DESARROLLO UNIDAD 1

Activities to develop

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions

using academic references to support the research:

1. Explain the concept of loss tangent by means of an

example.
Before starting the analysis of a medium it is important to recognize
how it behaves, since, according to the type of medium, the analysis
varies radically. Knowing that the tangent of losses or tangent delta is a
basic parameter to determine the behavior of a medium and
mathematically is defined as:
tan (δ) = σ / ωε

2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity

in electromagnetic waves propagation?
R/ The velocity of propagation of a wave is the magnitude that measures
the speed at which the disturbance of the wave propagates along its
displacement. The speed at which the wave propagates depends on the
type of wave as well as the medium through which it propagates.

Logically, it is not going to move at the same speed a wave that moves
through the air that one that does it through the land or the sea. In the
same way, a seismic wave, sound or light does not advance at the same
speed. For example, in a vacuum electromagnetic waves propagate at the
speed of light; that is, at 300,000 km / s.

In the case of sound in the air, its propagation speed is 343 m / s. In

general, for the mechanical waves, the velocity through a material depends
mainly on two of the characteristics of the medium: its density and its
rigidity. In any case, the speed is generally related to the value of the
wavelength and the period.

The relationship can be expressed mathematically through the quotient: v

= λ / T, where v is the speed of the wave measured in meters per second,
λ is the wavelength measured in meters and T is the period measured in
seconds.

In the practical sense, the speed of propagation of a wave, allows to

know the direction, module and sense of the same. The speed of
propagation is the distance that a wave advances in a given time.

To determine it, the following formula is used:

V=λ*f
Where:
V = Speed of propagation
λ = Wavelength (m)
f = Frequency (Hz)

In the case of electromagnetic waves when they propagate in a vacuum,

they have a constant speed of 299,792,458 km / s

Speaking of proportionality between the velocity of propagation and the

frequency of the signal, Yes a wave of wavelength L and frequency 2U
will move twice as fast as a wave of length L but of frequency U. In
short, it depends on the frequency propagation speed.
 3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free
space, perfect dielectrics and good conductors.

4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical

application of every type of radiation.
R/ Microwave waves: One application is that of ovens. Its operation is
based on the fact that very high frequency electromagnetic radiation has
a lot of energy, so there is a very large heat transfer to food in a short
time. Communications and radar are two other applications of
microwaves.

The radio waves: they are used mainly in the treatment called short
wave. It is a type of high frequency alternating current characterized by
having a wavelength comprised between 1 and 30 meters (10-300
MHz). The short wave, due to its high frequency is able to cross all kinds
of bodies, both drivers and non-drivers.

Infrared: they are used when we turn on the television and change
channels with our remote control; In the supermarket, our products are
identified by reading the barcodes; we see and listen to compact discs
... everything, thanks to infrared. These are just some of the simplest
applications, since they are also used in security systems, ocean studies,
medicine, etc.

X-rays: they are used mainly in the fields of scientific research, industry
and medicine.

Gamma Rays: are used to sterilize instruments that can not be sterilized
by other methods, and with considerably lower risks to health, are also
used in radiotherapy.
 5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information
give us about the electromagnetic waves behavior?

It is called the index of refraction, the quotient between the speed

of light c in the vacuum and the speed v of light in a transparent
material medium.

n=c/v

Snell's law of refraction is expressed in terms of the refractive

index

n1 · sinθ1 = n2 · sinθ2

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are

they used? What is a magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium
and where are they used?
A flat wave or also called a one-dimensional wave, is a wave of constant
frequency whose wave fronts (surfaces with constant phase) are parallel
planes of constant amplitude normal to the vector phase velocity. That
is to say, they are those waves that propagate in a single direction
throughout the space, like for example the waves in the springs or in
the cords. If the wave propagates in a single direction, its wave fronts
are flat and parallel.
By extension, the term is also used to describe waves that are
approximately flat in a localized region of space. For example, a source
of electromagnetic waves such as an antenna produces a field that is
approximately flat in a far field region. That is, at a distance far from the
source, the waves emitted are approximately flat and can be considered
as such.
1. A dissipative medium has the following parameters:
𝜀𝑟 = 4.5, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.2 and 𝜎 = 1.2 𝑆/𝑚
Find the wavelength and the amount of wavelengths that will
penetrate a 6MHz signal.

2. In a medium with the following characteristics, 𝜺𝒓 = 𝟒, 𝝁𝒓 =

𝟏. 𝟔 and 𝝈 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑺/𝒎 find these parameters for a 300MHz
signal:
a. Loss tangent.
b. Propagation constant.
c. Phase velocity.
d. Wavelength.
e. Index of refraction.
Explain the meaning of each found value.

Solution:
The loss tangent is calculated to determine the medium:
𝜎 2,3 ∗ 10−4 𝑆⁄𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜖 2𝜋 ∗ 108 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠𝑒𝑔 ∗ 4 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9 𝐹 ⁄𝑀
36𝜋
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0,00104
It is a loss tangent of less than 0.1, so that the medium can be
characterized as a dielectric with low losses, therefore:
 108 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1
𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜖𝑗2𝜋 ∗ ∗ √4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻/𝑚 ∗ 4 ∗ ∗ 10−9 𝐹 ⁄𝑀
𝑠𝑒𝑔 36𝜋

4𝜋
𝛾=𝑗 √2
3
4𝜋
𝛽= √2𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
3

𝜇 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻/𝑚
𝜂√ = √ = 366,6Ω
𝜖 1 −9
4 ∗ 36𝜋 ∗ 10 𝐹 ⁄𝑀

The attenuation constant:

𝜎𝜂 2,3 ∗ 10−4 𝑆⁄𝑚 ∗ 366,6Ω
𝛼= = = 420,910−4 𝑁𝑝/𝑚
2 2
The phase velocity:
𝜔 2𝜋 ∗ 108 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠𝑒𝑔
𝑉𝑝 = = = 1061348𝐾𝑚/𝑠
𝛽 4𝜋
3 √2𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚

The wavelength:
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜆= = = 2,12𝑚
𝛽 4𝜋
3 √2𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚

The speed factor:

𝑉𝑝 106 ∗ 106 𝑚/𝑠
𝑓𝑣 = = = 0,354
𝐶𝑜 3 ∗ 108 /𝑠
The refractive index:
1 1
𝑛= = = 2,83
𝑓𝑣 0,354

3. An open medium has the following electromagnetic characteristics

𝜀𝑟 = 9, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.6 and 𝜎 = 1.2𝑥10−5 𝑆/𝑚
Find the power transmitted by a 120MHz signal with a maximum
electric field of 200V/m and find the skin depth of the signal.
4. For a medium with the same electromagnetic characteristics than
the third problem, find the losses per length unit for a 80MHz signal.
If the original signal has an electric field of 120Vrms/m. Find the
losses in watts when the signal travels 10m in the medium.

5. For a 1GHz signal, traveling in seawater find the attenuation per

length unit. How long does the signal have to travel, in order to
have an attenuation greater than 3dB?