Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
UNIT II
FUNDAMENTALS OF WRITING
LESSON 5
A paragraph is composed of three major parts: the topic sentence, the body which consists of the
supporting details, and the closing sentence.
Unlike a paragraph, an essay has a more elaborate structure. It is divided into three general parts, namely
the introduction, body and conclusion. Below are the specific parts of an essay.
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I. Introduction
A. Lead or Attention-getter
B. Transitional Statement
C. Thesis Statement
II. Body
A. Major Point 1
1. Minor Detail 1
2. Minor Detail 2
3. Minor Detail 3
B. Major Point 2
1. Minor Detail 1
2. Minor Detail 2
3. Minor Detail 3
C. Major Point 3
1. Minor Detail 1
2. Minor Detail 2
3. Minor Detail 3
III. Conclusion
A. Reiteration of thesis statement
B. Transitional Statement
C. Closing Statement
1. Introduction
Lead or attention-getter- first statement in the essay which aims to hook the readers
Transitional statement- links the lead to the thesis statement. It generally provides background
information on the topic.
Thesis statement- states the main idea or argument of the essay
3. Conclusion
Restatement of thesis statement- uses different structure and wording to uphold the language style
Transitional statement- talks about the recommendations, benefits of ideas presented or purpose of
writing the essay
Closing statement- used to wrap up the essay
Coherence- occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual or idea level
Cohesion- connection of ideas at the sentence level
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4. Language use- enables the writer to effectively communicate ideas without confusing the reader
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Name:
Date:
Patterns of Development
Test I. Read the following thesis statements. Choose one of the patterns of organization from the box that best describes
the pattern the author will follow. Use each choice once.
____1. During the election, the candidate will make a number of campaign stops throughout the United States.
____2. Managers experience several different personnel problems that must be solved before a business can work
effectively such as tardiness, poor performance, and inappropriate computer usage.
____3. Just as we relate to others based on their personality traits, we tend to interact with our personal computers based
on their performance.
____4. Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places.
____5. A mother’s use of alcohol during pregnancy can lead to birth defects in her unborn child.
____6. Wetlands is a general term that includes several types of vital links between water and land.
____7. Within a rainforest there are four layers of growth starting on the ground and moving up through the trees.
____8. Tyler’s intelligence and energy allows him to excel in a variety of areas such as sports, academics and community
service.
Test II. Fill in each blank with a transition from the box. Use each transition only once. Then tell what pattern of
organization is used.
Sexual harassment is defined as any form of unwanted sexual attention. Most companies now have sexually
harassment policies in place. If you feel you are being harassed, there are several steps you can take. (1) __________, ask
the harasser to stop. Be clear and direct. This may be the first time the person has ever been told such behavior is wrong.
(2) _____________, record the event. Having a record of exactly what will be helpful in making your case. (3)
________, complain to a higher authority. Talk to your manager about what happened. (4) _____________, remember
that you have not done anything wrong. You will likely feel awful (5)________ being harassed. However, you should
feel proud that you are not keeping silent.
Reading a book is always much better than watching a movie based on a book (7) _______________ the saying
“A picture is worth a thousand words,” a book is able to give much more information than a movie can give. The author
can give the thoughts of characters ; (8) ________________, a movie usually conveys only the actions and words of the
characters. A book can follow several characters and plot lines, but a movie usually has less than two hours to tell the
story and must follow just a few characters or one plot line. The final (9) ______________ is one of imagination. Each
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reader of a book can create a different mental picture of the characters and scenes. A movie (10) ______________, can
offer only the vision of the director and actors.
Test III. Determine the pattern of organization used for each sentence. Then fill in the blanks within the sentence with
transition words from the box. Use each choice once.
Transition Words
for example furthermore just as so
type even though when between
Patterns of Organization
definition spatial contrast classification
cause and effect chronological comparison addition
1. _________________ Chloe is afraid of heights, she went bungee jumping to celebrate her birthday.
Pattern of Organization: _______________________
2. Distance education is learning that takes place when student is in a location apart from the classroom, building, or site;
_______________, online courses and telecourses are distance learning courses.
Pattern of Organization: _______________________
3. Isabella wanted to become a professional actress, ___________________ she moved to New York City.
Pattern of Organization: _______________________
5. The best course of action to take _____________ one has made a mistake is to admit, learn from it, and avoid making
it again.
Pattern of Organization: _______________________
6. Pilates develops a strong and supple spine by extending the space ________________ each vertebra.
Pattern of Organization: _______________________
7. Research has shown that cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, throat, larynx, lung, and esophagus are connected to cigar
smoking. _____________________, facts strongly suggest a link between cigar smoking and cancer of the pancreas.
Pattern of Organization: _______________________
8. During an episode of an activity, a volcano commonly displays a distinctive pattern or _______________ of behavior.
Pattern of Organization: _______________________
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Name:
Date:
Test I. Read each sentence then identify its claim. Write CF if it is a claim of fact, CV if it is a claim of value and CP if
it is a claim of policy.
Test II. Read the following statements below then analyze what type of logical fallacy is it.
__________________1. It’s either you win the game or don’t mind it at all.
___________________ 2. When a boss recommends someone for a promotion and makes the argument that the person
really needs the additional money to support his family.
__________________3. Are you going to admit that you are wrong?
__________________4. He may be a qualified candidate, but he has tattoos, so I won't vote for him.
___________________ 5. During the obstacle course, Tanner believes that going left will get them out of the maze, but
everyone else thinks they should go right. So, Tanner goes with the group.
__________________6. You either like kids or you don't.
___________________7. A young mother asks for assistance from a local church and she brings her three young
children with her to speak to the pastor.
__________________8. Did you ever beat your wife?
___________________ 9. If we allow gay marriage, the next thing we know, people will want to marry their dogs, or
their cats, or their pigs.
___________________10. Ian was raised in a Christian home. When Ian goes to college, many of the students do not
believe in Jesus and do not attend church. Ian begins to doubt his faith because of his new
friends' lack of faith.
__________________11. Mrs. Peters is nominated for teacher of the year, which is voted on by her fellow faculty
members. A colleague says that she would never vote for her because she is too young.
__________________12. While the professor makes some good points in class, he doesn't believe in God, so I don't
listen to a thing he has to say.
__________________13. If you allow the students to redo this test, they are going to want to redo every assignment for
the rest of the year.
__________________14. If you don’t accept that the Sun orbits the Earth, rather than the other way around, then you’ll
be excommunicated from the Church.
_________________15. Drink water every day and be healthy, or continue to drink sodas and be unhealthy.
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LESSON 7
- it includes the people involved (the sender and the receiver), relationship between the people involved in the
communication, time and place, and some possible interferences
- in the context of academic and professional writing, your two general purposes are to inform and to
persuade
6. Product- refers to the output that you intend to produce after considering all the other components
The following are some examples of outputs produced through academic writing and professional writing:
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