What is Environmental Education?

Environmental education is a process that allows individuals to explore environmental issues,

engage in problem solving, and take action to improve the environment. As a result, individuals
develop a deeper understanding of environmental issues and have the skills to make informed and
responsible decisions.

The components of environmental education are:

• Awareness and sensitivity to the environment and environmental challenges

• Knowledge and understanding of the environment and environmental challenges

• Attitudes of concern for the environment and motivation to improve or maintain environmental
quality

• Skills to identify and help resolve environmental challenges

• Participation in activities that lead to the resolution of environmental challenges

Environmental education does not advocate a particular viewpoint or course of action. Rather,
environmental education teaches individuals how to weigh various sides of an issue through critical
thinking and it enhances their own problem-solving and decision-making skills.

Objectives of Environmental Education

❖ Awareness: To acquire an awareness and sensitivity to the total environment and its allied
problems;
❖ Knowledge: To gain a variety of experiences in and acquire a basic understanding of, the
environment and its associated problems;
❖ Attitudes: To acquire a set of values and feelings of concern for the environment and motivation
for actively participating in environmental improvement and protection;
❖ Skills: To acquire the skills for identifying and solving environmental problems;
❖ Participation: To encourage citizens to be actively involved at all levels inworking toward
resolution of environmental problems (UNESCO, 1978).
❖ Evaluation ability: To evaluate environs measures and education programmes in terms of
social, economic, ecological and aesthetic factors.
 POLLUTION

WHAT IS POLLUTION?

According to the EPA,“the presence of substance in the environment that, because of its chemical
composition or quantity, prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable
environmental and health effects is called noise.”

NOISE POLLUTION: Noise can be defined as an unwanted or undesired sound. Human beings are the
judges of sound that which sound is tolerable, and which is not. The intolerable sound is known as
‘noise’.

Definition of Noise:

The proper definition of noise pollution cannot be defined in one sentence. There are several people
had defined noise in different language:

Harvell: “Noise is an unwanted sound which increases fatigue and under some industrial conditions
it causes deafness” .

Blum: “A distracter and therefore interferes with the efficiency” .

J. Tiffin: “Noise is a sound which is disagreeable for the individual and which disturbs the normal
way of an individual” .

SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION

Noise pollution like other pollutants is also a by- product of industrialization, urbanizations and
modern civilization. Broadly speaking, the noise pollution has two sources, i.e. industrial and non-
industrial. The industrial source includes the noise from various industries and big machines working
at a very high speed and high noise intensity. Non- industrial source of noise includes the noise
created by transport/vehicular traffic and the neighbourhood noise generated by various noise
pollution can also be divided in the categories, namely, natural and manmade. Most leading noise
sources will fall into the following categories: roads traffic, aircraft, railroads, construction, industry,
noise in buildings, and consumer products

1. Transport noise,

2. Occupational noise,

3. Neighbourhood noise

4. Consumer Products noise

1) Transport Noise

Noise arising due to different types of transportation is called transport noise. This can be
subdivided into-

a. Road Traffic Noise: Vehicles on road produce irritation for more people than any other noise
source. This is because of steady increase in the number of road vehicles and consequently increases
of road traffic density.

b. Aircraft Noise: It differs from road traffic noise in the sense that it is not continuous but
intermittent. There are peak noise levels when aircraft fly overhead and land at the airport.

C . Rail Traffic Noise: The intensity of rail traffic noise is much lower than any other traffic noise.
Usually all railway tracks run through rural areas and so the exposure of rail traffic noise is minimum.

2) Occupational noise: This is mainly produced by industrial machines and processes which affects
millions of people. It also includes noise from domestic articles, i.e. , washing machines, vacuum
cleaners and so on. Industrial workers are exposed to noise minimum of 8 hours per day and 6 days
per week.

3) Neighbourhood noise: There are a variety of sources such as, television, radio, DVD players and
so on, which disturbs and annoys the general public.

4. Noise from Consumer products: - Certain household equipment, such as vacuum cleaners and
some kitchen appliances have been and continue to be noisemakers, although their contribution to
the daily noise dose is usually not very large.

EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION:

1. Deafness, temporary or permanent, is one of the most prevalent effects of noise pollution.
Mechanics, locomotive drivers, telephone operators etc. all have their hearing impairment.

2. The first and foremost effect of noise is a decrease in the efficiency in working. Research has
proved the fact that human efficiency increases with noise reduction.

3. Too much of noise disturbs the rhythms of working, thereby affecting the concentration required
for doing a work. Noise of traffic or the loud speakers or different types of horns divert the
attention, thus causing harm in the working standard.

4. Fatigue caused is another effect of noise. Due to lack of concentration, people need to devote
more time to complete their task, which leads to tiredness and fatigue.

5. Noise pollution acts as a stress invigorator, increasing the stress levels among people. Sometimes,
being surrounded by too much of noise, people can be victims of certain diseases like blood
pressure, mental illness, etc.

7. Noise pollution indirectly affects the vegetation. Plants require cool & peaceful environment to
grow. Noise pollution causes poor quality of crops.

8. Animals are susceptible to noise pollution as well. It damages the nervous system of the animals.

9. Noise indirectly weakens the edifice of buildings, bridges and monuments. It creates waves, which
can be very dangerous and harmful and put the building in danger condition.
10. Perhaps the most serious problem created by sound pollution is the impact it has on our health.

Because sound pollution can trigger the body’s stress response, one of its major health effects is
chronic stress and the high levels of stress hormones that go with it. As a result, noise pollution has
also been linked with health problems such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke. It’s
also been linked with musculoskeletal problems, as a Cornell University study on office noise found
that those working in noisy office environments can also be less likely to ergonomically adjust their
workstations for comfort, which can contribute to physical problems. Noise pollution can also impact
sleep quality by preventing sleep and disrupting sleep cycles. And, perhaps most significantly,
because chronic stress can lower your immunity to all disease, noise pollution is a general threat to
health and wellness.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS:

a. Headache due to continuous exposure of sound.

b. Increase in the rate of heart-beat.

c. Narrowing of arteries.

d. Pain in heart.

e. Digestive spasms through anxiety.

f. Lowering of concentration and effect on memory.

g. Muscular strain and nervous breakdown.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS:

a. Depression and fatigue which considerably reduces the efficiency of a person.

b. Insomnia as a result of lack of undisturbed and refreshing sleep.

c. Straining of senses and annoyance as a result of slow but persistent noisefrom motorcycle, alarm
clock, cell bells, telephone rings and so on.

d. Affecting of psychomotor performance of a person by a loud sound.

e. Emotional disturbance.

DISEASES:

High blood pressure (Hypertension) and Coronary Artery disease (Heart disease).

NOISE CONTROL STRATEGIES

Noise control methods generally broken into

three parts:1. Noise control at source,2. Noise control along the path to receiver,3. Noise control at
the receiver.

1. Noise control at source: The noise pollution can be controlled at the source of generation by
applying the below techniques:
• Reducing the noise levels from domestic sectors, such as radio, television, DVD players, washing
machines, mixers. It can be reduced by their selective and judicious operation.
• Regular servicing and tuning, i.e., maintenance of automobiles will reduce the noise levels.
• The vibrations of materials may be controlled using proper foundations, rubber padding etc. to
reduce the noise levels.
• Speaking at low voices while communication reduces the excess noise levels.
• Permission of using loudspeakers in the habitant zone except for important functions should be
prohibited.
• Proper lubrication and maintenance of machines, vehicles etc. will reduce noise levels.

2. Noise control at path:

Once sound has left a source and get established in the surrounding medium, either air or structure,
of the building, it would travel some distance before reaching the point at which the noise nuisance
will take place. When this situation arises, certain steps have to be taken to reduce the transmission
of noise as it travels down the path. Alternatively, vibration energy may transmit through building
structure, directly and may arise from direct excitation from the source, where a noise source has
been directly coupled with conducting path. Following are some of the ways by which we can reduce
transmission: Multiple layers, sound absorbing materials, design of building, installation of panels or
enclosures and so on.

3. Noise Control at Receiver: Noise has been received by people and more exceptionally by delicate
instrumentation and it is often necessary to control the noise level received. This is normally
achieved by treating the room or area within which the receiver is situated and we therefore have to
study the acoustic of these situation.

Permissible Noise Level: There exists a little opportunity for noise control of the receiver. Normally
by setting permissible noise level have been set for the receiver and engineering technique must be
used at the source and in order to limit the exposure of the receiver. On the basis of permissible
sound levels, the city areas are usually divided into four zones. The permissible sound levels are-

Zone Day Night

Industrial 75 dB 65 dB
Commercial 65 Db 55 dB
Residential 55 dB 45dB

Sensitive zone (up to 100 m. around hospitals, educational institutions)50 dB 40 dB

Personal Hearing Protection: Devices like ear plugs can be used to reduce the intensity of the noise.
By rotating the job between the workers at a particular noise source or isolating a person, the
advance impact can be reduced.

Administrative Technique: Regulations prescribe that, noise level of 90 dB for more than 8-hour
continuous exposure is prohibited. Persons who are working under such conditions will be exposed
to occupational health hazards. The schedule of the workers should be planned in such a way that
their exposure to the high noise levels should be reduced.
CONCLUSION:

The earth is polluted with several polluted materials. We need to be careful to reduce the
pollution across the globe, because this is our world and we have the responsibility to save the
world. We have to prevent the sources from which the pollution is scattering in the environment.
The government of several nations is stepping up to reduce this pollution and making all new acts,
we as a responsible citizen have to obey those rules and help them preventing the pollution. If the
general public does not obey the rule, no one is going to die except us. So we need to be careful and
responsible to save the environment, save the earth.

• We should try to low the volume of TV, radio or DVD players.

• We should not cross the limit of blowing the loudspeakers in the public places.
• We should not blow horns of vehicles in the sensitive areas like hospitals, schools, college, other
educational or health organizations.
• If somebody is feeling that he/she is having some problem with ear or heart, he/she must go to a
specialist for a medical check-up at the initial stage.

AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural
environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic
natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone
depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the
Earth's ecosystems.

OPEN BURNING:

•Open burning release lots of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide which blocks out sunlight and
causes worldwide food shortages because the sunlight cannot be absorbed by the leaves of the
plants and so the photosynthesis process is disrupted and cannot be done. Henceforth, it will cause
many animals to die because there is no food for them to eat anymore.

•BURNING CAUSES:

Haze

Smog

Greenhouse

Effect Global Warming

Dust Storm

COAL POWERPLANT

•Most countries are still using coal power plant as a primary source of energy. Coal may generate
lots of electricity, but it comes with a cost. Coal is a toxic material to the environment and has been
one of the main factors that cause global warming and the greenhouse effect. This may cause
massive problems to our eco-system and now has been taking affect.

COAL

Coal

is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were preserved by water and mud from
oxidization and biodegradation, and which its chemical and physical properties have been changed
as a result of geological action over time, thus sequestering atmospheric carbon. Coals a readily
combustible black or brownish-black rock. There are at least 5coal power plant in use in Malaysia
and this may increase our air pollution problem in Malaysia. The use of coal releases methane and
carbon dioxide which are both greenhouse gases. It also contains mercury, ash, thorium, arsenic and
many others.

EFFECTS OF COAL

Acid rain

Generation of tons of waste product

Lung cancer

Respiratory problem

Interference with ground water level

Damages infrastructure

Pollutes water (if river nearby source)

SMOKING

Smoking has been practiced in one form or another since ancient times. Tobacco and various
hallucinogenic drugs were smoked all over the Americas as early as 5000 BC in shamanistic rituals
and originated in the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes Inhaling the vaporized gas form of substances
into the lungs is a quick and very effective way of delivering drugs into the bloodstream and affects
the user within seconds of the first inhalation. The lungs consist of several million tiny bulbs called
alveoli that altogether have an area of over 70 m² (about the area of a tennis court). This can be
used to administer useful medical as well as recreational drugs such as aerosols, consisting of tiny
droplets of a medication, or as gas produced by burning plant material with a psychoactive
substance or pure forms of the substance itself.

SMOKING VS HEALTH

•Of the various methods of consumption, the primary health risks pertain to diseases of the
cardiovascular system by the vector of smoking, which overtime allows high quantities of
carcinogens to deposit in the mouth, throat, and lungs. Tobacco-related diseases are some of the
biggest killers in the world today and are cited as one of the biggest causes of premature death in
industrialized countries. In the United States some 500,000 deaths per year are attributed to
smoking-related diseases and a recent study estimated that as much as 1/3 of China's male
population will have significantly shortened life-spans due to smoking.

CONTENT OF CIGARETTES

•Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons • Acrolein •Nitrosamines •Nicotine • Apoptosis

•Radioactive carcinogens(polonium-210)

EFFECTS OF CIGARETTES

•Lung Cancer •Genetic Defect •Miscarriage (for women) •Radioactive Poisoning •Heart Attack •
Emphysema• Pancreatic Cancer •Pulmonary Damage •Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
•Tuberculosis •Bronchitis •Nausea •Dizziness •Rapid Heart Beat •Cigarette Smoke May Affect Non-
Smokers

FACTORIES
Factories are one of the main air and water polluters of the world. They are responsible for many
release of dangerous substances which dangerous to humans and so to the eco-system. They have
polluted the air as much as vehicles. Though they have been built far from cities, their effect on the
environment is visible even residents in the city will be affected with the air transfer of toxins from
the factories.

TOXINS RELEASED

•Carbon monoxide •Chlorofluorocarbon •Hydrocarbon •Nitrogen oxide •Sulfur oxide •Troposphere

ozone • Petroleum(solvent)

EFFECTS OF TOXINS RELEASED

•Thinning of the ozone layer • Haze •Smog •Blocking of ultraviolet rays • Kills plants and animals

AEROSOL SPRAY

Aerosol spray has been widely used around the world. It was invented by Lyle Goodhue and William
Sullivan. Pressurized by liquefied gas, which gave it propellant qualities, the small, portable can
enabled soldiers to defend against malaria-carrying bugs by spraying inside tents in the Pacific during
World War II. In 1948, three companies were granted licenses by the United States government to
manufacture aerosols. It was filled with chlorofluorocarbon and later most changed to methane or
butane but the disadvantages were that they were flammable.

CONTENTS OF AEROSOL SPRAY

•CFC(Chlorofluorocarbon) •Methane •Butane •Isobutene •Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)•Carbon

dioxide •Methyl ethyl ether

EFFECTS OF AEROSOL SPRAY

•Increase of rubbish •Thinning of the ozone layer •Explosion •Death if inhaled •Difficulty breathing

VOLCANO

• Volcano is an opening or a rupture in a planet’s crust which allow hot, molten rock, ash and gases
to escape from below to the surface. Volcano can be caused by mantle plumes(hotspot) example,
Hawaii. Hotspot volcanoes are found on rocky planets in the solar system. Volcanoes are
usually found where tectonics plates diverge and converge
TYPES OF VOLCANO

•Shield volcano •Super volcano •Stratovolcano •Submarine volcano •Sub glacial volcano • Mud
volcano

CONTENT OF VOLCANO

Water vapor •Carbon dioxide •Sulfur dioxide----- Sulfuric Acid •Hydrogen chloride •
Hydrogen fluoride• Ash(rocks)•Magma

EFFECT OF VOLCANO ERUPTION

• Albedo (amount of light reflection back to space) •Famine •Difficulty breathing(ashes) •Pyroclastic
flow •Release of chlorofluorocarbon gases •Destroys ozone layer • Acid rain •Cooling of the world
•Plants cannot produce food because ash cover leaves

AUTOMOBILE

There are more than 590 million cars on the road today. The word automobile comes, via the French
automobile, from the Ancient Greek word ατός (ὐautós, "self") and theLatin mobilis("movable");
meaning a vehicle that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or
another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or
carrum("wheeled vehicle"), or the Middle English wordcarre("cart") (from Old North French), or
karros(a Gallic wagon). Therefore, making it the no.1 contributor to global warming and greenhouse
effect.

TYPE OF PROPULSION

•Diesel •Gasoline •Biofuel •Electric •Petroleum •Steam • Air• Gas turbine •Rotary engine • Rocket
and jet cars

RELEASE OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUSTGAS

•Carbon dioxide •Lead •Carbon monoxide •Hydrocarbon • Nitrogen

EFFECT OF AUTOMOBILE TO THEENVIRONMENT

•Global warming •Greenhouse effect •Defect in babies •Respiratory difficulties • Acid rain
• Destruction of habitats (building of roads)

SOLUTION TOAIR POLLUTION

Renewable energy

Solar

Geothermal

Wind

Biomass
Hydrogen fuel cell

•Scrubber

SOLAR: Solar power technologies provide electrical generation by means of heat engines or
photovoltaics. A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar
architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, day lighting, hot water, thermal energy
for cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. The total solar energy
absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000exajoules(EJ)
per year

USE OF SOLAR PANEL

• Architecture and urban planning •Solar lighting •Solar thermal • Water heating •Heating,
cooling and ventilation • Water treatment •Cooking •Process heat •Electrical generation
•Photovoltaics •Solar vehicles

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

•Geothermal power (from the Greek rootsgeo, meaning earth, and

thermos, meaning heat) is energy generated from heat stored in the earth, or the collection of
absorbed heat derived from underground •Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal
generator on 4July 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy.

[1] The largest group of geothermal plants in the world is located at The Geysers, a geothermal field
in California, United States.

[2] The Philippines and Iceland are the only countries to generate a significant percentage of their
electricity from geothermal sources; in both countries 15-20% of power comes from geothermal
plants. As of 2008,geothermalpower supplies less than 1% of the world's energy.

[3] The most common type of geothermal power plants ( binary plants) are closed cycle operations
and release essentially no Greenhouse gas emissions; geothermal power is available 24 hours a day
with average availabilities above 90% (compared to about 75%

WIND ENERGY

• Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form, such as electricity, using wind
turbines. At the end of 2008, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered generators was 120.8
gigawatts. [1] Although wind produces only about 1.5% of worldwide electricity use, [1] it is growing
rapidly, having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008.

• Wind energy has historically been used directly to propel sailing ships or converted into
mechanical energy for pumping water or grinding grain, but the principal application of wind power
today is the generation of electricity. Large scale wind farms are typically connected to the local
electric power transmission network, with smaller turbines being used to provide electricity to
isolated locations. Utility companies increasingly buy back surplus electricity produced by small
domestic turbines. Wind energy as a power source is favoured by many environmentalists as an
alternative to fossil fuels, as it is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and produces lower
greenhouse gas emissions, although the construction of wind farms is not universally welcomed due
to their visual impact and other effects on the environment.

BIOMASS ENERGY

•Biomass, as a renewable energy source, refers to living and recently dead biological material that
can be used as fuel or for industrial production. In this context, biomass refers to plant matter grown
to generate electricity or produce for example trash such as dead trees and branches, yard clippings
and wood chips biofuel, and it also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibres,
chemicals or heat. Biomass may also include biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel.
Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants, including miscanthus, switchgrass,
hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane , and a variety of tree species, ranging from
eucalyptus to oil palm (palm oil).The particular plant used is usually not very important to the end
products, but it does affect the processing of the raw material.

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL

• A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device. It produces electricity from fuel (on the anode
side) and an oxidant (on the cathode side), which react in the presence of an electrolyte. The
reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction products flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains
within it. Fuel cells can operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows are maintained.
What is water pollution?
Water pollution is an undesirable change in the state of water, contaminated with harmful
substances. It is the second most important environmental issue next to air pollution.

Water pollution occurs when energy and other materials are released into the water contaminating
the quality of it for other users. Water pollution is any contamination of water with chemicals and
other foreign substances that are detrimental to human, plant, or animal health. These pollutants
include fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural runoff; sewage and food processing

waste; lead, mercury, and other heavy metals; chemical wastes from industrial discharges;
and chemical contamination from hazardous waste sites.

Types of water pollution

There are many types of water pollution because water comes from many sources. Here are a few
types of water pollution:

1. Nutrients Pollution

Some wastewater, fertilizers and sewage contain high levels of nutrients. "f they end up in water
bodies, they encourage algae and weed growth in the water. This will make the water undrinkable,
and even clog filters. Too much algae will also use up all the oxygen in the water, and other water
organisms in the water will die out of oxygen from starvation.

2. Surface water pollution

Surface water includes natural water found on the earth’s surface, like rivers, lakes, lagoons and
oceans. Hazardous substances coming into contact with this surface water, dissolving or mining
physically with the water can be called surface water pollution.

3. Oxygen depleting

water bodies have microorganisms. These include aerobic and anaerobic organisms. %hen to much
biodegradable matter(things that easily decay) end up in water, it encourages more microorganism
growth, and they use up more oxygen in the water. "f oxygen is depleted, aerobic organisms die, and
anaerobic organism grow more to produce harmful toxins such as ammonia and sulfides.

4. Ground water pollution

When humans apply pesticides and chemicals to soils, they are washed deep into the ground by rain
water. This gets to underground water, causing pollution underground. This means when we dig
wells and bore holes to get water from underground, it needs to be checked for ground water
pollution.
5. Microbiological

In many communities in the world, people drink untreated water(straight from a river or stream).
Sometimes there is natural pollution caused by microorganisms like viruses, bacteria and protozoa.
This natural pollution can cause fishes and other water life to die. They can also cause serious illness
to humans who drink from such waters.

6. Suspended matter

Some pollutants (substances, particles and chemicals) do not easily dissolve in water. This kind
of material is called particulate matter. Some suspended pollutants later settle under the
waterbody. This can harm and even kill aquatic life that life at the floor of water bodies.

7. Chemical Water Pollution

Many industries and farmers work with chemicals that end up in water. These include chemicals that
are used to control weeds, insects and pests. Metals and solvents from industries can pollute water
bodies. These are poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and may slow their development, make
them infertile and kill them.

8. Oil Spillage

Oil spills usually have only a localized effect on wildlife but can spread for miles. The oil can cause
the death of many fish and stick to the feathers of seabirds causing them to lose the ability to fly.

Industrial causes of water pollution.

Industrial waste

Industries cause huge water pollution with their activities. These come mainly from:

Sulphur * This is a non-metallic substance that is harmful for marine life.

Asbestos * This pollutant has cancer-causing properties. When inhaled, it can cause illnesses such
as asbestosis and some types of cancer.

Lead and Mercury * These are metallic elements and can cause environmental and health problems
for humans and animals. it is also poisonous. it is usually very hard to clean it up from the
environment once it get into it because it in nonbiodegradable.

Nitrates & Phosphates* These are found in fertilizers, are often washed from the soils to
nearby water bodies. They can cause eutrophication, which can be very problematic to marine
environments.

Oils * Oils forms a thick layer on the water surface because they do not dissolve in water. This can
stop marine plants receiving enough light for photosynthesis. it is also harmful for fish and marine
birds. A classic example is the BP oil spill in 2012 with killed thousands of animal species.
Oil Pollution by Oil 0ndustires

Routine shipping, run-offs and dumping of oils on the ocean surfaces happen every day. Oil spills
make up about /-2 of the oil that enters the ocean. Oil spills cause major problems and can be
extremely harmful to local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters and other aquatic
life. because oil does not dissolve, it stays on the water surface and suffocates fish. oil also gets
caught in the feathers of sea birds stopping them from flying. Some animals die as a result.

Other causes of water pollution.

Apart from the industrial causes of water pollution, as we saw in the previous page, here are some
more:

Sewage and waste water

Every day, we cook, do laundry, flush the toilet, wash our cars, shower and do many things that use
water. Think about how we use water in schools, hospitals and public places. Where do you think all
the water, liquid waste, toilet and urine ends up? In many developed communities, this waste water
and soluble waste (called sewage) is treated, cleaned and dumped into the sea or river. Even though
they are treated, they are never the same as fresh water. In some not- so-developed countries, the
sewage is not treated, but 'quickly dumped into the sea or water bodies. This is 5106
dangerous because they contaminate the environment and water bodies and bring many deadly
diseases to us.

Septic Tanks

Every domestic (home) toilet is connected to septic tank usually located outside the house. 1ach
time poop is flushed down the toilet, it goes into this tank, where the solid part is separated from
the liquid part. Biological processes are used to break down the solids and the liquid is usually
drained out into a land drainage system. 7rom this stage, it can escape into the soil and nearby
water bodies.

Ocean and marine dumping

Again, think of the rubbish we all make each day. Paper waste, food waste, plastic, rubber, metallic
and aluminium waste. In some countries, there are deposited into the sea. All these waste types
take time to decompose. Example, it is know that paper takes about 8 weeks, aluminium takes about
200 years and glass takes even more. Then these end up in the sea, they harm sea animals and cause
a lot of deaths.

Underground storage and tube leakages

Many liquid products (petroleum products) are stored in metal and steel tubes underground. Other
sewage systems run in underground tubes. Overtime, they rust and begin to leak. If that happens,
they contaminate the soils and the liquids in them end up in many nearby water bodies.
 EFFECT

The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on what chemicals are dumped and in which
locations. Many water bodies near urban areas (cities and towns) are highly polluted. This is the
result of both garbage dumped by individuals and dangerous chemicals legally or illegally dumped
by manufacturing industries, health centres, schools and marketplaces.

Death of aquatic (water) animals

The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life that depends on these water bodies.
9ead fish, crabs, birds and sea gulls, dolphins, and many other animals by often wind up on beaches,
killed pollutants in their habitat (living environment).

Disruption of food -chains

Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are eaten by
tiny animals. Water, these animals are consumed by fish and shellfish, and the food chain continues
to be disrupted at all higher levels.

Diseases

Eventually, humans are affected by this process as well. People can get diseases such as hepatitis by
eating seafood that has been poisoned. In many poor nations, there is always outbreak of cholera
and diseases as a result of poor drinking water treatment from contaminated waters.

Destruction of ecosystems

Ecosystems (the interaction of living things in a place, depending on each other for life) can be
severely changed or destroyed by water pollution. any areas are now being affected by careless
human pollution, and this pollution is coming back to hurt humans in many ways.

Prevention of water

Governments, local councils and laws

Many governments have very strict laws that help minimise water pollution. These laws are usually
directed to industries, hospitals, schools and market areas on how to dispose, treat and manage
sewage. 9o you know the laws in your country? This is the time to find out.

In many developed cities, waste or sewage treatment is very efficient, and designed to minimise
pollution of water bodies. =lick on the button below to see an example of how a good sewage
(wastewater) treatment works. (The next page explains that process)
There are also lots of organisations and groups that help educate people on the dangers of water
pollution. "t is always great to 3oin these groups, because they regularly encourage other members
of their communities to have a better attitude towards water.

Controlling Measures

Be careful about what you throw down your sink or toilet.

. Use environmentally household products, such as washing powder, household cleaning agents
and toiletries.

. Spread awareness.

. Take great care not to overuse pesticides and fertilizers.

. Don’t throw litter into rivers, lakes or oceans.

. Fertilize correctly.

. Join a special society devoted to the prevention of water pollution.

. Use water wisely. Do not keep the tap running when not in use.

. Never throw rubbish away anyhow. Always look for the correct waste bin. If there is none around,
please take it home and put it in your trash can.

Liquid Waste (Sewage/ Wastewater) Treatment

Wastewater (liquid waste) from flushing the toilet, bathing, washing sinks and general cleaning goes
down the drain and into a pipe, which joins a larger sewer pipe under the road. The larger pipe also
joins a ma3or pipe that leads to the treatment centre.
MEANING OF GREEN HOUSE

A greenhouse is a building made by glass sheet where plants are cultivated.

In briefly, a greenhouse is a structure with a glass or plastic roof and glass or plastic walls. When the
sun’s ray reflects on glass then the house gathers heat by radiation and the house keeps remain hot
because the glass blocked the sun rays. In that types of house some plants are cultivated where
normal temperature is not enough for cultivate plants. Here is one image of a normal look green
house,

MEANING OF GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

The greenhouse effect discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and first investigated by Arrhenius in
1896.The Earth has a natural temperature control system. Certain atmospheric gases are maintain
the system and are known as greenhouse gases. On average, about one third of the solar radiation
that hits the earth is reflected back to space. Some is absorbed by the atmosphere, but most is
absorbed by the land and oceans. The Earth’s surface becomes warm and as a result emits infrared
radiation. The greenhouse gases trap the infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere.

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapours, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane and
nitrous oxide, and together create a natural greenhouse effect.

However, human activities are causing to increase the greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere in
an extreme stage that, so the full process of natural greenhouse is happened massively that is called
greenhouse effect.

Though the full process is look like the greenhouse so is called greenhouse effect also. Here the
carbon dioxide gas is like glass sheet and we are like plants. Here is a simple figure which mentions
total process of greenhouse effect,

MAIN CAUSES OF GREEN HOUSEEFFECT

Human are mainly accused for the greenhouse effect. We know that the enhancement of carbon
dioxide in an extreme range is the main reason for greenhouse effect. So from where the carbon
dioxide is produced they are the main cause for greenhouse effect. Here some examples are
mentioned what are really responsible for producing carbon dioxide,

a. Deforestation: Plant destruction in a large scale is one of the main reasons for green house
effect. Because trees are absorb the Carbon-dioxide and produce Oxygen gas.

b. Increasing of population: A huge number of human produced a huge Carbon-dioxide so it

another reason of green house effect. Here is an example for that,

c. Burning fuel: Burning fuel like petrol, diesel, octane, coal and kerosene in a vast scale is another
main reason for increasing Carbon-dioxide. That is responsible for green house effect. Here this
image will make it clear,

d. Industrial Carbon-dioxide production: Different type of industries produced Carbon-dioxide and

other harmful gases in a large scale. This picture mentioned it,

e. C.F.C. gas: Many man maid things like refrigerators, aerosol cans, fire extinguisher chemicals
produced C.F.C. gases that are most helpful for green house effect. It is like,
f. Nuclear reactor: In modern world nuclear reactor is used in commonly is also responsible for
produced carbon-dioxide in a large scale. This is happened like this,

g. Inconsiderate Urbanization: Inconsiderate urbanization is another cause of green house effect

that means someone build infrastructure without planning. Here is an example,

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO SAVE OURENVIRONMENT FROM GREEN HOUSEEFFECT?

Though the green house effect is a massive attack to our environment and that should be stopped.
First we have to think, for what it is happened and that causes must be eliminate by anyhow.

a. Plant more trees: We must plant more trees where we can, in town or village. Tree plantation
may be like that at urban place

b. Burning fuel in restriction: Vehicles should use protection kits to reduce Carbon-dioxide
producing.

c. Set safety filter on industrial fume exit pipe: Every industry must make their exit pipe safe by
taking preventive steps soon.

d. Leave C.F.C: In every place where the C.F.C is used must be stopped. Our scientist should invent
some alternatives of C.F.C what is not harmful for environment.

e. Responsible urbanization: For live and other needs we must built road & building but not
inconsiderately. We must do that with environment friendly thinking. That may be like this,

f. Make everyone environment award: Everyone must be acknowledged about the environment, its
important ness & what happed to it so they will try to save the environment.

So by taking every type of precaution we can make our environment safe and sound thus our
world will be a place for happiness and peace

INTRODUCTION OF GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming, a recent, a recent warming of the Earth's warming of the Earth's lower
atmosphere, is lower atmosphere, is believed to be the result of believed to be the result of an
enhanced greenhouse an enhanced greenhouse effect due to increased effect due to increased
concentrations of concentrations of greenhouse gases gases in thein theatmosphere.atmosphere.

Effects of Global Warming

Extreme Weather Extreme Weather

Melting Ice Sheet & Glacier smelting Ice Sheet & Glaciers

Raising Sea Levels Raising Sea Levels

Effects on Agriculture Effects on Agriculture

Effects on Plant & Animals Effects on Plant & Animals

Human Health Human Health

Forest Fires Forest Fires

Extreme Weather

Storms are expected to be more frequent and Storms are expected to be more frequent and more
intense in a warmer world. Water will also more intense in a warmer world. Water will also
evaporate more rapidly from soil, causing it to dry evaporate more rapidly from soil, causing it to dry
out faster between rains. Some regions might faster between rains. Some regions might actually
become drier than before actually become drier than before Ice Sheets &Glaciers

Warming temperatures are already causing significant changes to mountain glaciers around the
world, ice sheets in Greenland and the Antarctic, and polar

Sea Levels

As the atmosphere warms, the surface layer of As the atmosphere warms, the surface layer of the
ocean warms as well, expanding in volume the ocean warms as well, expanding in volume and thus
raising sea level. The melting of glaciers and thus raising sea level. The melting of glaciers and ice
sheets, especially around Greenland, and ice sheets, especially around Greenland, further swells the
sea. Further swells the sea.

Effects on Agriculture

For some time it was hoped that a positive effect of global warming would be increased
agricultural yields, because of the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis but climate change will

Effects on Animals

Polar bears

Walruses

Ice seals

Black guillemots

Kittiwakes

Salmon

Caribou

Arctic grayling

Rising temperatures

Shrinking habitat

Food harder to get

Expanding disease

International Health Impacts

Increased epidemics of malaria Increased epidemics of malaria in Africa and new cases in Turkey
in Africa and new cases in Turkey and elsewhere and elsewhere

Increased Cerebral-Increased cerebral-cardiovascular conditions in cardiovascular conditions in

China; dengue fever in SE Asia China; dengue fever in SE Asia
 In Europe, increased heat In Europe, increased heatwave deaths (52,000 in 2003,wave deaths
(52,000 in 2003, (EPI(EPI2006)2006)), typhoid fever, Vibrio), typhoid fever, Vibrio vulnificus,
Ostreopsis ovata, vulnificus, Ostreopsis ovata, Congo Crimea haemorrhagic fever Congo Crimea
haemorrhagic fever

More mercury release; More mercury release; flooding; and storms flooding; and storms

WHO: 150,000 deaths and 5WHO: 150,000 deaths and 5million illnesses/year from GW;million
illnesses/year from GW;double by 2030double by 2030

Forest Fires

WHAT IS OZONE?

Ozone is a triatomic form of oxygen (O3).

Unlike oxygen (O2), ozone has a strongscent and is blue in color.

Ozone exists within both the troposphericand stratospheric zones of the Earth satmosphere.

IMPORTANCE OF OZONE LAYER

Protect the earth from harmful radiations.

Ultraviolet Filter.

Polar ice shifting.

Helpful to reduce temperature.

EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS

1. Effect on eyes’. Eye Cancer

2. Skin cancer

3. Accelerate aging of skin due high exposure

4. Risk of malignant melanoma has increased10%.

5. Risk of non-malignant melanoma has increased 26%.

6. Polar ice melting.

HOW TO STOP IT?

1. Stop pollution.

2. RAISE AWARENESS.

3. PLANT MORE TREES.

4. USE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION.

5. USE RENEWABLE SOURCES

CONCLUSION: Most ozone depletion is the result of human activities. Making small changes in our
habits can make a huge difference in our future
CARBON FOOTPRINT!!
But what does it mean?
‘The carbon footprint is a measure of the impact that human activities have on the amount of
greenhouse gases produced, measured in terms of kilograms of carbon dioxide produced per
year.’

1. PRIMARY CARBON FOOTPRINT: This is a measure of how much carbon dioxide is given out
directly by energy consumption so you are in control of this type of carbon footprint.
2. 2. SECONDARY CARBON FOOTPRINT: This is a measure of carbon dioxide given out that is
not under your control by products you consume.

CLASSIFYING CARBON FOOTPRINT ACTIVITY

• The following activities in a person’s life are examples of primary or secondary carbon footprints
(adapted activities from ‘AQA A2 Human Biology’ by Lowrie and Goodger):
• Imported food
• Home appliances permanently on stand-by
• Ready-meals
• Eating large quantities of red meat
• Flying to work from London to Shoreham
• Using a car to drive into town for 2 minutes
• Cheese-strings
• Energy-efficient condenser boiler
• Using a tumble-drier
• Drinking bottled/filtered water only

CLASSIFYING CARBON FOOTPRINT

ACTIVITY

PRIMARY CARBON FOOTPRINT SECONDARY CARBON FOOTPRINT

Home appliances permanently switched on Imported food

Flying to work from London to Shoreham Ready meals

Using a car to drive into town for 2 minutes Eating large quantities of red meat

Energy efficient condenser boiler Cheese-strings

Using a tumble drier Drinking bottled/filtered water only