Voltage series feedback:

It is also called non-inverting voltage feedback circuit. With this type of feedback, the input
signal drives the non-inverting input of an amplifier; a fraction of the output voltage is then fed
back to the inverting input. The op-amp is represented by its symbol including its large signal
voltage gain Ad or A, and the feedback circuit is composed of two resistors R1 and Rf. as shown
in fig. 5

Fig. 5

The feedback voltage always opposes the input voltage, (or is out of phase by 180° with respect
to input voltage), hence the feedback is said to be negative.

The closed loop voltage gain is given by

The product A and B is called loop gain. The gain loop gain is very large such that AB >> 1

This shows that overall voltage gain of the circuit equals the reciprocal of B, the feedback gain.
It means that closed loop gain is no longer dependent on the gain of the op-amp, but depends on
the feedback of the voltage divider. The feedback gain B can be precisely controlled and it is
independent of the amplifier.

Physically, what is happening in the circuit? The gain is approximately constant, even though
differential voltage gain may change. Suppose A increases for some reasons (temperature
change). Then the output voltage will try to increase. This means that more voltage is fedback to
the inverting input, causing vd voltage to decrease. This almost completely offset the attempted
increases in output voltage.

Similarly, if A decreases, The output voltage decreases. It reduces the feedback voltage v f and
hence, vd voltage increases. Thus the output voltage increases almost to same level.

Different Input voltage is ideally zero.

Again considering the voltage equation,

vO = Ad vd

or vd = vO / Ad

Since Ad is very large (ideally infinite)

\vd » 0.
and v1 = v2 (ideal).

This says, that the voltage at non-inverting input terminal of an op-amp is approximately equal to
that at the inverting input terminal provided that Ad is very large. This concept is useful in the
analysis of closed loop OPAMP circuits. For example, ideal closed loop voltage again can be
obtained using the results