Org. Geochem. Vol. 26, No. 1/2, pp.

49-57, 1997
Pergmon © 1997ElsevierScienceLtd
All rights reserved.Printed in Great Britain
PII: S0146-6380(96)00152-0 0146-6380/97 $17.00 + 0.00

A new North Sea oil-based standard for Iatroscan analysis

SUNIL BHARATI ~, R I C H A R D PATIENCE 2, N I G E L MILLS 3 and

TROND HANESAND 4
'Geolab Nor, P.B. 5740 Fossegrenda, N-7002 Trondheim, Norway, -'Statoil, N-4035 Stavanger,
Norway, 3Saga Petroleum, P.B. 490, N-1301 Sandvika, Norway and 'Norsk Hydro, P.B. 200,
N-1321 Stabekk, Norway

Abstract--The TLC-FID technique using the Iatroscan is a fast and cost-effective way to obtain quan-
titative data on the composition of crude oils and solvent extracts of rocks. However, its accuracy
depends on correct calibration of the instrument using standards based on crude oil, since the use of
synthetic standards had resulted in erroneous response factors. In the present study, a North Sea deas-
phaltened oil from the Oseberg field (NSO-1) was fingerprinted and separated into saturated hydrocar-
bons, aromatic hydrocarbons and polars on a large scale, using preparative TLC. These fractions were
later mixed to provide a standard, which was used to calibrate Iatroscan and monitor the responses of
the individual fractions. This standard has been shown to be stable for routine use and will, if adopted,
render inter-laboratory data comparisons more reliable. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd

Key words--Iatroscan response factors, standard for Iatroscan, Oseberg oil, preparative TLC

INTRODUCTION pounds were isolated using preparative TLC

The thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization
detection ( T L C - F I D ) technique using the Iatroscan
instrument is now recognized as an efficient, fast
and cost-effective way to obtain quantitative data
on the composition of crude oils and solvent
extracts (Ray et al., 1982; Karlsen and Larter, 1989;
Bharati et al., 1994). Sampling for analysis can be
easily performed on a millimetre to meter scale to
map lateral and vertical heterogeneity in a well,
field or reservoir unit. Complex organic mixtures
such as crude oils, or solvent extracts of sediments
are easily separated into 3, 4 or 5 compound
classes, depending on the objectives of the study,
each compound class having, however, a different
response factor.
Previous studies (Bharati et al., 1994) indicated
that if synthetic standards were employed to cali-
brate the Iatroscan instrument, the resulting re-
sponse factors were not satisfactory which
suggested that only crude oil based standards
should be used for quantification. In the light of
this, it was logical to develop a new Iatroscan stan-
dard based on the oil (selected by the Committee
for the Norwegian Industry Guide to Organic
Geochemical Analyses) from the Oseberg field,
North Sea, (called North Sea Oil-l) to serve as a
standard for other analytical techniques such as
liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
In our study, the North Sea Oil-1 (NSO-1) was
fingerprinted to understand the basic characteristics
of the oil and more importantly, saturated hydro-
carbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and polar corn-
(PTLC) with the aim of preparing a standard mix-
ture for calibrating Iatroscan. Deasphaltened oil
was used in this study, as specified in the
Norwegian Industry Guide to Organic Geochemical
Analyses (1993). Each isolated fraction was purified
by PTLC, then tested for purity using T L C - F I D
and gas chromatography, prior to mixing. Each
fraction was individually calibrated so that its
Iatroscan response factor could be applied routi-
nely. A standard was then prepared for other users,
by mixing weighed amounts of the separated frac-
tions.
ANALYTICALPROCEDURES
Topped and deasphaltened oil (2.135 g) was sep-
arated by PTLC using 10 plates (Merck; 1 mm silica
gel with 254nm fluorescence activator). About
200 mg of sample was applied to each plate and
eluted successively with n-hexane (45 rain), toluene
(23 rain) and dichloromethane/methanol (93:7 v/v,
3 rain) affording saturated hydrocarbons (Rf 0.64-
0.87), aromatic hydrocarbons (Rf 0.47-0.62) and
polar compounds (Rf 0.25-0.38). Fractions were
scraped from the plate and recovered by extracting
with dichloromethane/methanol (93:7 v/v), then
analysed using the Iatroscan as described by
Bharati et al. (1994). Further purification of the
fractions (ARO 1 and POL 1) was done by repeat
PTLC analysis which gave fractions ARO 2 and
POL 2, respectively.
Quality control at a molecular level of the two
hydrocarbon fractions was performed using gas

49
50 Sunil Bharati et al.

1200
Whole oil-NSO- 1

11o01

1000

900 O~
L~

8oo -- eq

rO
7oo

I ,
Y.
600

! ,~.,cq
500 ,ll i
400

300
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (minutes)

Fig. 1. Gas chromatogram o f NSO-1 (whole oil) on a column (40 m; i.d. 0.25 mm, film thickness
0.3 #m) coated with SE 54, temperature programmed from - 1 0 to 300°C at 4°C/rain, final hold at
300°C for 20 min. Peak identification example: nC6 denotes normal hexane.

chromatography (GC). Whole oil GC was per-
formed in conjunction with G C - M S for basic
characterization and fingerprinting. G C - M S was
performed on saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons
using a VG TS250 mass-spectrometer interfaced to
a HP 5890 GC. The GC was fitted with a fused
silica SE 54 column (40 m, i.d. 0.25 mm, film thick-
ness 0.3 ~m) directly into the ion source. Carrier
gas was helium. The GC oven was programmed
from 45-150°C at 35°C/min, after which the rate
was 5°C/min up to 310°C, where the column was
held isothermally for 15 rain. The MS was operated
in electron impact (El) mode at 70 eV, a trap cur-
rent of 500 #A and a source temperature of 220°C.
The data system used was a V G P D P l l / 7 3 for
acquiring data and a Vax station 3100 for peak pro-
cessing. The samples were analysed in multiple ion
detection mode (MID) with a scan cycle time of ap-
proximately 1.1 s. Although G C - M S analysis was
not performed quantitatively, the amounts of satu-
rated and aromatic hydrocarbon samples injected
were similar, so that the variations in the signal
intensities are easily comparable.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
NSO-1, with an API gravity of 32.8 °, is a mature
oil from a marine source rock with a low content of
terrestrially derived organic matter (OM). The com-
position of the oil is dominated by light- and med-
ium-range hydrocarbons, with the overall n-alkane
distribution being distinctly light-end biased (Fig. 1).

Table 1. Selected geochemical parameters of NSO-1 based on gas chromatographic analysis of the
saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons
Parameter Value
1 Pristane/nC 17 0.51
2 Pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) 1.56
3 Phytane/nC 18 0.39
4 Carbon Preference Index (CPI) 1.10
5 nCl7/nCl7 + nC27 0,91
6 Dimethylnaphthalene ratio (DMNR) 1,79
7 2/1 -methylphenanthrene (2/IMP) 0.94
8 Methylphenanthrene index (MPI) 0.70
9 Calculated vitrinite reflectance (P~) 0.82
10 Dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene (DBT/P) 0.38
11 4/l-methyldibenzothiophene (4/I MDBT) 3.60
12 3 + 2/l-methyldibenzothiophene (3 + 2/IMDBT) 0.91
(a) Ioo NSO-1-Saturated fraction m / z 191 3. IE6,

95: •2.9E6

90 i ~-2.8E6
ss~ •2.6E6
80 •2.5E6
75- - 2.3E6
70- - 2.2E6
65' - 2.0E6
150 - 1.8E6
55 1.7E6
% 50 G 1.5E6
45~ 1.4E6
4o! J1 1.2E6
KI
35 'i I. IE6
3o: r2 9.2E5
25 - K2 L1 MI .7.7E5
20

15-
.¸

llxon,
10-
5"
0 . . . . . . . . . . . . v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t • "." •

45:00 50:00 55:00 1:00:00 1:05:00 1:10:00 1:15:00 1:20:00 1:25:00 1:30:00 1:35:00 1:40:00
Time

(b) 100- NSO-l-Saturated fraction m / z 217 6.5E5

95i 6.2E5
90i r
5.9E5
g5i k I 5.5E5
soi 5.2E5
75i 4.9E5
70i 4.6E5
651 4.2E5
601 3.9E5
s5~ 3.6E5
% 50- 3.3E5
45- ~-2.9E5
40. •2.6E5
35. •2.3E5
30- .2.0E5
25 - 1.6E5
2oi - 1.3E5
15! -9.8E4

to ! -6.5E4
-3.3E4
5"
0 :l . . . . ) . . . . v . . . . ) . . . . t . . . . I . . . . i . . . . | . . . . 0.0E0
50:00 55:00 l:00:00 1:05:00 I:10:00 1:15:00 1:20:00 1:25:00
Time
I
Fig. 2. (a) Triterpane distribution (m/z 191) and (b) sterane distribution (m/z 217) in NSO-I. Both the
fragrnentograms are obtained by G C - M S analysis of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction. Identification of
important peaks: (a) In m/z 191: A, 18~,(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane (Ts); B, 17:~(H)-22,29,30-trisnorho-
pane (Tin); Z, 17~(H),21fl(H)-28,30-bisnorhopane; C, 17,t(H),21fl(H)-30-norhopane; D, 17fl(H),21~t(H)-
30-norhopane; E, 17~t(H),21fl(H)-hopane; F, 17fl(H),21,t(H)-hopane; J l , 17a(H),21fl(H),22S-bishomoho-
pane; I2, 17:,(H),21fl(H),22R-bishomohopane; and Q, C24H~tricyclic terpane. (b) In m/z 217: a,
13fl(H),17ct(H),20(S)-diacholestane; b, 13fl(H),17ct(H),20(R)-diacholestane; c, 13~(H),17fl(H),20(S)-dia-
cholestan¢; d, 13~(H),17fl(H),20(R)-diacholestane; h, 24-ethyl-13fl(H),17r,(H),20(S)-diacholestane; k, 24-
ethyl-13fl(H),lT~(H),20(R)-cliacholestane; l, 24-ethyl-13ct(H),17fl(H),20(R)-diacholestane; n, 24-ethyl-
13ct(H),lTfl(H),20(S)-diacholestane; q, 24-ethyl-5~t(H),14~t(H), 17at(H),20(S)-cholestan¢; r, 24-ethyl-
5~(H),14/~(H),17//(H),20(R)-cholestane; s, 24-ethyl-5~t(H),14fl(H),17fl(H),20(S)-cholestane; and t, 24-
ethyl-50t(H),14~t(H),17~(H),20(R)-cholestane.
52 Sunil Bharati et al.

Table 2. Selected geochemical parameters based on triterpane and sterane distributions

Parameter Value

1 17ct(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane/180t(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane (Tm/Ts) 0.85

2 17ct(H),21 p(H)-30-norhopane/17ct( H),21 fl(H)-hopane 0.45
3 15~t-methyl-170t(H)-27-norhopane/17ct(H),21 fl(H)-hopane 0.09
4 C24H44tricyclic terpane/17~t(H),21 fl(H)-hopane 0.03
5 17fl(H),21~t(H)-30-norhopane + 17fl(H),21ot(H)-hopane/17ct(H),21fl(H)-30-norhopane + 17~t(H),21fl(H)-hopane 0.15
6 17~t(H),21fl(H),22S/17~(H),21fl(H),22R + 22S-bishomohopane 57.96
7 13fl(H),17ct(H),20( S)-diacholestane/13fl(H),17~t(H),20( S)-diacholestane + 50ffH),14ct(H),17~(H),20(R)-cholestane 0.78
8 % 24-ethyl-5ct(H), 14ct(H),l 7ct(H),20(S)-cholestane 46. l0
9 Y 27 diasteranes/SZ 29 diasteranes 0.92
10 % 24-ethyl-5ot(H),14fl(H),17fl(H),20(R) and 20(S)-cholestane 61.0

A predominantly marine OM source for the oil is
indicated by the low pristane to phytane ratio (Pr/
Ph) and the low carbon preference index (CPI)
values (Table 1). The triterpane and sterane distri-
butions (Fig. 2) and the parameters derived from
these data (Table 2), also clearly indicate a predo-
minantly marine OM source of NSO-1.
Separation of NSO-1 maltene fraction
Examination of a developed PTLC plate at
254 nm clearly revealed the separated fractions.
Table 3 shows the yields of the three fractions.
Analysis by T L C - F I D showed that the SAT 1 frac-
tion was virtually pure (Fig. 3). The ARO 1 fraction
was, however, contaminated with polar compounds
(about 11% by weight), whilst the POL 1 fraction
was relatively clean, but split into two closely elut-
ing peaks. However, a second round of PTLC using
ARO 1 and POL 1 fractions removed much of the
unwanted material in each of these fractions, result-
ing in much purer fractions, ARO 2 and POL 2, re-
spectively (Fig. 3). The SAT 1 and POL 2 fractions
were, as a result of further PTLC separation, nearly
100% pure, but about 10% of ARO 2 continued to
consist of polar material which was impossible to
remove even after two further purification steps by
PTLC.
Analysis of the isolatedfractions
Iatroscan analyses of the three fractions (SAT 1,
ARO 2 and POL 2) which were to be used to pre-
pare the standard mixture showed that the results
were reproducible, giving uniform FID responses.
Analysis of the saturated hydrocarbons fraction
with varying amounts of sample (ca. 3-44 #g) gave
a correlation coefficient of 0.998 (n = 15, Fig. 4a).
Similar analyses of the aromatic hydrocarbons frac-
tion (ca. 7-86 #g) gave a correlation coefficient of
0.997 (n = 15), while the polar fraction (ca. l -
30#g) gave a correlation coefficient of 0.998
(n = 17) on linear regression (Fig. 4b and c, re-
spectively). These results clearly indicate the stab-
ility of the responses of each of the fractions:
Fig. 4(b) also shows the percentage of the total
area eluting as polars in the various aromatic hy-
drocarbon analyses. Apparently, power regression
of the peak area that elutes as polars shows that
the relative amount of sample material eluting as
"polars" decreases with increasing sample amount
applied. The reason and significance of this is not
entirely clear. In general, the relative peak area elut-
ing as polars is about 6-10% of the total ARO 2
fraction (when the injection consists of about 20-
82 #g), which should be seen as an addition to the
actual area due to the POL 2 fraction in the mixed
standard (see the next section).
Gas chromatographic analyses of the two hydro-
carbon fractions (Figs 5 and 6) do not give any in-
dication of cross-contamination.
Analyses by G C - M S of SAT 1 and ARO 2, indi-
cated only trace levels of contamination, based on
fragmentograms m/z 57, 91, 92, 99, 106, 142, 191,
198, 217 and 253. While the saturated hydrocarbons
fraction has only traces of alkylbenzenes, the aro-

Table 3. Yields of various fractions from the total amount of 2.135 g maltene spotted on 10 PTLC plates. Only the SAT 1, ARO 2 and
POL 2 fractions were used in the standard mixture
Fraction Yield (mg) Rr Yield (%)
1 Saturated HC (SAT 1) 1191.2 0.64-0.87 59.10
2 Aromatic HC (ARO 1) 747.7 0.75-0.99 (purified further)
3 Aromatic HC (ARO 2) 651.6 0.75-0.99 32.33
4 Polars (main) (POL I) 50.6 0.67-1 (purified further)
5 Polars (main) (POL 2) 36.0 0.67-1 1.79
6 SAT/ARO boundary 69.6 nd 3.45
7 ARO/POL boundary 20.6 nd 1.02
8 Polars (secondary) 24.6 nd 1.22
9 Spot (material not eluted) 22.0 -- 1.09

Total quantified 2015.6 100.00

nd, not determined.
 A new North Sea oil-based standard for Iatroscan analysis
SAT 1 ARO 2
[- 0
< <
o0
t i I I I I
10 0 10
cm cm
(a) (b)
Fig. 3. TLC-FID chromatograms of the separated and pure fractions from PTLC; (a) saturated hydro-
carbons (SAT 1), (b) aromatic hydrocarbons (ARO 2) and (c) polar compounds (POL 2). These frac-
tions were subsequently used to prepare the standard mixture.
matic hydrocarbons fraction is dominated by alkyl-
benzenes (signal intensity 42 times stronger than in
the saturated hydrocarbons) and alkylnaphthalenes
(signal intensity more than 100 times stronger than
in the saturated hydrocarbons); only traces of n-
alkanes, triterpanes and steranes were detected in
the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction.
Preparation of the standard
As a result of 10 repeat analyses of the NSO-1
maltene fraction by Iatroscan, the percentages of
saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons and polar
compounds were found to be 59, 31.2 and 9.8, re-
spectively (Fig. 7a). Accordingly, a standard was
prepared by weighing the PTLC fractions to give a
mixture with a roughly similar composition,
namely: 65.46% SAT 1, 31.47% A R O 2 and 3.07%
POL 2 (Fig. 7b). The reason for using such a low
amount of POL 2 was the limited quantity obtained
(Table 3). With the prepared standard having a
concentration of 15.63 #g//~l, a typical injection of
2 #1 will theoretically contain 31.26 #g maltene, con-
sisting of 20.46 #g saturated hydrocarbons, 9.84 #g
aromatic hydrocarbons and 0.96 ttg polars.
Repeat analyses of the prepared standard mixture
(Fig. 7b and Table 4) show that the standard devi-
ation in the actual amounts is greater (6, 6.7 and
7.7%, respectively) than the standard deviation in
the compositional percentages (1.8, 4.8 and 7.3).
53
POL 2
O
, I i I" ~ I
0 10 0
cm
(c)
This suggests that in the 10 repeat analyses, while
there was about 6% variation in the actual amounts
quantified, there is much less variation in the rela-
tive percentages of the fractions, indicating human
error during sample application, rather than the
reproducibility of the Iatroscan. With regard to the
amounts quantified in the standard mixture, the
saturated hydrocarbons were calculated to be
20.63/~g in a 2-#1 injection, compared with the
theoretically calculated 20.46/zg. The aromatic
hydrocarbons are slightly underestimated (reported
as 8.89 #g compared with the theoretically calcu-
lated 9.84 #g) and the polar compounds are over-
estimated (reported as 2.21 #g compared with the
theoretically calculated 0.96/~g). Closer examination
of these variations reveals that this is due to the
contribution of ARO 2 to the polars.
It has been shown that, depending on the amount
applied, some of the A R O 2 fraction elutes as
polars. It is also known that the total amount of
the ARO 2 fraction in a 2-#1 injection is 9.84#g.
Using the power regression equation, it is estimated
that for this amount, about 11% of the total aro-
matic area will elute as polars, indicating that the
area reported for aromatic hydrocarbons (55460)
represents only 89% of the total area or 89% of
9.84/~g, which is 8.75 #g. This calculated amount
(8.75/~g) is close to the actual aromatic hydro-
carbon amount reported for the prepared standard
54 Sunil Bharati e t al.

(a) Calibration of saturated hydrocarbons

250
[ ~- SAT 1

200

150

100

80

2 6 1'0 1'4 {8 22 26 " 3'0 " 3'4 38 ' 42 46

(b) Calibration of aromatic hydrocarbons

700- 20
]-~ Polar area Total ARO 2 area Polar area %
500- Vo"
15
0 500"

> 401)2
10
300 2

200-
e~

g
100 "
. 4 v 'v
0 i • | • ! • a • I - l • I 0

2 10 18 26 34 42 50 58 66 74 82 90

(c) Calibration of polar compounds

300
I -POL2]
250-

200-

150-

100-

50-

3 ' 5" 7 ' 8 " il" 1'3' 1'5' 1'7' 1'9' 21' 2'3 " 25" 2'7" 19" 31
Amount applied (tzg)

Fig. 4. Cross-plots of sample amount vs. corresponding FID response. (a) Saturated hydrocarbon frac-
tion (SAT 1). Fifteen samples were analysed with varying amounts (3.2-44.66/~g). The resulting re-
sponse factor using the equation y = a + b x is 4017. (b) Aromatic hydrocarbon fraction (ARO 2).
Fifteen samples were analysed with varying amounts (7.6-85.66 #g). The resulting response factor using
the equation y = a + b x is 6235. (c) Polar compounds (POL 2). Seventeen samples were analysed with
varying amounts (1.2-30 pg). The resulting response factor using the equation y = a + b x is 8352.
 A new North Sea oil-based standard for latroscan analysis 55

900
SAT 1-NSO-I

800

oo

700

Q
t'q
e~
t
•~- 600
o 0

500 +
Z eq

r..)~
400

300 i l l l l l i [ i
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (minutes)

Fig. 5. Gas chromatogram of saturated hydrocarbon fraction (SAT 1) on a column (25 m; i.d. 0.25 mm,
film thickness 0.3/an) coated with OV1, temperature programmed from 80-300°C at 4°C/min and held
at 300°C for 20 min. Peak identification example: nC15 denotes normal pentadecane.

400
ARO 2-NSO- 1

360 [

280
I

'+ __ IV' .

10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (minutes)

Fig. 6. Gas chromatogram of aromatic hydrocarbon fraction (ARO 2) on a column (40 m; i.d.
0.25 ram, film thickness 0.3/~m) coated with SE 54, temperature programmed from 40-290°C at 4°C/
rain and held at 290°C for 20 rain. GC equipped with both FID and FPD detectors. Peak identification
key to isomers: MN, methylnaphthalene; EN, ethylnaphthalene; DMN, dimethylnaphthalene; T M N ,
trimethylnaphthalene; P, phenanthrene and MP, methylphenanthrene. The numerical prefixes denote
the position of the alkyl group.
56 Sunil Bharati et al.

0 <
< 0

-,1 <

I I , , I 1
10 0 lO 0
c m c m

(a) (b)
Fig. 7. TLC-FID chromatogram of (a) NSO-1 maltene and (b) the gravimetrically prepared standard
using the separated fractions obtained by PTLC. The percentages of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic
hydrocarbons and polars are 59, 31.2 and 9.8, respectively in NSO-1 maltene and 65, 28 and 7, respect-
ively in the gravimetrically prepared standard.

(8.89 #g). Had all of the 9.84/zg eluted as aromatic
hydrocarbons, the area would have been 62315.
Therefore, in the total area of 18569 reported for
the polars in the prepared standard, a significant
portion (6855) is due to material from the A R O 2
fraction eluting as polars. Therefore, despite the
fact that the theoretical percentages of SAT l,
A R O 2 and POL 2 in the prepared standard are
65.46, 31.47 and 3.07, respectively, during analysis,
the standard's composition obtained will be:
65.0% saturated hydrocarbon (reported as
20.63/zg),
28.0% aromatic hydrocarbon (reported as
8.89 #g) and
7.0% polars (reported as 2.21 #g), all with a 2-#1
injection.
CONCLUSIONS
The standard mixture of saturated and aromatic
hydrocarbons and polar compounds prepared from
the maltene fraction of the Oseberg oil NSO-1, has
been shown to give reproducible results and can be
considered as a normal oil from the North Sea, and
can be easily and successfully employed to calibrate
the Iatroscan. In addition, the composition of the
prepared standard is close to the actual composition
of the maltene fraction of Oseberg oil. Further, on
T L C - F I D analysis, the composition of the prepared
standard mixture is found to be nearly the same as

Table 4. Results of 10 repeat Iatroscan analysesof the prepared standard using the same amount (2/A) each time. The response factors
used are 4017, 6235 and 8352 for saturated hydrocarbons,aromatic hydrocarbonsand polars, respectively,these being the new response
factors based on the standard mixtureprepared from the NSO-1 maltene
Saturated hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons Polars
Peak area #g (%) Peak area #g (%) Peak area ~g (%)

Mean 82876 20.63 (65) 55460 8.89 (28) 18569 2.21 (7)
SD 4976 1.24 (1.15) 3733 0.60 (1.35) 1382 0.17 (0.51)
SD(%) 6 6 (1.8) 6.7 6.7 (4.8) 7.4 7.7 (7.3)
 A new North Sea oil-based standard for Iatroscan analysis
its theoretically calculated composition, when the
response factors calculated from the three individ-
ual fractions are used.
Employment of this standard by different labora-
tories will make the comparison of inter-laboratory
Iatroscan analyses more reliable; now even more
important since Norwegian oil companies and the
Norwegian Petroleum Directorate have decided to
use quantified crude oil and extract compositional
data from Iatroscan rather than from MPLC.
REFERENCES
Bharati S., Rorstum G. and Lorberg R. (1994) Calibration
and standardization of Iatroscan (TLC-FID) using
standards derived from crude oils. In Advances in
OG 2 6 / I - 2 ~
57
Organic Geochemistry 1993 (Edited by Teln~csN., Graas
G. and Oygard K.), Org. Geochem. 22, 835-862.
Pergamon, Oxford.
Karlsen D. and Larter S. (1989) A rapid correlation
method for petroleum population mapping within indi-
vidual petroleum reservoirs: applications to petroleum
reservoir description. Correlation in Hydrocarbon
Exploration, pp. 77-85. Norwegian Petroleum Society,
Graham and Trotman, London.
Ray J. E., Oliver K. M. and Wainwright J. C. (1982) The
application of the Iatroscan TLC technique to the
analysis of fossil fuels. In Petroanalysis 81, H ~
Symposium, London, pp. 361-388. Heyden and Son,
London.
The Norwegian Industry Guide to Organic Geochemical
Analyses, 3rd edition, 1993 (A joint publication by
Statoil, Saga Petroleum, Norsk Hydro, IKU, Geolab
Nor and the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate).