Shortis and Harvey (1998) Rather than use relatively unreliable visual estimates by

divers, an underwater stereo-video system has been developed to improve the accuracy of the
measurement of lengths of highly indicative species such as reef fish. In common with any
system used for accurate measurements, the design and calibration of the underwater stereo-
video system are of paramount importance to realize the maximum possible accuracy from the
system. The initial testing has clearly demonstrated the potential for efficient and appropriate
under-water measurement. The system can be scaled down or up for various applications with
corresponding changes in accuracy and precision. The technique is robust and insensitive to user
experience, therefore removing biases resulting from inter-observer variability. It is anticipated
that stereo-video systems will gain widespread acceptance in many applications in the future,
especially as systems are developed to incorporate automated and accurate calibration and
measurement routines.

(Levy, Belfer et al. 2018) Monitoring of the marine environment requires large amounts
of data, simply due to its vast size. Therefore, underwater autonomous vehicles and drones are
increasingly deployed to acquire numerous photographs. Therefore transfer learning method is
demonstrated which can be uti-lized to achieve high quality results for both detection and
classification in the marine environment. They also demonstrate tracking in videos that enables
counting and measuring the organisms. The tracker was able to estimate the location of
organisms that were not detected in the single images, increasing overall detection precision. In
addition, the tracking enables discrimination between individuals of the same specie, which is
extremely significant for extracting meaningful ecological measures.It is difficult to perform
extensive evaluation of methods as there is no standard dataset available that is annotated well.

(Rees, Avens et al. 2018) Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones are increasingly being
adopted together data, at previously unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions in diverse
geographic locations. This easily accessible, low-cost tool is improving existing research
methods and enabling novel approaches in marine turtle ecology and conservation. They
implemented the diverse ways in which incorporating inexpensive UAVs may reduce costs and
field time while improving safety and data quality and quantity over existing methods for studies
on turtle nesting, at-sea distribution and behaviour surveys, as well as expanding into new
avenues such as surveillance against illegal take. Choice of UAV hardware and survey design
appropriate to the research needs will generate data that can transform our understanding of sea
turtle ecology and population dynamics.

(He and Suuronen 2018) Fishing gears are marked to establish and inform origin, ownership and
position. More recently, fishing gears are marked to aid in capacity control, reduce marine litter
due to abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) and assist in its recovery,
and to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Traditionally, physical
marking, inscription, writing, color, shape, and tags have been used for ownership and
capacity purposes. Buoys, lights, flags, and radar reflectors are used for marking of position.
More recently, electronic devices have been installed on marker buoys to enable easier relocation
of the gear by owner vessels.Through the review result it is analysed that gear marking
technologies with focus on coded wire tags, radio frequency identification tags, Automatic
Identification Systems, advanced electronic buoys for pelagic longlines and fish aggregating
devices, and re-location technology if the gear becomes lost. Development of cost-effective
devices for relocating lost fishing gear is still needed.

(Juanes 2018) Development of tools for early detection of invasive species is critically important
as the threat of global invasions Increase. Visual and acoustic sensors make effective tools for
early detection of invasives, Visual sensors are by far the dominant mode of detection,
particularly in terrestrial habitats. At small scales they include photography and video technology
along with the advent of advanced image acquisition and automatic identification. At larger
scales remote sensing by use of drones, satellites and video technology are being developed to
map invasive species habitats in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Future use will
depend in part on further development of automatic detection methodology. There is also large
potential in the use of acoustic methods for early detection of invasives, especially cryptic ones,
but such technology is still in its infancy due to technological and analytic limitations. More
research is needed to facilitate the incorporation of new technologies into existing methods as
they become available.
(Cutter, Stierhoff et al. 2015) Increasingly, underwater imagery is being used to provide
fisheries-independent data to support stock assessments and management decisions for living
marine resources. Different methods are applied for automated detection of fish based on
cascade classifiers of Haar-like features created using underwater images from a remotely
operated vehicle under ocean survey conditions. The images are unconstrained, and the imaging
environment is highly variable due to the moving imaging platform, a complex rocky seabed
background, and still and moving cryptic fish targets. These images are released in a new image
dataset, "labeled fishes in the wild," of in situ groundfishes, mainly rockfishes (Sebastes spp.)
and other associated species. The dataset includes an annotated training and validation image set,
as well as an independent test video image sequence. Several Haar cascades are developed from
the training set and applied to the validation and test video images for evaluation.

(Ogunlana, Olabode et al. 2015) proposed fish Classification Using Support Vector Machine
using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based technique for the elimination of the limitations of
some existing techniques and improved classification of fish species is proposed. The technique
is based on the shape features of fish that was divided into two subsets with the first comprising
76 fish as training set while the second comprises of 74 fish as testing set. The body and the five
fin lengths; namely anal, caudal, dorsal, pelvic and pectoral were extracted in centimetres (cm).
Future research therefore aims at improving the classification rate and performing fish
classification on larger datasets and species.

(Matai, Kastner et al. 2010) proposed an automated techniques for detection and recognition of
fishes using Computer Vision algorithms. The proposed architecture involves the recognition of
fish is the process of identifying fish targets to species based on similarity to images of
representative specimens .PCA with SIFT features attribute used. Performance seems to have
decreased when more potential classes were added to the analysis. As with the PCA, these results
are limited by the number of training images. As a result, the SIFT approach will be further
evaluated with more images in the future. Current studies showed that SIFT works well when
images vary in scale, illumination and pose. Therefore, They think SIFT may be more suitable
than PCA for underwater fish recognition.
(Weidong, Baowei et al. 2014) In order to solve fish classification problems based on acoustic
scattering data, temporal centroid(TC) features and discrete cosine transform(DCT) coefficients
features used to analyze acoustic scattering characteristics of fish from different aspects are
extracted. The extracted features of fish are reduced in dimension and fused, and support vector
machine (SVM) classifier is used to classify and identify the fishes. Three kinds of different
fishes are selected as research objects in this paper, the correct identification rates are given
based on temporal centroid features and discrete cosine transform coefficients features and fused
features. The processing results of actual experimental data show that multi-feature fusion
method can improve the identification rate at about 5% effectively.

(Ali, Hussain et al. 2015) Feature extraction is essential in many vision and biometric
applications. The performance of feature-based face recognition algorithms relies heavily on the
quality of the feature extraction. One of the objective of this research is to identify and utilise an
image processing technology that has ability to extract the noisy images with similar pattern
representation. For these reasons, the Active Shape Model (ASM) technique has been explored
to evaluate the suitability of using it for extracting informative features of mulptiple species of
Gyrodactylus. Future work will assess the performance of this method on larger datasets and will
explore new methods based on an ensemble of classifiers, which have shown promising results,
with the aims of providing a reliable model for the identification of species, including the
pathogen G. salaris, by non-experts and fish health researchers.

(Zhang, Xu et al. 2014) The complex structure of fish and multispecies composition complicate
the analysis of acoustic data. Consequently, it is difficult to obtain a highly accurate rate of
classification by using current approaches. A method of fish classification based on the wavelet
packet and bi-spectrum is proposed .To verify this method, firstly, an ex situ experiment has been
performed with three kinds of fish: Crucian carp (Carassius auratus), Yellow-headed catfish
(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and Bluntnose black bream (Megalobrama amblycephale). The
backscattering signals of these fishes are obtained. Secondly, the wavelet packet decomposition
of backscattering envelop is done, and the energy of main frequency bands which is
reconstructed from each node are calculated. Thirdly, the bi-spectrum of envelop which is
constructed using the backscattering of main frequency band in order to filtering the high
frequency noise, is extracted as the additional feature. The proposed method can be used to
classify different shapes of fish, and a higher classification rate is obtained compared with the
wavelet packet sub-band energy.

(Spampinato, Giordano et al. 2010) Usually, marine biologists establish the existence and
quantities of different types of fish using methods such as casting nets in the ocean, human
underwater observation and photography, combined net casting and acoustic. but there exists two
shortcomings in this i.e they are invasive and the quantity collected is not enough. The aim of
this work is to propose an automatic fish classification system that operates in the natural
underwater environment to assist marine biologists in understanding fish behavior. Fish
classification is performed by combining two types of features: Texture features and shape
features. In detail, the tracking layer computes fish trajectories, the classification layer associates
trajectories to fish species and then by clustering these trajectories we are able to detect unusual
fish behaviors to be further investigated by marine biologists.
Ali, R., et al. (2015). "Feature extraction and classification for multiple species of Gyrodactylus
ectoparasite." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13(3): 503-511.

Cutter, G., et al. (2015). Automated detection of rockfish in unconstrained underwater videos using Haar
cascades and a new image dataset: labeled fishes in the wild. Applications and Computer Vision
Workshops (WACVW), 2015 IEEE Winter, IEEE.

He, P. and P. Suuronen (2018). "Technologies for the marking of fishing gear to identify gear
components entangled on marine animals and to reduce abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing
gear." Marine pollution bulletin 129(1): 253-261.

Juanes, F. (2018). "Visual and acoustic sensors for early detection of biological invasions: Current uses
and future potential." Journal for Nature Conservation 42: 7-11.

Levy, D., et al. (2018). Automated Analysis of Marine Video With Limited Data. Proceedings of the IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops.

Matai, J., et al. (2010). Automated techniques for detection and recognition of fishes using computer
vision algorithms. Report of the National Marine Fisheries Service Automated Image Processing
Workshop.

Ogunlana, S., et al. (2015). "Fish classification using support vector machine." African Journal of
Computing & ICT 8(2): 75-82.

Rees, A. F., et al. (2018). "The potential of unmanned aerial systems for sea turtle research and
conservation: a review and future directions." Endangered Species Research 35: 81-100.

Shortis, M. R. and E. S. Harvey (1998). "Design and calibration of an underwater stereo-video system for
the monitoring of marine fauna populations." International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing 32: 792-799.

Spampinato, C., et al. (2010). Automatic fish classification for underwater species behavior
understanding. Proceedings of the first ACM international workshop on Analysis and retrieval of tracked
events and motion in imagery streams, ACM.

Weidong, D., et al. (2014). "A novel classification method of fish based on multi-feature fusion." Applied
Mechanics & Materials.

Zhang, Q., et al. (2014). "A method of fish classification based on wavelet packet and bispectrum."
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