GRAMMAR SUMMARY

UNIT 1
P RESENT SIMPLE STATE VERBS

Affirmative State verbs

I agree He doesn’t like spaghetti.
he / she / it agrees I understand what you’re saying.
you / we / they agree We know what you’ve been doing.

Negative Existen ciertos verbos que casi nunca se utilizan en

I don’t present continuous, present perfect continuous o past
he / she / it doesn’t agree continuous. Son los llamados verbos de estado (state
you / we / they don’t verbs). Los más comunes son:
Verbos de pensamiento: understand, know,
Question remember, believe, forget
do I Verbos de gustos y aversiones: like, love, prefer, hate
does he / she / it agree? Verbos de estado y posesión: be, own
do you / we / they
THE GERUND
El present simple se utiliza para hablar de
• hábitos o actividades regulares.
The gerund
I play tennis every day.
• hechos o cosas que son siempre ciertas. Dancing is great fun.
Water boils at 100 oC. He explained the reason for making extra copies.
Olympic athletes train very hard. I don’t mind lending it to you.
• un acontecimiento futuro o programado.
El gerund (nombre verbal) se utiliza
Her train arrives at 11.30.
• como sujeto de una frase.
Smoking is bad for you.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Shopping can be really boring.
• detrás de preposiciones.
Affirmative The thought of going on holiday was exciting.
I ’m They were accused of stealing three bikes.
he / she / it ’s thinking • detrás de ciertos verbos. Entre otros: admit, avoid,
you / we / they ’re can’t stand, consider, don’t mind, finish, give up,
mention, practise, risk, suggest.
Negative He admitted stealing the bikes.
I ’m not She suggested going to the cinema.
he / she / it isn’t thinking
you / we / they aren’t WANT
Questions
am I want
is he / she / it thinking? I want you to get a good education.
are you / we / they Her friends want her to go out on Saturday.
We want him to do well in his exams.
El present continuous se utiliza para hablar de
• acciones en curso en el momento en que se habla. La construcción want + el objeto + infinitivo se utiliza
He’s having breakfast in the kitchen. para hablar de lo que queremos que otros hagan.
• situaciones transitorias.
We’re staying with friends for a week.
• planes de futuro.
We’re leaving at 8.30.

© Oxford University Press Grammar summary 1

 UNIT 2
PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Affirmative Affirmative
I / he / she / it / we / you / they passed I / he / she / it / we / you / they had finished

Negative Negative
I / he / she / it / we / you / they didn’t pass I / he / she / it / we / you / they hadn’t finished

Questions Questions
did I / he / she / it / we / you / they pass? had I / he / she / it / we / you / they finished?

El past simple se utiliza El past perfect simple se utiliza para hablar de

• para hablar de sucesos o acciones del pasado que ya • acciones o situaciones del pasado anteriores a otra
han concluido. acción o situación.
I left Spain in 1998. Susie looked in her bag. She’d forgotten her mobile
What time did you finish your homework? phone!
• para hablar de algo que sucedía con regularidad en el • acciones anteriores a un momento específico del
pasado. pasado.
They played basketball after school everyday. By 6.00 we had washed the dishes and cooked a pizza.
He went to French classes for years.
• detrás de when.
We walked to school when we lived in Carmona.
! ¡CUIDADO! !
When did you leave? after suele ir seguido de past perfect.
After we’d finished dinner, we went for a walk.
PAST CONTINUOUS
USED TO
Affirmative
I was
Affirmative
he / she / it was eating
I / he / she / it / you / we / they used to live in London
we / you / they were
Negative
Negative
I / he / she / it / you / we / they didn’t use to live in London
I wasn’t
he / she / it wasn’t eating Questions
we / you / they weren’t did I / he / she / it / you / we / they use to live in London?

Questions used to se utiliza para hablar de un hábito, actividad

was I regular o situación del pasado.
was he / she / it eating? I used to cycle to school.
were we / you / they We didn’t use to have video recorder.
Where did you use to live?
El past continuous se utiliza
• para hablar de una acción que estaba en curso en un
momento determinado del pasado.
At 12.00 I was talking to María on the phone.
• para hablar de una acción interrumpida en el pasado.
I was cooking my dinner when the doorbell rang.
• detrás de while o as.
While I was walking, it started to rain.
As he was leaving, he saw her.

2 Grammar summary © Oxford University Press

GET USED TO

Tense Form
Infinitive to get used to
present continuous I’m getting used to
past simple I got used to
past continuous I was getting used to
present perfect I’ve got used to
past perfect I’d got used to walking to work
will I’ll get used to
going to I’m going to get
used to
future continuous I’ll be getting used to
future perfect I’ll have got used to

get used to se utiliza cuando algo extraño va

convirtiéndose en familiar o normal.
They got used to working nights.
He’s getting used to wearing glasses.

BE USED TO

Tense Form
Infinitive to be used to
present simple I’m used to
past simple I was used to
waking up early
present perfect I’ve been used to
past perfect I’d been used to
will I’ll be used to

be used to se utiliza cuando algo deja de ser extraño o

desconocido, y se convierte en normal.
She’s used to driving on the motorway.
We’re used to having sandwiches for lunch.

© Oxford University Press Grammar summary 3

 UNIT 3
Nota: para la forma y el uso del past simple consulta la
página 2.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE FOR AND SINCE

Affirmative for
I ’ve He’s had a motorbike for two months.
he / she / it ’s practised They’ve lived in Portugal for ten years.
you / we / they ’ve
since
Negative He’s had a motorbike since his birthday.
I haven’t I’ve known my best friend since I was four.
he / she / it hasn’t practised
for y since se utilizan para expresar durante cuánto
you / we / they haven’t
tiempo ha continuado una acción hasta el presente.
Questions • for se utiliza para hablar de un periodo de tiempo.
I’ve been here for three days / a month / a year /
have I
a long time.
has he / she / it practised?
• since se utiliza para hablar de un momento concreto
have you / we / they en el tiempo.
El present perfect se utiliza para hablar de I’ve known how to surf since I was fifteen /
• algo que comenzó en el pasado y que continúa en el since last summer / since I went to Cornwall.
presente.
I’ve worn glasses since I was seven. ALREADY, JUST AND YET
How long have you lived here?
• experiencias vitales, cuando no se especifica cuándo already
tuvieron lugar. They’ve already bought their Christmas presents.
We’ve visited South America twice.
She’s already seen that film.
Have you ever been on a motorbike?
• algo que sucedió en el pasado y que tiene un efecto just
en el presente. He’s just had his breakfast.
I’ve forgotten their phone number. (I haven’t got their I’ve just sent an e-mail to Mary.
phone number now.)
yet
! ¡CUIDADO! ! He hasn’t had lunch yet.
Have you finished yet?
• El past simple se utiliza con expresiones de
tiempo y fechas; el present perfect, cuando no • already y just se utilizan detrás de have / has y
se menciona el momento o la fecha. delante del past participle.
He’s gone. He left yesterday. John has already finished the exam.
‘Have you done your homework?’ She’s just left the house.
‘I did it last night.’ • yet se coloca al final de las frases. Se utiliza en
• been y gone tienen significados diferentes. oraciones negativas e interrogativas.
He’s been to Granada. (He went and came back.) Have you seen Harry Potter yet?
He’s gone to Granada. (He’s still there.) I haven’t read the book yet.

4 Grammar summary © Oxford University Press

 UNIT 4
Nota: para la forma y el uso del present continuous
consulta la página 1.

WILL FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Affirmative Affirmative
I / he / she / it / we / you / they ’ll learn I / he / she / it / we / you / they will be listening

Negative Negative
I / he / she / it / we / you / they won’t learn I / he / she / it / we / you / they won’t be listening

Questions Questions
will I / he / she / it / we / you / they learn? will I / he / she / it / we / you / they be listening?

El future continuous se utiliza para hablar de algo que

will se utiliza para hablar de estará en curso en un momento determinado del futuro.
• decisiones tomadas en el momento en que se habla. What will you be doing on Saturday evening?
‘The window is open.’ I’ll be having dinner with Sarah.
‘I’ll close it.’ They’ll be playing football tomorrow afternoon.
• predicciones de carácter general.
It’ll rain next week
You won’t like it here. FUTURE PERFECT

GOING TO Affirmative
I / he / she / it / we / you / they will have understood

Affirmative
Negative
I ’m I / he / she / it / we / you / they won’t have understood
he / she / it ’s going to swim
we / you / they ’re Questions
will I / he / she / it / we / you / they have understood?
Negative
I ’m not
El future perfect se utiliza para hablar de algo que habrá
concluido en un momento determinado del futuro.
he / she / it isn’t going to swim
I’ll have finished this letter soon.
we / you / they aren’t
By the time I’m 30 I’ll have travelled the world.
Questions They’ll have had their car for 2 years next month.
am I
is he / she / it going to swim?
are we / you / they

going to se utiliza para hablar de

• intenciones y planes de futuro, una vez que se ha
tomado una decisión.
I’m going to get a job next year.
• predicciones basadas en una evidencia apreciable en
el momento en que se habla.
Listen to the wind. There’s going to be a storm.

© Oxford University Press Grammar summary 5

 UNIT 5 UNIT 6
T HE PASSIVE C ONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Active First conditional

Many students use computers. If + present simple + will + infinitive
Passive If you see the film, you’ll understand.
Computers are used by many students. El condicional de primer grado se utiliza para hablar de
• posibles o probables situaciones futuras.
Present simple passive If it’s cold tomorrow, I won’t walk to college.
I ’m If she doesn’t go to the party, she won’t see David.
• promesas y advertencias.
he / she / it ’s invited
If you forget her birthday, she’ll be upset.
you / we / they ’re
If we eat now, we won’t be hungry when we get to
Past simple passive the restaurant.
I / he / she / it was
invited Second conditional
you / we / they were
If + past simple + would + infinitive
Present perfect simple passive If you saw the film, you’d understand.
I ’ve El condicional de segundo grado se utiliza para
he / she / it ’s been invited • hablar de situaciones irreales o improbables en el
you / we / they ’ve presente o en el futuro.
If I had more money, I’d buy it for you. (It is unlikely
• El objeto de una oración activa es el sujeto de la that you will have more money.)
misma oración en voz pasiva. If you had a car, you could learn to drive. (You don’t
• La forma pasiva del present simple se construye con have a car, so you won’t learn to drive.)
el present simple del verbo to be + un past participle. • dar consejo.
• La forma pasiva del past simple se construye con el If I were you, I’d put some suntan lotion on.
past simple del verbo to be + un past participle. If he lived in Germany, he’d learn German.
• La forma pasiva del present perfect simple se
construye con el present perfect simple del verbo Third conditional
to be + el past participle del verbo principal. If + past perfect + would have + past participle
• La oración pasiva se utiliza cuando no se sabe quién If you had seen the film, you would have understood
realizó la acción o cuando se tiene mayor interés en
El condicional de tercer grado se utiliza para hablar de
la acción que en su autor.
cosas que no tuvieron lugar en el pasado.
A new drug is being tested.
If I had known you were coming, I would have made
My purse has been stolen.
some dinner. (I didn’t know you were coming so I didn’t
• Puede utilizarse by detrás del verbo en pasiva para
make any dinner.)
indicar qué o quién realiza la acción.
It was painted by Cézanne.
+ +
The team will be chosen by the manager.

+ ¡PUNTOS EXTRA! +
. ¡PUNTOS EXTRA!
La construcción have / get (algo) done se utiliza para
hablar de acciones que son realizadas por otros.
I’ve had my bike repaired. = Someone else repaired
my bike, I didn’t do it myself.
She got her hair cut. = Someone cut her hair, she
didn’t cut it herself.
La proposición que lleva if puede colocarse delante
o detrás de la proposición principal.
El significado es el mismo en ambos casos.
Si se coloca delante, se utiliza coma.
If I’d remembered your birthday, I would have sent
you a card.
I would have sent you a card if I’d remembered your
birthday.

6 Grammar summary © Oxford University Press

 UNIT 7
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Las subordinadas de relativo aportan información
adicional acerca de algo. Los pronombres relativos
who, which, that, where y whose se utilizan para
introducir una subordinada de relativo.
Defining relative clauses
That’s the boy who I play football with.
The shop where I bought this top is near here.
The computer that we bought stopped working.
• Las subordinadas especificativas de relativo
(defining relative clauses) especifican o definen
aquello de lo que se habla. Aportan información
adicional sobre alguien o algo.
• who o that se utilizan para hablar de una persona.
The man who works in the shop is very friendly.
The girl that I met at the party had long, brown hair.
• which o that se utilizan para hablar de una cosa.
The pen which I lost was silver.
The car that we bought was really good.
• whose se utiliza para los posesivos.
That’s the woman whose son is an athlete.
+ ¡PUNTOS EXTRA! + !
En las subordinadas especificativas de relativo
puede omitirse el pronombre relativo cuando este
realiza la función de objeto directo.
That’s the book (that) I bought.
(that refers to the book, and is the object of the verb
bought)
She’s the girl (who) I met.
(who refers to the girl, and is the object of the verb
met))
© Oxford University Press
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Non-defining relative clauses
The book, which wasn’t expensive, was fascinating.
Maria, who has been in London, is coming home tomorrow.
David, whose brother lives near me, works in that shop.
• Las subordinadas explicativas de relativo (non-
defining relative clauses) proporcionan información
que no es esencial para el significado de la oración.
Mr Thompson, who works in the shop, is very
friendly.
• Los pronombres relativos no pueden omitirse en las
subordinadas explicativas de relativo.
The criminal, who the police were following,
escaped.
• Es posible unir dos frases cortas mediante un
pronombre relativo para hacer una frase más larga.
Alison’s sister is called Debbie. She’s a nurse.
Alison’s sister, who’s a nurse, is called Debbie.
• Las subordinadas explicativas de relativo van
separadas del resto de la frase por comas.
We went to Bristol, where my brother used to live,
at the weekend.
¡CUIDADO! !
En las subordinadas explicativas de relativo no se
utiliza that.
My scooter, that I got for my birthday last year, has
never broken down. ✗
My scooter, which I got for my birthday last year,
has never broken down. ✔
Grammar summary 7
 UNIT 8
REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS REPORTED SPEECH: QUESTIONS AND
COMMANDS
Direct speech Reported speech
‘I love the hotel.’ She said that she loved the Direct questions Reported questions
hotel. ‘What time is your train?’ She asked what the time his
‘We’re having a He said that they were train was.
wonderful time.’ having a wonderful time. ‘Why are you laughing? He asked why she was laughing.
‘I worked for ten hours.’ He said he’d worked for ten
• En las oraciones interrogativas en estilo directo el
hours.
orden es verbo + sujeto.
‘You’ve never written to me.’ She said he’d never written
• En las oraciones interrogativas en estilo indirecto el
to her.
orden es sujeto + verbo. No se utiliza signo de
‘I’ll see you soon.’ He said he’d see her soon. interrogación.
He asked how old she was.
• Si el reporting verb (por ejemplo said o told) está en She asked where the hotel was.
pasado, el verbo en estilo directo retrocede un • Si la pregunta en estilo directo no lleva partícula
tiempo verbal al pasar a estilo indirecto. interrogativa, al pasar a estilo indirecto se utiliza if o
present simple ➝ past simple whether.
present continuous ➝ past continuous ‘Are you Spanish?’
past simple ➝ past perfect simple He asked if / whether we were Spanish.
present perfect simple ➝ past perfect simple
will ➝ would
can ➝ could REPORTED COMMANDS
• Los verbos modales should, could, would, might y
ought to no cambian al pasar a estilo indirecto. Direct commands Reported commands
‘We might come.’ She said that they might come. ‘Be quiet!’ He told them to be quiet.
I could be there by 8.00.’ He said he could be there ‘Put it out’ She told him to put it out.
by 8.00.
• Los pronombres y adjetivos posesivos sí cambian. • En las órdenes en estilo directo se utiliza el imperativo.
‘I’m watching you.’ He said that he was watching • Para pasar una orden a estilo indirecto, se utiliza la
him. siguiente construcción:
‘We’ve got you a surprise.’ She said that they had sujeto + verbo + objeto + infinitivo con to
got him a surprise. She told them to sit down.
‘I’ve forgotten my keys.’ He said that he had He told her to close the window.
forgotten his keys. • Para pasar una orden negativa a estilo indirecto, se
utiliza not delante del infinitivo. La construcción es la
TIME EXPRESSIONS IN REPORTED SPEECH siguiente:
sujeto + verbo + objeto + not + infinitivo con to
Las expresiones de tiempo también cambian al pasar a ‘Don’t forget your wallet.’
estilo indirecto. ‘She told him not to forget his wallet.’
this = that • Otros reporting verbs que se utilizan para expresar
these = those órdenes son:
now = then advise, encourage, invite, persuade, remind, warn.
next week = the following week
today = that day REPORTED SPEECH: SUGGESTIONS
tomorrow = the next day
yesterday = the day before Direct suggestions Reported suggestions
last week = the week before ‘Shall we go for a walk?’ He suggested that they went for
a walk.
‘Why don’t we go She suggested that they
out tonight?’ went out that night.

Para las sugerencias en estilo indirecto se utiliza

suggest como reporting verb.

8 Grammar summary © Oxford University Press

 UNIT 9
A BILITY P OSSIBILITY AND CERTAINTY

Modal Example Use Modal Example Use

can I can speak French. To talk about ability may You may be right. To say something
I can’t hear you. in the present. might He might already know. is possible in
will be able to Soon you’ll be able could They could be on the train. the present or future.
to buy that coat can’t It can’t be finished. To say something is
you want. To talk about ability impossible.
We won’t be able to in the future. must You must be her daughter. To say we are sure
go on holiday as something is true.
we’re too busy.
could Matt could talk
when he was three.
MODAL + PERFECT INFINITIVE
To talk about ability
I couldn’t swim
in the past. Modal Example Use
very well when I
may have She may have
was younger.
forgotten.
might have We might have To say something was
OBLIGATION, ADVICE AND PROHIBITION caught the plane. possible in the past.
could have We could have
Modal Example Use crashed.
must You must remember can’t have It’s cold. She can’t To say something was
your homework. To talk about an have been outside. impossible in the past.
have to I have to finish this obligation.
must have It’s here. He must To say that we are sure
essay by Monday. have left it behind. something was true in the
don’t have to You don’t have to To say that there is past
come if you don’t no obligation to do
want to. something.
ought to You ought to wear red.
should You should think
about going on holiday. To give advice.
shouldn’t You shouldn’t worry
so much.
mustn’t You mustn’t smoke To talk about
in here. prohibition.

! ¡CUIDADO! !
have to y must poseen significados similares, pero
don’t have to y mustn’t significan cosas distintas.

© Oxford University Press Grammar summary 9