elles cristallisent; (b) la r6partition spatiale ou la zon4ographie des types de
pegmatites ~ m4taux rares d4pend de la profondeur de la mise en place des
intrusions grani~iques auxquelles les pegmatites sont associ6es. Lorsque les
intrusions granitiques cristallisent h faible profondeur, les pegmatites et par-
tiellement les filons de quartz avec lenrs min4ralisations sont contenus dans
les granites. Lorsque les granites cristallisent ~ des profondeurs de plus en
pins grandes, les pegmatites ~ m4taux rares, les filons de quartz et les min4rali-
sations de columbo-tantalite, de b6ryl, de minerals lithiqnes, de cassit6rite et
de wolfram, quitrent les granites et, ~ mesure que la profondeur de raise en
place augmente, se loca!isent de plus en pins loin des contacts dans les roches
encaissantes; de pins, dans les granites de faible profondeur, les dimensions
des pegmatites ~ m6taux rares sont tr~s faibles; les pegmatites associ~es avec
des intrusions plus profondes peuvent atteindre des dimensions g6antes de
m4me leurs min4raux. Settles ces dernihres offrent un int6r4t 4conomique;
(c) dans une m~me province m6tallog6nique, on peut rencontrer des intrusions
granitiques raises en place ~ des profondeurs diff6rentes et, parfois, ~ des
4poques diff4rentes. A chaque profondeur de raise en place correspond une
distribution spatiale particulihre des types de pegmatites ~t m6taux rares,
caract4ris4s par leurs dimensions et par la grandeur des min4raux individuels. --
Ces distributions spatiales diff&entes des types de pegmatites, jointes aux
diff4rences des dimensions des pegmatites et de leurs min4raux peuvent, /~
leur tour, dessiner une zonation ~ l'int6rieur d'une province m4tallog6nique. --
A la fin de la note, l'auteur fait une comparaison rapide de la classification des
types de pegmatites ~ m4taux rares du centre et de l'ouest africain avec les
classifications de la m4me cat6gorie des pegmatites de I'URSS, du Canada et
des l~tats Unis. De cette comparaison il en r6sulte que le processus pegmatitique
6volue de manihre trhs semblable h travers les 6poques g6ologiques ind4pen-
damment de la nature des roches encaissantes; mais l'ampleur du processus
d4pend de la profondeur de la raise en place des intrusions granitiques aux-
quelles !es pegmatites sont associ6es.

I. I n t r o d u c t i o n of average depths (four to six kilometres)

Granitic pegmatites may be subdivided as
follows (V. V. ARKHANGUELSKAIA, A. I.
GUINSBURG, I. V. DAVlDENKO and G. G. R o 3 -
IO~OV 1964) :
- - pegmatites characterized by rare-earth
minerals linked with syntectonic granitoids of
very great depths (more than eight kilometres)
found in rocks undergoing ultra-metamor-
phism of granulitic facies;
-- pegmatites with industrial muscovite con-
nected with syntectonic granitoids of great
depths (seven to six kilometres) embodied in
rocks undergoing regional metamorphism of
staurolite-andalusite facies ;
- - pegmatites with rare-metal minerals such as
cassiterite, columbo-tantalite, petalite, micro-
lite, beryl, spodumene, amblygonite, lepidolite,
etc. closely related to post-tectonic granitoids
intruded in rocks undergoing regional meta-
morphism of cordierite-antophyllite-spotted
schist facies;
-- pegmatites with vugs and openings contain-
ing optic quality crystals of quartz, fluorite,
calcite, etc. located in shallow-seated granitoids
(two to four kilometres) intruded in rocks
undergoing regional metamorphism of chlorite-
sericite facies.
I n Central and West Africa, rare-metal peg-
matites, related aplites, quartz veins and
associated mineralizations of tin, tungsten,
niobium, tantalum, beryllium, lithium, rubi-
dium, etc. are dominant, while pegmatites with
industrial muscovite exist in Eastern Africa
(Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania) and Madagascar
in different geological conditions.
I n the present communication, the author
summarizes his studies of Central and West
204
African rare-metal pegmatites, emphasizing the
classification of their types, their regional
zoning, thdr spatial distribution with respect
to different orogenies and to different depths
of intrusioix of the parent granites. A brief
comparison with similar works performed in
the USA, Canada and the USSR shows that
the rare-metal pegmatites have a general trend
of evolution which remains the same through-
out different orogenies, regardless of the rocks
in which they are situated.
II. Types of Central and West African
Rare-Metal Granitic Pegmatites
(for location, see Fig. 1)
One of the most striking features of African
rare-metal pegmatites is their well-developed
regional zoning. The internal zoning is general-
ly less prominent and appears only in certain
types of pegmatites. This fact has been ob-
served independently in different parts of
Africa T. W. GEVEI~S(1936) and GEVEI~Set al.
(1937) first subdivided the South African
pegmatites in respect to the granitic contacts
in internal, marginal and external types. Sub-
sequently, R. JacoBsox and J. S. WeBB (1946)
adopted the same classification for the pegma-
rites of Central Nigeria. The author began his
studies of regional zoning in 1939 in Maniema,
Kivu and Katanga in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo and after 1952, in what was then
the French Overseas Territories of Africa and
Madagascar (N. VARLAMOFe1948--1971).
Regional zoning of pegmatites results from
the succession of well-defined pegmatite types
differing in their size and their mineral com-
position as well as in their structural aspects.
The concept of interior, marginal and exterior
pegmatites is certainly correct on a local scale
but it has been noted in the Democratic Repu-
blic of the Congo, as well as in pegmatite types
of Rwanda, Burundi and the Ivory Coast, that
there are some regions where they are all
internal and others where they are all external.
The author has tried to establish a broad classi-
fication of pegmatite types regardless of their
position in respect to granitic contacts (N.
VA~.Lalviolq~ 1948, 1950, 1954, 1960 and 1971).
The classification is based mainly on minerals
that will withstand the African climate and
that may be easily identified in the field, such
N. VA~A~tOVV
as: quartz, micas, tourmalines of different
colors, beryl, spodumene, amblygonite, apatite,
cassiterite, coltlmbo-tantalite, wolframite and
microlite. When the structures have been
recognizable, they have also been considered;
for instance, graphic structures : quartz-
feldspar, quartz-tourmaline, quartz-muscovite,
grain size, etc. In outcrops, the feldspars are
generally altered.
The author's classification is summarized
below, beginning with the shallowest and
proceeding to the deepest pegmatites (see also
the spatial distribution of pegmatite types in
Fig. 2):
Type 9: Quartz veins with cassiterite or xvith
cassiterite and wolframite, or with wolframite,
ferberite and scheelite (or anthoinite in the
weathered zone).
Type 8: Quartz veins with muscovite and
cassiterite.
Type 7--8: Quartz veins with large crystals of
microcline with some muscovite and cassi-
terite.
Type 7: Pegmatites partially or completely
albitized with quartz, spodumene and musco-
vite; greisenization is subordinate. In the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda,
Burundi and Uganda, this type of pegmatite
also contains workable deposits of cassiterite,
columbo-tantalite and some white beryl in
centimetric prisms.
Type 6: Pegmatites with large prisms of beryl,
large crystals of amblygonite or spodumene
or both, columbo-tantalite and microlite. Fre-
quently well-zoned with quartz core or large
quartz concentrations. Moderate albitization
and greisenization. In certain cases, green
tourmaline and lepidolite.
Type 5: Pegmatite with abundant muscovite
(of non-industrial quality), quartz, microcline,
small and rare prisms of beryl; beginning of
albitization.
Type 4: Pegmatites with muscovite and black
tourmaline scattered throughout the pegmatite.
Type 3: Pegmatites with muscovite, biotite
and black tourmaline scattered throughout the
pegmatite.
Central and West A{rican Rare-Metal 205

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Fig. 1.1. iV[aniema; 2. K i v u ; 3. Rwanda-Burnndi; 4. Uganda; 5. Katanga; 6. Ivory Coast; 7. Senegal-

Mali border; 7a. Mall, Bougoumi; 8. Nigeria; 9. Dahomey; 10. T o g o ; 11. Mauritania; 12. Chad,
Tibesti; 13. Central African Republic; 14. Cameroon, Mayo Darl~; 15. Egypt; 16. Chad old granite
pegmatites; 17. Mali, Adrar des Iforas; 18. Algeria, Ahaggar
206
Type 2: Pegmatites with biotite and black
tourmaline; abundant graphic structures :
quartz-feldspar and quartz-tourmaline.
Type 1: Pegmatites with microcline, plagio-
clases, biotite and small amounts of quartz.
Type 0: In Central African Republic, Chad and
Ivory Coast, pegmatites with microdine,
plagiodases, biotite and magnetite.
The spatial distribution of pegmatite types in
or around the granitic intrusions of the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi
and Uganda is schematized in Fig. 2. It must
be noted that these types, and particularly
types 5, 6 and 7, may be divided into sub-types.
Certain types will be represented to a greater
or lesser extent and will be more or less
individualized than others. However, the
general trend of evolution from one region or
from one orogeny to another remains the same
and is similar to the succession of pegmatite
types outlined in Fig. 2.
This classification is in no way theoretical. It
is based on numerous field operations under-
taken by the author himself or by his colleagues.
However, it is based on minerals listed by A. E.
FERSVIAN (1931 and 1934) as "typomorphic",
in his theoretical classifications of pegmatites,
so that the pegmatite types defined above
correspond roughly to the types defined by
him.
As the classifications of Soviet authors such as
K. A. VLASOV (1946--1953); A. I. GUINSBURG
(1955--1960); N. A. SOLODOV(1962) and I. B.
NEDUMOV (1964) and many others took their
inspiration from A. E. FISgSMAN'S works,
comparisons with the author's classification,
mentioned above, are relatively easy.
III. Spatial Distribution or Regional
Zoning of Rare-Metal Pegmatite Types,
Quartz Veins and Associated
Mineralizations in and Around Granitic
Intrusions
(Figs. 2, 3 and 4)
The succession of pegmatite types remains
remarkably constant throughout different geo-
logical conditions of intrusions and various
enclosing rocks but their position in respect
to granitic contacts depends on the depth at
which the granitic magma crystallize. In
N. Va~La~o~
shallow-seated intrusions, quartz veins and all
pegmatites are located in the granite below the
contacts; in intrusions of average depths,
quartz veins and pegmatites of types 7, 6 and
5 are located in the cupolas of roof rocks; in
relatively deep-seated intrusions, quartz veins
and nearly all the pegmatite types are located
in the roof rocks, with only types 0 and 1
remaining in the granite. The pegmatites are
preceded or accompanied by aplites, mainly
in shallow intrusions; in deeper intrusions,
aplites are less frequently found. It has been
noticed that in shallow intrusions, the mineral-
ogical composition of aplites is not constant;
it resembles in general that of the correspond-
ing pegmatite types (N. Val~LA~aOlq~1954).
To substantiate the author's classification
system, examples h a v e been taken from
different countries, from various orogenies and
reactivated platform regions.
1. Maniema, Kivu (Democratic Republic of the
Congo), Rwanda and Burundi; Burundian orogeny
(N. VAI~LaMOFF 1948--1971) (Fig. 2): This
region of the African platform is divided into
at least three separate blocks: Maniema, Kivu
and Rwanda-Burundi. The regional meta-
morphism, the differentiation of granites and
the location of pegmatites are different in each
block. These blocks may be juxtaposed parts
of a geosyncline or of a tectonically and
magmatically reactivated zone.
a) In Maniema, regional metamorphism is weak.
It is more greatly accentuated in Kivu and is
stronger in Rwanda and Burundi but is still of
an epizonal nature. Contact metamorphism
follows the same trend. Maniema granites are
strongly differentiated, showing in the cupolas
coarse-grained muscovite varieties. In Kivu,
the differentiation is weaker and in Rwanda
and Burundi, it is no longer a characteristic
feature. The granites are post-tectonic.
The spatial distribution of the pegmatites,
quartz veins, mineralizations and secondary
phenomena such as greisenizafion, albitization
and lepidolitization is schematized in Fig. 2.
In addition, it must be noted that in Maniema,
the size of the pegmatites is reduced to a few
metres in thickness and a few tens of metres in
length; aplites and transitions from aplites
into pegmatites are frequent (N. V~l~LaMOlq~
1954a); the mineralogical composition of the
Central and West African Rare-Metal 207

El

Maniema Kivu Rwanda

,~ lV][twaba ~~ Manono ~
~ ~ ~ ~, ?~ ~1.~ ~
~ ~ %. ~0~0 ~~, ~ ~
~:¢~'~ ,~ ~ , ~ ~

X ~....~-,
--~ ~
~', :'~"~"~ c,.
~ ~"~ ~ ~
'-0-~ ~-0
~1
~
,.i
,'.,
.~ ~0 ,~0 ~o -
-,

Type1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4. Type 5 Type 6

I~-1 IT1 l--T-1 IT1 IT] IT1

Type? Type 7-8 Type8-9 T n" Trr
F-~ [--~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Fig. 2. Distribution of rare metal pegmatite types in or around the granitic
intrusions of the Congo Democratic Republic,~Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda.
-- Type 1: Biotite pegmatites; Type 2: Biotite and tourmaline pegmatites
with strong development of graphic structures quartz-feldspar and quartz
tourmaline; Type 3: Muscovite, tourmaline and biotite pegmatites with
graphic feldspars; Type 4: Muscovite and tourmaline pegmatites; Type
5: Muscovite pegmatites; Type 6: Zoned pegmatite, frequently with quartz
core, with gigantic crystals of amblygonite and spodumene, pockets of
big prisms of beryl, low contents of cassiterite, columbo-tantalite and
microlite; Type 7: Strongly or completely albitized pegmatites with
spodumene, muscovite, rare lepidolite, small prisms of white or greenish
beryl, cassiterite and columbo-tantalite; Type 7 - 8 : Quartz veins with crystals
of microcline frequently strongly albitized, with muscovite and cassiterite;
Type 8--9 : Quartz veins with scheelite (anthoinite), ferberite with or without
cassiterite passing in depth to quartz veins with muscovite, cassiterite
and minor xvoEramite. -- I. Pegmatites with some internal zoning and quartz
core or quartz pockets; II. Parts affected by albitization; III. Parts affected
by greisenization. -- A. Intensity of greisenization process; B. Intensity of
albitization process
208
aplites corresponds to that of the pegmatites of
the same zone. The mineralization of cassiterite
and wolframite is associated main]y with quartz
veins and greisens, less with pegmatites and
albitization. It must be emphasized that
greisenization and albitization affect not only
pegmatites but also granite cupolas.
b) In the Kivu region, (Fig. 2), pegmatite types 5,
6, 7, 7--8, and 8--9 are located well above the
contact of granitic intrusions. The vertical
distance between types 7 and 7--8 and the
contacts may range from 250--350 metres
(N. VARLAMOFF 1971). The thickness of
pegmafite types 6 and 7 ranges up to 10
metres and the length may reach 100 metres.
Secondary phenomena such as albitizafion,
greisenization and the associated mineralization
of cassiterite, columbo-tantalite, microlite and
wolframite are located above the contacts and
are found mainly in pegmatite types 6 and 7
and in the associated quartz veins of types
7--8 and 8--9.
Type 6 has been exploited for beryl and
columbo-tantalite. In this respect, it must be
noted that Kobokobo pegmatite alone has
produced some 5,000 metric tons of beryl and
some tens of tons of columbo-tantalite (A.
SAFIANNIKOFF and L. VAN WAMBEKB 1967).
Type 7 and the quartz veins of types 7--8, 8--9
and the associated deposits have been exten-
sively exploited, mainly for cassiterite and
occasionally for columbo-tantalite and wol-
framite (M. L~aRAY~ 1954; J. F. AGASSIZ1954;
and N. VAI~LA~OFF 1954---1971).
Types 6 and 7 also contain amblygonite and
spodumene, but these minerals have never
been mined.
Aplites are found only in the granitic intrusions
and are relatively uncommon.
c) In the western and central parts of Rwanda and
Burundi (Fig. 2), (N. VAI~LA~aOFF 1954---1971),
pegmatite types 4, 5, 6, 7 and the associated
quartz veins are located above the granitic con-
tacts. Type 7 may be located as far as 1,000
metres above.
Aplitic veins are rare, even in granite. The
granite itself is much less differentiated than in
Maniema or Kivu.
Pegmatite types 6 and 7 frequently reach
gigantic proportions, i.e. several hundred
metres in thickness and length.
N. V2t~La~aovv
Type 6 frequently has a more or less xvell-
developed quartz core surrounded by a zone of
gigantic crystals of amblygonite, spodumene,
beryl and quartz segregations. This zone is
followed by a coarse-grained microcline zone,
which is in turn followed by a fine-grained
zone rich in muscovite. In some cases, ambly-
gonite as well as beryl have been successfully
exploited.
The secondary phenomena of albitization and
greisenizafion begin to appear in type 5. They
are relative well- and equally developed in type
6, where they are accompanied by low content
of cassiterite, columbo-tantalite and microlite.
in type 7, albitization is predominant and may be
intense to the point that nearly all the pegmatite
minerals have been partially or totally replaced.
In this type, albitization is accompanied by
cassiterite, columbo-tantalite and beryl in
small centimetric prisms. The greisens, though
less important, may contain high grades of
cassiterite.
Pegmatite type 7 and the associated quartz veins
of types 7--8 and 8--9 have generated impor-
tant alluvial and eluvial placer deposits. At the
same time, the pegmatites and quartz veins
have been, and still are, mined mainly in their
soft weathered parts, the thickness of which,
particularly in albitized pegmatites, may attain
25--50 metres.
d) In the easternpart of Rwanda and Burundi: It
must be noted that in the eastern part of
Rwanda, the pegmatite sizes and spatial
distribution (Bujumu and Kuluti) are similar
to those of Kivu, while in Burundi (Muhinga
region), conditions similar to those in Maniema
are found. It is, however, difficult at the mo-
ment to decide whether this eastern part is a
separate reactivated block or whether it is the
eastern border of the Burundian geosyncline.
2. Mitwaba and Manono regions of Katanga pro-
vince, Democratic Republic of the Congo: These
regions are affected by the Kibara orogeny,
which is possibly slightly older than the
Burundian one.
In this part of Katanga, there are at least two
separate blocks: Mitwaba and Manono; they
may represent juxtaposed parts of a geosyndine
separated by a major fault.
a) The Mitwaba block (B. AI)ERCa 1950 and J.
VAN DE ST~eN 1959) is characterized by
Central and West African Rare-Metal 209

relatively low metamorphism; semi-concor-
dant, late or post-tectonic granites; and by the
fact that pegmatites and a part of the quartz
veins are found in the granite.
The spatial distribution of pegmatite types and
of associated quartz veins resembles that of
Maniema (Fig. 2). Mitwaba granites may be
slightly more deep-seated than those of
Maniema and regional metamorphism, slightly
higher.
The pegmatites are insignificant in size and
have not been. exploited. The associated quartz
veins, as in Maniema, have generated extensive
alluvial and eluvial placer deposits, which have
been heavily exploited.
b) The Manono block is characterized by highly
metamorphosed rocks with granitization and
probably several granitic intrusion phases, and
by the fact that flat-lying pegmatites of huge
dimensions of types 5, 6 and 7 are found above
the contacts of small (latest) granitic intrusions.
The spatial distribution of pegmatite types
(J. VAN D~ STEEN 1959, and N. VARLAMOFF
1960 and 1961) is intermediary between that
of Kivu and Rwanda. As it occurs in Kivu and
in the Manono region, the pegmatites are
flat-lying but their dimensions are greater than
those in Kivu.
Pegmatite type 7 in the Manono region has
been exploited since the beginning of this
century and still contains important tin and
columbo-tantalite reserves. It has been describ-
ed by J. Tr~oRzat~ 1950; by L. LANDA,D.
KArU,OFF and E. CLAES 1950; and by H. BeRN-
aRD 1954. Since 1943, the author himself has
had many opportunities to observe the pro-
gress and the deepening of the exploitation.
The flat-lying pegmatitic lenses and deep
weathering have made possible very economic
open-pit mining.
The flat-lying pegmatitic lenses extend a total
distance of five kilometres and outcrop over
an area from 50 to 800 metres in width, while
their thicknesses range from 200 to 300 metres.
The soft, completely weathered, zones are
from 30 to 80 metres in thickness. This is

gbovitte Adzop~ I .~t Touvr~, Korhogo lAt~p4, et Goutia ~, Sassandra

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+ / ::. V
.
l
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!
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N~.
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xN
+2

l 2 3 4 5 6 7

Fig. 3. Distribution of rare metal pegmatite types in and around granitic batholiths in Ivory Coast
(after H. ADA~, 1969). -- 1. Pegmatites with lithium minerals ; 2. Pegmatites with muscovite and beryl in
upper types; 3. Pegmatites with muscovite, with black tourmaline in the lower types; 4. Pegmatites
with biotite with black tourmaline in the upper types; 5. Granitic contacts; 6. Isogeotherms

14 M i n e r a l i u m D c p o s i t a 7/2
210 N. VARLAMOFF

f-~'~,.~
/,~d°~\ \ / w~-
//~"-.~, -
\.

1 ........ 2 ........ 3 ..... 4 - - 5 ........ 6 - -

7 ~.2.,~. 8 r:.:.: 9 ,22,.
Fig. 4. Distribution of rare-metal pegmatite types in the granites
of Senegal and Mali, Kenieba region. -- Part A : 1. Distribution
of pneumatolytes; 2. Distribution of lithic pegmatites; 3. Distri-
bution of muscovite pegmatites; 4. Distribution of muscovite
and biotite pegmatites; 5. Distribution of biotite pegmatites. -- Parts
A and B : 6. Granitic contacts. -- Part 13: 7. Zones with cassiterite
mineralization; 8. Zone with spodumene mineralization; 9. Co-
lumbo-tantalite mineralization. (After SouLk DE LAFONT, 1958).

certainly the largest pegmatite-type tin deposit
in the world.
Intense albitization is the main feature of these
pegmatites and it is accompanied, as usual, by
cassiterite and, in lesser quantities, columbo-
tantalite. Greisenization occurs less frequently
but may represent limited, very rich, seams or
pockets with coarse cassiterite.
These pegmatites also contain gigantic crystals
of spodumene, which have not as yet been
exploited.
In regard to Katanga, it is important to note
that there is a direct relationship between the
spatial distribution of pegmatites and the
depth of the crystallization of granitic intru-
sions, as is also true in Maniema, Kivu and
Rwanda.
In conclusion, for Maniema, Kivu, Katanga,
Rwanda and Burundi, the following two very
important facts must be emphasized:
-- the succession of pegmatite types remains
the same, regardless of the rocks in which they
have crystallized;
-- the spatial distribution of pegmatite types
depends on the depths of crystallization of
granitic intrusions.
3. Ivory Coast Senegal and Ma]i: In this part of
West Africa, rare-metal pegmafites have been
studied extensively by several French authors,
who attribute them to the (late) granites of the
Eburnean orogeny.
a) In the Ivory Coast, all that is known about
rare-metal pegmatites has been summarized by
H. ADaM (1969). As has already been shown
(N. VaRLAMOFF 1971), the spatial distribution
of rare-metal pegmatite types in the Ivory
Coast has much in common with that described
above for the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. The striking
feature is the dear dependency (Fig. 3) of the
spatial distribution of the pegmatites on the
depth of crystallization of granitic intrusions.
The Ivory Coast pegmatites have relatively
small dimensions and a limited thickness of
weathering and are very weakly mineralized in
columbo-tantalite; they have no cassiterite
mineralization. They have generated only a
few poor placer deposits of columbo-tantalite.
Following the French way of thinking, H.
ADaM (1969) considers that the granites are not
intrusions but rather products of granifization
of the rocks. The author cannot support this
view,
H. AbAca (1969) also notes that the succession
of pegmatite types remains the same, regardless
of the rocks in which they have crystallized,
and their spatial distribution depends on the
depth of crystallization of the granite.
b) In Senegal-Mail, D. SOUL£ D~ L~tFO>aT(1958)
established a spatial distribution of pegmatite
types and quartz veins of the Kenieba region
which is similar to that of Maniema (Fig. 4.)
Central and West African Rare-Metal 211

All the pegmatites and secondary phenomena known age. Types 0, 1 and 2 are, in general,
are limited to the granitic intrusion itself. located in the granite; types 3, 4 and 5 are
In the south-central part of Mali, in the found outside in the metamorphic rocks.
Bougoumi region, type 6 pegmatites rich in
spodumene have been located in metamorphic 7. Pegmat#e types accompanying .younger granites
rocks, i.e. above the contacts. This means that of dgssural 4vpe related to the reactivation of the
in this part of West Africa, as well as in the African platforms: The so-called younger
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, granites of Hoaggar in Algeria, Adrar des
Burundi and the Ivory Coast, there are different Iforas in Mali, Tibesti in Chad, Mayo Darley
spatial distributions of pegmatite types. in Cameroon, of Central Nigeria and even of
The Senegal and Mall pegmatites are of limited Egypt's eastern desert are characterized by the
dimensions and in general have no deep fact that they have no relation to a definite
weathering; they have never been exploited. orogeny and are intruded in a great variety of
older, frequently highly metamorphosed or
4. In Mauritania, R. G*P~aUDON(1962) establish- granitized rocks. They are probably related to
ed for granites and migmatites of the Tassiast the phenomenon of deep-seated fracturing of
orogeny the succession of four pegmatite types the platform (reactivation). Their ages probably
corresponding roughly to the author's types range from late Precambrian through Mesozoic.
3to7. The intrusions are all of relatively shallow
Types 6 and 7 (3 or 4, of F. R. G*RA~0DON'S crystallization but there are, of course, regional
classification), (1962) like those of the Ivory variations.
Coast, have no cassiterite and have only traces Generally, in this type of intrusion (N. VARLa- -
of columbo-tantalite mineralization. It also ~aOFF 1950 and 1971), pegmatites, quartz veins
seems that albitization and greisenization are and secondary phenomena such as albitization,
less prominent. greisenization and mineralizations are contain-
5. In Central Nigeria, R. JacoBso>a and J. S. ed in granitic cupolas. The pegmatites, as in
WEB~ (1946) have described successions of Maniema, are of relatively small dimensions
pegmatites related to older granites, which are and are insignificant. Quartz veins are, in
in general terms the most similar to those of general, of limited length -- some tens of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, metres -- and some tens of centimetres in
Rwanda and Burundi. They have subdivided width. The cupolas are, in general, intensely
the pegmatites, in respect to granitic contacts, greisenized; albitization is subordinate. Cassit-
into internal, marginal and external pegmatites. erite and wolframite are generally associated
At the same time, they note that in certain with greisenization and are found more
cases, the cassiterite pegmatites may be internal. frequently in quartz veins. In the greisens,
This means that all the pegmatites may be topaz and some fluorite will also be found.
internal, as they are in Maniema. Probably Due to intense greisenization and the presence
because of climatic conditions, the exploitation of quartz veins, the cupnioid parts of the
of type 7 pegmatites has been very limited as granite resist erosion more effectively than the
compared to the exploitation of cassiterite granite itself and produce a special kind of
deposits related to younger granites. The landscape which is characteristic throughout
orogeny of older granites may be very old the above-mentioned countries.
indeed, perhaps even older than the 13irrimean These intrusions have undergone relatively
or early t~irrimean. shallow erosion, so that it is impossible to
observe the whole succession of pegmatite
6. In Central African Re_public, Chad and Cam- types. The author has observed only types 5, 6,
eroon, the author himself (N. VaRLa~OFF, 1960) 7, 7--8 and 8--9.
undertook extensive surveys of rare-metal In spite of the fact that the mineralization is
pegmatites and estabiished the existence of almost always apparent and easy to see, only
pegmatites ranging from type 0 through type 5.
the younger granites of Nigeria and Cameroon
The pegmatites are associated with granitic have been heavily exploited. In Adrar des
intrusions related to an old orogeny of un- Iforas, Air and Egypt, attempts to exploit the

14"
212
alluvial and eluvial deposits have failed. In
Hoaggar and Tibesti, not even small-scale
exploitation has been attempted.
The reason for the lack of economic deposits,
even in placers, is the desert climate, which
prevents deep superficial weathering, so that
the rocks remain hard and at the same time, the
formation of significant placer deposits is
hindered by lack of stream transportation.
IV. Internal Zoning of Rare-Metal
Pegmatites of Central and West Africa
In these parts of Africa, internal zoning of rare-
metal pegmatites is generally very poor or non-
existent, except in pegmatite type 6, which
frequently has a quartz core surrounded by a
zone composed of lithium minerals such as
amblygonite or spodumene with some beryl in
gigantic or large crystals with some nests of
quartz or microcline. This zone is followed by
a zone of more or less coarse-grained pegmatite
in which microcline dominates; this zone is in
turn followed by a zone of medium to fine
grain, with quartz, microcline and muscovite.
The two latter zones may merge into one in
certain cases. The quartz core may not be
individualized. In this case, the pegmatite
contains in its central parts quartz pockets
surrounded by small zones with beryl and
lithium minerals. The internal zoning is
frequently overshadowed by the secondary
phenomena of albitization and greisenization,
particularly in type 7 pegmatites, in which,
originally, some internal zoning probably
existed.
V. General Conclusions for the Central
and West African Granitic Rare-Metal
Pegmatites
1. The above examples indicate clearly that the
successions of pegmatite types remain strik-
ingly similar and constant from one orogeny
and from one depth of granite crystallization
to another.
There may, of course, be some local differences
in the number of pegmatite types that can be
identified, as well as in their sizes and their
internal zoning; but on the whole, the evolution
of the pegmatitic process remains very similar,
regardless of the nature of the enclosing rocks.
N. VARLA~¥IOFF
2. The successions of pegmatite types and their
systematic spatial distribution in or around
granitic intrusions emphasize the close genetic
relationship of granitic intrusions with rare-
metal pegmatites, associated quartz veins and
secondary phenomena such as tourmalinization,
greisenization, albitization, and mineralizations
such as tin, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, beryl-
lium, lithium, rubidium, etc.
3. The fact that the successions of rare-metal
pegmatite types show the same trend regardless
of the nature of the rocks they cross and in
which they crystallize demonstrates the in-
dependence of the rare-metal pegmatitic
process from the metamorphic process itself
and from local factors.
4. The fact that the rare-metal pegmatites are
distributed in and around the granitic intrusions
following different patterns (Figs. 2, 3 and 4)
depending on the depth of their crystallization
strongly indicates that the sizes of pegmatites
and the patterns of their distribution depend
on the cooling gradient of the intruded granitic
magma. If the magma cools rapidly, the
isogeotherms are closely spaced, particularly
above the contacts, and the pegmatites and
quartz veins are small in size and located
entirely within the granitic intrusion. If the
granitic magma cools slowly, in deeper
conditions, the distribution of isogeotherms is
wider, the pegmatites are larger in size and are
widely distributed above the contact in the
roof rocks.
5. In addition to the above-mentioned "regional
zoning" of pegmatite and quartz vein types,
there is a type of "provincial zoning" which is
illustrated in Figs. 2 and 4. In different parts of
a metallogenic province, granitic intrusions
may crystallize at different depths, producing
specific patterns of pegmatite type distributions
causing the provincial zoning.
6. Aplites and their transition toward pegmatites
are abundant mainly in granitic intrusions
crystallizing at moderate depths, i.e. when the
pegmatites and quartz veins are entirely
contained in granitic intrusions.
7. Transitions between pegmatites and aplites
and between pegmatites and quartz veins exist.
This indicates that they are part of the same
differentiation process.
Central and West African Rare-Metal
VI. Comparison of the Regional Zoning
of the Central and West African Rare-Metal
Pegmatites with the Regional Z o n i n g of
Other Important Pegmatite Fields of the
World
Since the time ;vhen the author initiated his
studies of the regional zoning of the Central
and West African rare-metal pegmatite fields
(1948--1954), many significant papers have
appeared on the same subject in the USA,
Canada and the USSR.
Table 1 summarizes and compares some of the
most important classifications of rare-metal
pegmatite types.
Taking into consideration the fact that the rare-
metal pegmatites of the USSR are Paleozoic
and more recent, and that most of the Canadian
and West and Central African pegmatites are
Precambrian, and the fact that these pegmatites
are intruded in a large variety of rocks having
undergone the most varied types of meta-
morphism, it appears clearly that the rare-
metal pegmatitic process has been the same
throughout geological times and that the
spatial distribution of pegmatite types is
dependent only on the physico-chemical
factors under which the granitic magma
differentiates, and not at all on metamorphism
or on the nature of the rocks in which the
pegmatites finally crystallize.
The author and many Soviet geologists (N.
VARLAMOFF 1954; I. B. NEDUlVtOV1964; N. A.
SOLODOV and U. I. FILIpOV 1965; L. N. Ros-
SOVSKY and A. N. S~OSTATSKY 1971) have
reached the conclusion that rare-metal pegma-
213
rites are injected into the enclosing rocks by a
pulsatory process, which is still under investi-
gation.
There is no general agreement on the manner
in which pegmatites are separated from the
magma. The author supports the view that
there are magmatic chambers of differentiation
from which the pegmatites and the fluids or
solutions responsible for albitization, greisen-
ization, lepidolitization, tourmalinization and
mineralization processes are successively expell-
ed in a pulsatory manner. Others (I. B. NED-
tJ~ov 1964) consider that the pegmatitic melt
resulting from differentiation is expelled at
once into the enclosing rocks, and then under
its internal pressure and tectonic influence
proceeds upward, leaving different types of
pegmatites as it ascends. Unfortunately, the
scope of this paper does not permit further
discussion of this matter.
Experiments such as those performed by R. H.
JAI-INSand W. BUNHAM(1969) may throw some
light on these problems. These experiments
show the way in which pegmatites of different
types may be derived successively from a cool-
ing magma. The writer hopes that these
authors will take into consideration the natural
succession of pegmatite types outlined in Table
1. At the same time, study of the ages of
pegmatite types of the same pegmatite field
may give useful information concerning the
duration of the pegmatitic process and the
manner in which the pegmatites were separated
from the granitic magma.
As for "provincial zoning", it appears that it
also exists in the USSR but this is not ab-
solutely clear.
214
Table 1
I. B. NnDu~ov's Rare-Metal Peg-
matites of U. S. S. R. (1964)
VI. a) Quartz veins
b) Quartz veins with musco-
vite or tourmaline with
cassiterite and beryl
c) Essentially albite veinlets
with quartz and tourmaline
V. Spodumene-albite-quartz
veins with microcline, musco-
vite cassiterite, tourmaline,
tantalo-niobates, beryl and
other minerals
IV. Albite-spodumene-quartz mi-
crocline veins followed by
spodumene-albite-microcline-
quartz veins with small a-
mounts of plagiodase, beryl,
tantalo-niobates and Li, Rb
and Cs minerals
III. Quartz-microdine veins with
varying anaounts of p!agio-
clase and acidic albite, musco-
vite tourmaline, beryl and
tantalo-niobates
II. Quartz-plagioclase-microcline
pegmatites with biotite, mus-
covite and tourmaline
I. Quartz plagioclase pegmatites
with varying amounts of
microcline with or without
biotite and tourmaline
N. VARLAMOFF
N. VARLAMOFF'SClassification of HUTCHINSON, R. W. : Regional
Rare-Metal Pegmatites of Central Zoning of Pegmatites near
and West Africa (1948--1971) Ross Lake, Canada (1955)
(cutting pegmatites)
Type 8-9: quartz veins with schee-
lite (anthoinite), ferberite with or
without cassiterite passing in
depth to quartz veins with musco-
vite, cassiterite and minor wolf-
ramite
Type 7--8: Quartz veins xvith crys-
tals of microcline frequently
strongly albitized, with muscovite
and cassiterite
Type 7: Strongly or completely Zone V. Pegmatites with
albitized pegmatites with spod- spodumene and tiny plates of
umene, muscovite, rare lepidolite, columbite
small prisms of white or greenish
beryl, cassiterite and colmnbo-
tantalite
Type 6: Zoned pegmatite, fre- Zone IV. pegmatites with
quently with quartz core, with beryl, small amounts of lithio-
gigantic crystals of amblygonite phyllite and minerals contain-
and spodumene, pockets of big ing columbium and tantalum
prisms of beryl, low contents of (tapiolite)
cassiterite, columbo-tanta!ite and
microlite
Type 5: Muscovite pegmatites Zone III. Pegmatites with
beryl
Type 4: Muscovite and tourmaline
pegmatites
Type 3: Muscovite, tourmaline Zone II. Graphic pegmatites
and biotite pegmatites with graph- with some beryl.
ic feldspars
Type 2: Biotite and tourmaline
pegmatites xvith strong develop-
ment of graphic structures quartz-
feldspar and quartz tourmaline
Type 1 : Biotite pegmatites
Type O: Biotite and magnetite
pegmatites
Central and West African Rare-Metal
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Received November 16, 1971
NICHOLAS VARLAMOFF
9 Sammis LN, White Plains, New York •0605, USA