Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol. 1 No.

1 April 2014: 21-34

INDONESIAN JOURNAL ON GEOSCIENCE

Geological Agency
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Journal homepage: h�p://ijog.bgl.esdm.go.id
ISSN 2355-9314 (Print), e-ISSN 2355-9306 (Online)

Limestone Microfacies of Baturaja Formation along

Air Rambangnia Traverse, South OKU, South Sumatra

Sigit Maryanto

Centre for Geological Survey, Geological Agency

Jln. Diponegoro No. 57 Bandung - 40122

Manuscript received: February 14, 2012, revised: March 18, 2013, approved: April 1, 2014
Corresponding Author: sigitmaryanto@ymail.com

G
Abstract - Limestones of the Baturaja Formation occur at Air Rambangnia traverse, South Ogan Komering Ulu, South
Sumatra, and they are used as objects for microfacies studies. The microfacies studies are based on a detailed petro-
graphic analysis of thirty four limestone samples, taken from the traverse. Four types of the limestones are identified
such as wackestone, packstone, grainstone, and floatstone. At least five microfacies form the limestone succesion of
the Baturaja Formation. They are interpreted as sedimentary facies of very restricted bay and pond, back reef local
slope, slope and shelf edge, winnowed platform edge sand, and reef flank facies.
Keywords: Baturaja, limestone, petrography, microfacies, sedimentary facies
O
Introduction The researched location was along Air Ram-
bangnia River, in between Baturaja and Muaradua
The term microfacies was first put forward by towns, administratively belonging to the area
Brown (1943; in Flugel, 1982). It is defined as of South Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU) Regency,
extensively discrete paleontology and sedimen- South Sumatra Province (Figure 1). The carbon-
tology aspects, that can be grouped based on the ate rocks from Baturaja Formation are well found
type and number of components in petrographic along the Air Rambangnia traverse. This article
IJ
thin section and polished sample examination. was written with the aim to study the environment
Thereby, microfacies identifies environment of and deposition mechanism of those limestones
deposition based on petrography data (Maryanto, based on petrography data in relation to the divi-
2005 and 2008). Based on the type and number of sion of limestone microfacies.
components, Flugel (1982) divides microfacies of
limestone into twenty-four types according to the
former division of facies zone by Wilson (1975). Methodology
Wilson and Rosen (1998) stated that carbonate
platform in the western part of Indonesia has ap- In order to achieve the study purpose, the
peared since the Late Oligocene. Bishop (2000a) research method includes field data collection
concluded that the Early Miocene of Baturaja and laboratory analysis. Field data collection is
Formation consists of carbonate platform sedi- a systematical rock sampling, which is based on
ments having totally thickness of 60 - 120 m. the results obtained by making detailed strati-
Bishop (2000b) divided Baturaja Formation into graphic column along Air Rambangnia traverse.
two lithostratigraphic units based on deposition, Laboratory work was done by quantitatively
i.e. clastic sedimentary facies and limestone or petrographic analysis with point-counter for as
carbonate rock facies. many as 300 counts (Maryanto, 2007a). Important

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21
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 1 No. 1 April 2014: 21-34

o o o
102o E 103 Muarabulan 104o 105 106 E
o o
02 S 02 S
Sungailiat
JAMBI BANGKA BELITUNG
Bangko SOUTH SUMATRA
PROVINCE Pangkalpinang

Sarolangun

03o 03o
Sekayu PALEMBANG ba
ng
ka
Str
ait

Lubuklinggau
Argamakmur Kayuagung
Prabumulih
Curup
Muaraenim

o Bengkulu Lahat o
04 S 04 S
HI BENGKULU Pagaralam
ND Baturaja
IA
OC Martapura Menggala
EA
N
Manna

o
102 E
N

100 Km

103
o

G Muaradua

104 o

Figure 1. Location map of South Sumatra Province and the investigated traverse at Air Rambangnia River.

aspects of petrography to be identified include:

1. the proportion of major components, such as
LAMPUNG

Kotabumi

105 o E
Investigated Traverse

consisting of granite, andesite-basalt, metasedi-

ment, mélange, and metamorphic rocks. Uncon-
O
carbonate grains, terrigenous grains, matrix, formable overlying the basement rocks there are
neomorphism materials, cement, and rock several Tertiary Formations of Kikim, Talangakar,
porosities Baturaja, Gumai, Airbenakat, Muaraenim, Ranau,
2. identification of the characters of each com- Kasai, and Alluvium (Gafoer et al., 1986, 1993;
ponents, Figure 2). Limestone of the Baturaja Formation
3. texture of rocks that include fabric, sorting, in general was deposited in the back-reef environ-
grain size, and shapes. The classification is ment behind the edge of the basin during the Early
determined according to Dunham (1962) de- Miocene (Maryanto, 2007b). Layered limestone
IJ
veloped by Embry and Klovan (1971). can be observed directly along the Air Rambangnia
Microfacies interpretation of the limestones traverse. The rocks are generally sloping ramps to
from the Baturaja Formation along Air Rambang- the east (Figure 3), with the total thickness of about
nia traverse is divided according to the standard 220 m, measurable reach including carbonate rocks
classification of microfacies from Flugel (1982) from the Baturaja Formation of 196 m thick.
and facies zone from Wilson (1975). As a compari- Volcanic rocks of the Kikim Formation are
son, there are also references from many authors presented as a basement. It consists of volcanic
that discuss microfacies and limestone depositional breccias, volcanic sandstone, mudstone, and
environment, such as Andreeva (2008), Jones and conglomeratic sandstone, with andesite lava inser-
Desrochers (1992), Kindler and Hearty (1996), tions. The Baturaja Formation limestone uncon-
Read (1985), and Tucker and Wright (1990). formably overlies the Kikim Formation (Figure 4).
The lower part of Baturaja Formation was
initiated by the presence of grainstone containing
Geological Review some pore-dissolving porosities. Furthermore, the
rocks become developed onto layered wackestone-
Regional geology in-between Baturaja and packstone that partially argillaceous with oriented
Muaradua area is preceded by Pre-Tertiary rocks fossils of mollusks (Figure 5) and algae. Several

22
Limestone Microfacies of Baturaja Formation along Air Rambangnia Traverse, South OKU, South Sumatra (S. Maryanto)

1030 54’ E 104 15’ E

040 06’S 0

040 06’S
Qa Tma
Qhv N Qtk
BATURAJA
a
Sak Tmpm
Ai r

0 10 Km Ai
rS
Qtk SUMATERAu Tpok
Tma ba
n
Be
EXPLANATION:
Tomt
15
sa
r
Batuiputih
Tmb
Tmg
15 Tmb
Qa Alluvium Tmg

Air Laja
a tu
-b
tu 15 INDEX MAP
Qv ir BaTuff Volcanic Unit
QUARTERNARY

A ba Negerisindang Tmb
Qhv Volcanic Unit ir Tam 12
15 A Qtk
QTk Kasai Formation Penyandingan
QTr Ranau Formation 10
Tomt 24
Tma Tma
Muaraenim Formation

a
Tmpm 17

gk
Tpok 15

an
Tmg
MIOCENE

Tma Airbenakat Formation 13

b
Te
r

t
Qhv Tmg Gumai Formation
Ai

ha
Qhv

La
Kungkilan
Tmb Baturaja Formation

r
Ai
15 Tmpm
Tomt Talangakar Formation
PALEOGENE

Tma
Tpok Kikim Formation
Tpokc
Pct
Km
Kjg
Cawang Mem. Kikim Fm.
Melange
A Complex
Le
ir
Garba Formation
ng
ka

G Tpok

Tomt

Tmg

Air
h
Bul
u
PRE-TERTIARY

Sundan
Insu Mem. Garbaja
Fm. Sagarakembang
KJgv p
Sukoraja Air Kura-kura Tmb
Kjgs KJgs Situlanglang Mem. Garba Fm.
Garba Granite Qtk
Kgr Negeriratu
Pct
Pct Tarap Formation
Tpok Qtk
Air Rambangnia Traverse
Kjgv

Kjgv i
Tpok Kit
O
Air
Tmpm
an
al

Tma
ap

Tmg
N

Tmb
ir

Sabahlioh
A

KJgs Qa

.
Ai Tpok Qtk
rS
am
Ai

Kjg an
rG

ia
gn
ila

n
ba
s

Kgr m Airbungin Tmpm

r Ra Tmb Baturaja
Ai Qtk
Pct
Tanjungkurung Kgr Simpang
Qtr Kgr
IJ
Karangagung
Kjgv
Pct
Tpokc Km Qtr
15 Ai Umbulanmeliku
r Tpokc KJg
Saungnaga M Mehanggin Kgr
al
Tmb au
Tomt Qv
Kotakarang Kjgv
Qtr 10 10 Kgr
Tmb Tmb
Air Saka Tanjungbringin g
Qa 25 Tpokc rin
u
e m 15 Negeriagung
Tma Tmg Qa ome PCt Qv
rK Tomt ir K
Ai A
Qtr MUARADUA
Qa Tmpm Qtr Qa
Tmb
ela bung Kotamarga 17
04 35’S

04 35’S

Air S Qa
Qa Gedong Tmpm Qtr
Tma Qtr Sukaraja Qtr Tmpm Tmg Umbulantelok
0

19
1030 54’E 104 15’E
0

Figure 2. Geological map of Muaradua area, South Sumatra (Gafoer et al., 1993) and locations of Air Rambangnia traverse
(Maryanto, 2007a and 2008).

floatstone intercalations are found containing some The middle part of Baturaja Formation is
coral skeletons. Stylobed is interlayering between composed of floatstone (Figure 6), of which later
wackestone-packstone with marl ended the deposi- evolved into argillaceous wackestone. Interlayers
tion of the lower part of Baturaja Formation. between floatstone with wackestone-packstone

23
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 1 No. 1 April 2014: 21-34

Kikim Formation Baturaja Formation Alluvium

A B

196 m

Section A - B

Bedded wackestone sometimes argillaceous

Argillaceous wackestone with Argillaceous wackestone-mudstone

floatstone intercalations Argillaceous wackestone-mudstone with lot of concretions
Argillaceous wackestone-mudstone
Conglomeratic sandstone overlain Thick bedded floatstone SM326
by packstone Argillaceous wackestone-mudstone SM325B
SM325A
Volcanic breccia and Bedded floatstone with argillaceous SM324C
sandstone with packstone-wackestone SM318B SM324B
mudstone and Floatstone and wackestone SM318A 321 SM324A
SM317B 320
lava intercalations sometimes argillaceous SM317A
8 322 S 040 25’ 08,5”
S 04 25’ 10,0”, E 104 09’ 02,6”
0 0

SM316B 319 10 324 12 E 1040 09’ 30,5”

10
Floatstone To Baturaja
S 04 25’ 11,3”
0 323 325
SM316A 318 326
E 104 08’ 40,0”
0
317
12 10
312
Carbonaceous 314 8 316 327 B
315 SM320A
301 mudstone and 313 SM320B
A sandstone SM321A
302 15 311 To Muaradua SM321B Bedded wackestone-packstone
SM323A
SM314A Grainstone, wackestone and packstone

Figure
SM301A
SM302A
SM302B

3. 3.Detailed
Figure
24

SM303A
SM303B
SM304A
SM304B
SM304C
SM304D
303

10

SM305A
SM305B
SM305C
304

Clayey sandstone

Detailed stratigraphic measured

stratigraphy measure
8
305

map Air
map along
7

along
306
310

309

308
307

Air Rambangnia
Rambangnia
G SM310
SM309
SM314B
SM315A
SM315B

Bedded floatstone with

argillaceous packstone-wackestone
Argillaceous wackestone

traverse (Maryanto,
traverse (Maryanto, 2007a
2007a & 2008) and 2008)
and sample and sample
locations.
SM323C
SM323D
SM323E
SM323B

Argillaceous wackestone-mudstone
with concretion bedding

0
N
Argillaceous wackestone-mudstone
overlied by grainstone

400 m
EXPLANATION:

305

05SM305
10
Outcrop location
Strike and dip
Fault (predicted)
Number of site
Sample location
River flow direction
O
locations.

dominated the sequence, which are later fining Petrography

upward onto sometimes argillaceous wacke-
stone-mudstone. The next lithology is found as Based on a detailed petrography analysis,
floatstone. the limestone types recognized are wackestone,
The upper part of Baturaja Formation begins packstone, sandy packstone, grainstone, and float-
with the presence of wackestone-mudstone lay- stone. Each of these rocks, including the number
IJ
ers. Stylobedded and or siliceous concretional and type of the rock components would later be
bedding reaches 80 cm in size are often found in used as the basis for microfacies determination
these layers (Figure 7). The concretional bedding (Table 1).
sometimes has a parallel direction to the bedding
(forming lens) and it shrinks to the upper part. Wackestone
The above concretional beddings are overlain Wackestone group also includes sandy
by gradational and planar cross-bedding grain- mudstone-wackestone, which is present as an
stones (Figure 8). Carbonate rock sequences in intercalation. The rocks are generally massive
this traverse is ended by wackestone-packstone with fine-grained fragmental bioclastic texture.
sometimes with dissolving porosities. Bioclast always occur and comprises diverse type,
The carbonate rocks of Baturaja Formation size, and amount of fossil. Nevertheless, fossil
partially do not crop out along Air Rambang- types composing the rock can be identified, such
nia traverse, especially between sites 306-213. as red algae, mollusks, and foraminifera. Rarely
Among that locations, the clastic sedimentary intraclast or extraclast are preserved in the rocks,
rocks from Muaraenim Formation are exposed in the same as the presence of pellets. Terrigenous
the form of claystone containing limestone boul- materials are still observed in some rock samples
ders. The sedimentary rocks are preserved due with limited amounts, scatteredly, and uneven.
to a tectonic strike-slip fault in N33oE direction. They are composed of quartz, feldspar, volcanic

24
Limestone Microfacies of Baturaja Formation along Air Rambangnia Traverse, South OKU, South Sumatra (S. Maryanto)

AND SEDIMENTARY
LITHOLOGY SYMBOL
THICKNESS (meter) AND

MICROFACIES
SAMPLE CODE

STRUCTURE
GRAIN SIZE
UNITS
AGE
LITHOLOGY DESCRIPTION

CL FS CS PB BO
220 ST MS GR CO
SM326 SMF10-FZ7
SM325B
SM325A Bedded packstone-wackestone with various fossils SMF10-FZ7
SMF10-FZ7
SM324C SMF12-FZ6
SM324B Grainstone sometimes with cross-bedded structure SMF12-FZ6
SMF12-FZ6
SM324A SMF12-FZ6
SMF19-FZ8
SM323B Wackestone-mudstone partially chalky and recrystallized with SMF10-FZ7

Upper part
SM323E SMF10-FZ7
SM323D
SM323C
lot of concretion fining upward
SMF3-FZ3
SM323A

Stylobedded wackestone-mudstone SMF19-FZ8

SM321B SMF19-FZ8
SM321A Wackestone-mudstone partially with quartzitic concretion SMF10-FZ7
SM320B

SM320A
165

SM318B
SM318A

G Thick bedded floatstone partially develop to rudstone

with wackestone intercalations

Wackestone-mudstone partially argillaceous

SMF5-FZ4

SMF5-FZ4
SMF10-FZ7
EAR LY M I O C E N E

SM317B SMF5-FZ4
SM317A SMF10-FZ7
SM316B
SM316A Floatstone interlayering with packstone-wackestone SMF5-FZ4
BAT U RAJA

Middle Part

SM315B

Floatstone thick bedded and poorly sorted SMF5-FZ4

SM315A
SM314B
SM314A
Wackestone generally argillaceous with molluscs orientation SMF10-FZ7

Floatstone coral and lithoclast with molluscs-rich matrix

O
SMF5-FZ4

110
Fault Zone
IJ
SM305C
SM305B
SM305A
SM304D
Wackestone bedded, sometimes argillaceous with floatstone SMF19-FZ8
SM304C
SM304B rudstone intercalations
SM304A
55 SMF10-FZ7
Lower Part

Wackestone-packstone generally argillaceous with fossils

SMF12-FZ6
SM303B
SM303A
dominated by molluscs and algae

SM302B Stylobedded grainstone with several dissolution pores SMF11-FZ6

SM302A
EOCENE-OLIGOCENE

Volcanic breccia and sandstone cruedly bedded with

KIKIM

intercalations of mudstone, conglomeratic sandstone,

and andesite lava
SM301A

0 CL FS CS PB BO
ST MS GR CO

Figure 4. Detailed lithostratigraphy column along Air Rambangnia traverse, OKU Selatan, South Sumatra (Maryanto, 2007a
& 2008, with modifications).

25
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 1 No. 1 April 2014: 21-34
Figure 5. Massive marl contains a lot of mollusk mouldics,
this point is as the lower part of the Baturaja Formation.
Photographed in the 303 site of the Air Rambangnia traverse.
G Clay mineral matrix in general is inseparable with
O
Figure 6. Very poorly sorted floatstone composing of the
middle part of Baturaja Formation. Photographed in the 314
site of the Air Rambangnia traverse.
IJ
Figure 7. Outcrop of wackestone-mudstone containing
siliceous concretions, is a constituent of the upper part of
Baturaja Formation. Photographed in the 322 site of Air
Rambangnia traverse.
and sedimentary rock fragments, unidentified
rock fragments, phosphate, and glauconite. Car-
bonate mud matrix often have changed into mi-
crosparite, some even have recrystallized to form
pseudosparite together with carbonate grains.
26
Figure 8. Grainstone overlying mudstone-wackestone, pres-
ents as a constituent of the upper part of Baturaja Formation.
Photographed in the 324 site of Air Rambangnia traverse.
carbonate mud matrix. The cement material is
always present with very limited quantities, par-
ticularly as orthosparite, iron oxides, authigenic
clay minerals, and silica.
Packstone
Packstone is generally massive with fine- to
medium - grained fragmental bioclastic texture.
Bioclast is composed of diverse type, size, and
amount of fossil, however, it is predominated
by red algae, mollusks, and foraminifera. Intra-
clast or exstraclast is present on the coarser size
of limestone fragments, spread unevenly, and
consists of coralline, bioclastic, and argillaceous
limestones. Less amount of very fine pellet some-
times changes into microsparite. Sparsely, terrrig-
enous materials are still present sporadically dis-
tributed, or sometimes excessively influence the
rock name to become sandy. The rock matrix is
mainly preserved as carbonate mud, which often
changes onto microsparite and/or is recrystallized
to form pseudosparite together with carbonate
grains. Cement materials are always present in the
rocks as various amount of orthosparite calcite,
and rarely of iron oxides.
Grainstone
Grainstone is generally massive with medium-
to coarse - grained fragmental bioclastic texture.
Bioclast is quite dominant consisting of various
kind, size, and amount of fossil. Intraclast or
extraclast is observed unevenly in some coarse-
Limestone Microfacies of Baturaja Formation along Air Rambangnia Traverse, South OKU, South Sumatra (S. Maryanto)

Table 1. Petrography Analysis Summary of the Limestones from Baturaja Formation along Air Rambangnia Traverse, South
Sumatra (Maryanto, 2007a)

SAMPLE CODE SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM
DESCRIPTION 302B 303A 303B 304A 304C 304D 305A 305B 305C 314A 314B 315A 315B
Structure m mo m m m m mf mof m m m mo m
Texture bf bf bf bf bfc bfc bf bf bf bf bf bf bf
Sorting m p p p p p p p p vp p vp vp
Fabric c c c o o o o o o o o o o
Av. grain size (mm) 1.80 0.70 1.40 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.80 0.20 0.80 0.80 1.20 1.80
Grain shape sr sr sr sr sr sr sr sr sr sr sr sr sa
Grain contacts plc plc plc f f f fp f f fp f fp fpl
Percentages
Carbonate Grains
Green algae - 10.67 - - - - - - - - - - -
Red algae 1.67 1.33 1.33 0.33 - 0.33 0.67 - 1.67 0.67 1.67 0.67 2.33
Bryozoans 4.33 - 0.67 - 0.33 - 0.67 1.00 - 0.67 2.33 1.33 1.67
Echinoderms 2.67 4.00 - 1.33 - - 4.67 1.33 0.67 1.00 1.33 1.33 1.33
Coral 4.67 - - - - - - 0.67 - - 1.33 3.33 8.33
Benthic foraminifera
Planktonic foraminifera
Brachiopods
Moluscs
Ostracods
Sponge-spicules
Bioturbation
Unidentified fossils
Intraclasts / extraclasts
Pellet / peloids
Oolite / oncolite
1.33

-
-
-

5.33
- G
6.00 3.00 4.00 8.00 0.67 0.67 5.67 7.33 1.67 1.67 0.67 6.33 5.00

2.00 1.33
-

-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
-

0.67
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
1.00

-
-

-
-

1.33 1.67
- -
-

-
-

-
-
-

-
-

-
-
-

-
0.67 0.67
1.00 0.67 0.67 1.33 1.33 1.33 2.00
15.00 16.33 7.33 5.33 4.00 1.67 4.33 5.67 5.00 6.00 13.00 4.00 4.67
-
-
2.67 0.67 0.33
-
- 1.67 1.67 2.33
0.67 0.67
-
-
1.00
8.33 6.33 24.67 2.00 9.67 9.67 5.00 3.67 3.33 5.00 5.33 6.00 3.00
2.67 5.67 3.33 4.33
- 1.33 1.00
O
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Terrigenous Grains
Quartz 1.33 4.67 3.33 2.67 1.00 - 0.67 1.00 0.67 3.67 1.00 1.67 0.33
Feldspar - 0.33 1.33 0.67 - - - 0.67 0.33 2.33 0.33 0.33 -
Rock fragments 1.33 6.33 10.33 2.00 1.33 - 3.00 1.67 1.33 2.00 1.33 - -
Glauconite - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phosphate - - - - - - - 0.67 - 1.00 - - -
Opaque minerals 0.67 0.67 1.33 - - - 0.67 0.67 - 0.67 - 1.33 -
Carbon - - - - - - - - - 0.67 - - 0.67
Matrix
Carbonate mud 6.00 26.67 34.00 39.33
IJ
- 3.33 - 22.00 - - 50.33 10.33 15.00
Clay minerals - 32.33 4.67 - - - 3.00 - - - - 6.00 -
Cementing Materials
Orthosparite 9.67 - - 0.67 - 2.00 1.67 4.00 3.00 4.00 3.33 8.00 6.33
Iron oxides 2.67 3.00 1.67 0.67 1.00 0.67 3.33 2.33 1.67 1.33 3.67 1.67 1.67
Authigenic clays - - 2.00 - - 2.33 - 0.67 - 1.67 - - -
Silica - - - 1.33 - 2.67 0.33 - - 2.67 - - 1.00
Neomorphisms
Microsparite 16.33 - - 52.33 - - 5.67 20.33 9.00 17.00 7.33 8.00 5.67
Pseudosparite 6.33 - 26.00 - 21.67 24.00 2.00 5.00 1.00 8.33 3.33 3.00 4.00
Dolomite 7.00 - 6.00 - 59.33 51.67 - 28.00 51.33 28.33 16.00 - -
Micritized mud 1.33 - 1.00 - - - 0.67 - 0.67 2.33 1.00 0.67 1.33
Pyrite 0.67 - - - - - - - - - - 2.67 0.67
Porosities
Intraparticle - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mouldic - 1.00 - - - - - 0.67 - - - - -
Vuggy 1.33 1.67 1.00 0.67 - 4.33 1.00 1.67 2.00 1.67 1.00 0.67 1.33
Intercrystal - - - - 1.00 - - - - - - - -
Shelter dan fenestrae - 2.33 - - - - - - 1.67 - - - -
Fracture - 1.33 - - - - 0.67 0.67 - - - - -
Rock Name G SP SP W W W W W W W W W W/F
SMF / FZ 11/6 12/6 12/6 10/7 19/8 19/8 10/7 10/7 19/8 10/7 10/7 10/7 5/4

27
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 1 No. 1 April 2014: 21-34

Table 1. .............continued (Maryanto, 2007a)

SAMPLE CODE SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM
DESCRIPTION 316A 316B 317A 317B 318A 318B 320A 320B 321A 321B 323A 323B 323C
Structure m mo m m m m mf m mf mo mo mp m
Texture bf bf bf bf bf bf bf bf bf bf bf bf bf
Sorting vp p p p p p p p p p p p p
Fabric c c c o c o c c o o o c o
Av. grain size (mm) 1.40 1.45 1.40 0.70 1.60 0.70 1.40 0.40 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.15
Grain shape sr sr sr sr sr r sr sr r sr r r r
Grain contacts plc plc plc f plc f plc plc f f fpl plc fpl
Percentages
Carbonate Grains
Green algae - - 4.00 - 2.67 - 0.67 - - - - - -
Red algae 2.33 2.33 4.33 1.33 3.67 1.00 5.33 1.67 1.67 1.67 0.67 0.67 0.67
Bryozoans 1.67 1.33 2.33 - 1.33 1.00 5.33 4.33 1.00 - - 0.67 -
Echinoderms 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.00 1.00 1.33 1.33 1.67 1.33 1.33 5.33 2.33 4.67
Coral 4.67 2.67 5.33 4.00 4.00 2.67 2.67 1.67 - - - 0.67 -
Benthic foraminifera 16.33 17.00 7.00 3.33 9.67 1.67 7.67 4.33 4.67 4.00 1.33 1.33 2.33
Planktonic foraminifera
Brachiopods
Moluscs
Ostracods
Sponge-spicules
Bioturbation
Unidentified fossils
Intraclasts / extraclasts
Pellet / peloids
Oolite / oncolite
0.33 2.33 0.67
0.67 1.33 1.00

0.67 1.67 0.33

-
1.33
-
-

G
5.67 13.67 21.67

-
1.00
4.67 2.00 5.00
9.33 1.33 4.00
0.67 0.67 1.33
- - -
0.67 0.67
-

-
-
-
2.33
4.67 19.33
-
-
0.67
3.00 3.00
-
-
-
3.00
2.67
-
-
0.67
7.67
0.33
-
-
6.00
-
1.33
-
0.67
1.00
12.33
-
0.33
1.33
6.33
7.33
0.67
-
2.67
2.33
9.67
1.00
-
0.67
5.00
4.00
1.67
-
1.00
1.67
8.00
-
-
-
6.00
-
-
-
2.67 16.33 19.67
-

-
5.00
-
-

-
4.00
2.33 7.33 10.33
-
-
-
-
3.00

6.33 6.00 6.00

-
-
-
-
-

2.67
-
-
8.33
1.67
7.33
2.33
-
-
6.00
-
-
-
O
Terrigenous Grains
Quartz 1.33 1.67 1.00 0.67 2.00 0.33 0.67 1.67 - 0.33 1.00 1.33 0.67
Feldspar 0.67 0.67 0.67 - 0.67 - - 0.67 - - 0.67 - 0.67
Rock fragments 2.33 1.33 1.67 0.67 1.33 - - 4.67 1.33 - - - -
Glauconite - - 0.33 - - - - - - - - - 0.67
Phosphate 0.67 - - - - - - 3.00 - - 1.00 - -
Opaque minerals 0.67 0.67 0.67 - 0.67 - - 0.67 - - - 0.67 -
Carbon - 0.67 - - - - - - - - - - -
Matrix
Carbonate mud 23.33 13.67 10.67 10.00 9.33 10.00 13.33 9.33 9.33 10.67 5.00 22.33 28.33
Clay minerals 6.00 6.00 8.00 8.00
IJ
- - - - - - 4.00 7.00 -
Cementing Materials
Orthosparite 8.00 4.67 5.67 1.67 11.00 3.00 4.33 5.67 4.00 0.67 5.33 4.33 3.00
Iron oxides 1.67 2.67 1.67 0.67 1.67 1.33 1.33 3.33 1.67 1.33 1.33 3.00 1.00
Authigenic clays 0.67 - - - - 0.67 1.00 1.33 - - - - -
Silica - - - - 0.67 0.67 0.67 - - - - - -
Neomorphisms
Microsparite 7.33 17.00 7.00 60.33 8.00 56.33 10.67 7.00 20.67 30.67 27.67 5.67 11.33
Pseudosparite 6.00 4.67 3.00 6.67 4.00 - 3.00 5.00 20.67 3.00 5.00 2.00 2.00
Dolomite 4.00 - 4.00 - - - - 6.00 10.67 21.67 5.00 - 9.67
Micritized mud - 1.33 2.67 0.67 1.00 1.00 0.67 1.67 - 0.67 - - -
Pyrite 0.67 - - - - - - - 0.67 - - - 0.67
Porosities
Intraparticle - 0.67 - - - - - - - - 0.67 0.67 -
Mouldic 0.67 - - - 1.33 0.67 1.33 - - - 0.67 - -
Vuggy 1.33 2.67 1.67 0.67 3.67 2.33 4.33 3.33 1.00 0.67 1.67 8.67 0.67
Intercrystal - - - - - - - - 0.67 - - - -
Shelter dan fenestrae - - - - 0.67 - - - - - - - -
Fracture - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Rock Name P/F P P W P W P P W W W P W
SMF / FZ 5/4 10/7 5/4 10/7 5/4 10/7 5/4 10/7 10/7 19/8 3/3 10/7 10/7

28
Limestone Microfacies of Baturaja Formation along Air Rambangnia Traverse, South OKU, South Sumatra (S. Maryanto)

Table 1.............continued (Maryanto, 2007a)

SAMPLE CODE SM SM SM SM SM SM SM SM
EXPLANATION
DESCRIPTION 323D 323E 324A 324B 324C 325A 325B 326
Structure m mo mp m m m mp m
Texture bf bf bf bf bf bf bf bf
Sorting p p m m p p p p
Fabric c o c c c c c c
Av. grain size (mm) 0.30 0.15 1.20 1.60 1.10 0.80 0.30 0.35 Structure:
Grain shape sr sr sr sr sr sr sr sr m = massive
Grain contacts pl fp plc plc plc plc plc plc o = with grain orientation
Percentages p = with several pores
f = with joints and fractures
Carbonate Grains
Green algae - - - - - - - -
Texture:
Red algae 5.67 4.67 5.33 3.33 4.67 4.67 4.33 2.67
bf = bioclastic fragmenter
Bryozoans 0.67 - 3.33 2.33 1.67 2.00 1.67 3.33
cf = clastic fragmenter
Echinoderms 4.67 5.00 10.33 9.33 6.67 3.33 2.00 4.67
nc = non-clactic
Coral - - 2.67 1.33 3.33 4.00 3.00 3.33
c = crystalline
Benthic foraminifera 2.67 0.67 22.00 19.67 14.00 11.33 10.33 29.00
Planktonic foraminifera
Brachiopods
Moluscs
Ostracods
Sponge-spicules
Bioturbation
Unidentified fossils
Intraclasts / extraclasts
Pellet / peloids
Oolite / oncolite
7.67
2.67
9.33
2.67
-
-
6.33
4.00
3.33
- G
4.00 0.67 1.33 4.67 2.67
2.67 2.00 1.67 4.00 2.67
6.33 17.00 30.33 23.00 14.00
2.67
-
-
4.67
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.67 1.33
-
-

6.00 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67

- - - -
-
-
4.33 4.00
3.67 6.00 5.33 2.33

-
5.67
2.67
6.33
1.33
0.67
-
6.00
-
-
-
0.67
2.00
11.33
0.67
-
-
2.67
3.33
1.00
-
Sorting:
vw = very well sorted
w = well sorted
m = moderately sorted
p = poorly sorted
vp = very poorly sorted

Fabric:
c = closed
o = opened
O
Terrigenous Grains
Quartz - 1.00 0.67 0.67 1.00 1.33 1.00 0.67 Grain shape:
Feldspar - - - - - - 0.33 - va = very angular
Rock fragments - - - 0.67 1.33 - - - a = angular
Glauconite 0.67 - - 1.00 0.67 0.67 - - sa = sub-angular
Phosphate 0.67 0.33 - 0.33 - - - 0.67 sr = sub-rounded
Opaque minerals - - - - - 0.67 - 1.33 r = rounded
Carbon - - - - - 1.00 - - wr = well rounded
Matrix
Carbonate mud 9.33 17.33 - - - 6.00 12.33 12.67 Grain contact:
Clay minerals 5.00 4.00 - - - - 5.00 5.67 f = floating
IJ
Cementing Materials p = point
l = long
Orthosparite 2.67 1.00 14.00 7.67 9.00 4.33 4.67 3.33
c = concave-convex
Iron oxides 1.33 1.67 1.67 1.33 1.33 1.33 6.00 2.67
s = sutured
Authigenic clays - - 1.33 1.00 0.67 1.00 - -
Silica 13.00 6.67 - - - 0.67 - -
Rock name:
Neomorphisms BW = Wackestone
Microsparite 6.00 5.67 - - - 15.00 5.33 6.33 BW/F = Wackestone/floatstone
Pseudosparite 3.00 3.33 6.00 6.67 3.00 4.00 - 3.00 BP = Packstone
Dolomite 7.33 14.00 - - 6.00 8.00 7.67 4.00 BP/F = Packstone/floatstone
Micritized mud - - 3.00 1.00 2.00 0.67 2.67 2.67 BG = Grainstone
Pyrite - - - - - - - 0.67 SBP = Sandy packstone
Porosities
Microfacies:
Intraparticle - 0.67 - 0.67 0.33 - 0.67 0.67 SMF = Standard microfacies
Mouldic - 1.67 - 0.67 - - - - (Flugel, 1982)
Vuggy 1.33 3.33 5.67 2.33 1.67 2.33 10.33 1.00 FZ = Facies zone
Intercrystal - - - - - - - - (Wilson,1975)
Shelter dan fenestrae - 2.67 - - - - - -
Fracture - - - - - - - -
Rock Name P W G G G P P P
SMF / FZ 10/7 19/8 12/6 12/6 12/6 10/7 10/7 10/7

29
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 1 No. 1 April 2014: 21-34
sized rocks, and consists of coralline, bioclas-
tic, and argillaceous limestones. Pellet is very
rarely preserved. A less amount of terrigenous
materials are present evenly at the upper part
of stratigraphic sequences. They are composed
of quartz, feldspar, volcanic and argillaceous,
metamorphic, and unidentified rock fragments,
very rarely glauconite, phosphate, mica, and
opaque minerals. Cement materials are always
present in the rocks with a diverse number as
orthosparite, iron oxides, authigenic clays, and
silica. Most orthosparite is present from phreatic
meteoric environment, followed by marine and
burial environments. Small amount of iron oxides
fills cavities and fractures in the rock. Authigenic
clay minerals are preserved as pore-cavity filler.
Floatstone
G
Silica in the form of quartz, feldspar, and zeolite
are preserved from the phreatic meteoric environ-
ment after cementation by the orthosparite calcite.
Floatstone is generally massive with coarse-
grained fragmental bioclastic texture, both with
O
closed fabric or opened fabric. Bioclast is made
up of diverse type, size, and amount of fossil. In-
traclast or extraclast is sporadically distributed in
a few samples, and is composed of coralline, bio-
clastic, and argillaceous limestones. Terrigenous
materials are preserved in a limited number and
spread out unevenly. Carbonate mud matrix often
has changed into microsparite. Cement materials
IJ
are present limitedly within inter and intra particle
pores.
Microfacies Interpretation
Wackestone generally has an inversion tex-
ture, i.e. coarse grains stuck in carbonate mud
matrix, well washed grains, and has various fos-
sils. Such limestone was generally deposited in
back reef down-slope (SMF10-FZ7). Limestone
facies type resides in this deposition environment
including argillaceous-rich limestone to some
packstone.
In addition to being in the back reef down-
slope, wackestone may also be formed in very
restricted bays and ponds (SMF19-FZ8). Special
characteristic of the limestone deposited in this
30
depositional environment is the presence of fe-
nestrae porosity type, as a result of a tidal activity
(Tucker and Wright, 1990).
Coarse-grained packstone can be deposited in
another deposition environment. In some cases,
packstone can develop into grainstone with the
bioclast composed as well of coated and worn red
algae. This rock was usually deposited in slopes
and shelf edges (SMF12-FZ6). Abrading and
leaching of carbonate grains mark the grainstone
was deposited in winnowed platform edge sands
(SMF11-FZ6).
Packstone can be interpreted as reef-flank fa-
cies (SMF5-FZ4), characterized by the presence
of bioclasts mostly derived from the reef dwell-
ers and reef builders, such as coral and bryozoa
reefs (Read, 1985). Packstone and sometimes
floatstone with large amount of carbonate mud
matrix is interpreted as reef-flank deposits.
This microfacies interpretation can be done to
each limestone sample petrography tested. The
interpretation microfacies result can be used to
trace back the development of facies deposition of
a limestone formation, in this case is the Baturaja
Formation along the Air Rambangnia traverse.
Discussion
Based on petrographic data (Table 1), the
character of each sample can be known and traced
to order their stratigraphy. The volcanic rocks of
Kikim Formation are deposited unconformably
on the limestone of Baturaja Formation, while
clastic sedimentary rock of Talangakar Formation
is not exposed in this traverse (Sukandi et al.,
2006). The lowest part of the Baturaja Formation
preceded by grainstone was deposited in the win-
nowed platform carbonates, which is above the
wave base (SMF11-FZ6). This area is very close
to the beach characterized by the presence of ar-
gillaceous material from the transgression phase
(Andreeva, 2008), making it into the bay or pond
(SMF19-FZ8). The depositional environment of
the limestones repeated from very restricted pond
and bay (SMF19-FZ8; Figure 9) to back-reef local
slope (SMF10-FZ7; Figure 10) is due to regres-
sive and transgressive phases. These depositional
environments are characterized by the presence
Limestone Microfacies of Baturaja Formation along Air Rambangnia Traverse, South OKU, South Sumatra (S. Maryanto)
|----------| 0,5 mm SM305C
Figure 9. Photomicrograph of wackestone (sample code
SM305C) with very fine - grained size, characterizing the
SMF19-FZ8 on very restricted bay or pond.
por
mol
G lpr
O
for
|----------| 0,5 mm SM314A
Figure 10. Photomicrograph of wackestone (sample code
SM314A) with bioclasts of mollusks (mol) and large
foraminifera (for) distributed in carbonate mud matrix (lpr)
characterizing the SMF10-FZ7 on back-reef down-slope.
IJ
of wackestone-packstone interlayers some parts
of argillaceous and with floatstone intercalation.
Regression process affects sedimentation in
the middle part of Baturaja Formation, initiated
by floatstone from reef-flank facies (SMF5-FZ4;
Figure 11 and 12). The middle part of the Baturaja
Formation is dominated by limestones from that
depositional environment. The depositional envi-
ronment repeated alternation with back-reef local
slope facies (SMF10-FZ7; Wilson, 1975) and their
lithology composed of wackestone-packstone.
The lithology from the back-reef local slope
(SMF10-FZ7) continued until the upper part of
the formation, and it was preceded by the presence
of wackestone-mudstone. Regressive phase led
the depositional environment to evolve into the
very restricted bay or pond (SMF19-FZ8; Flugel,
gang
sem lpr
for for
|----------| 0,5 mm SM316A
Figure 11. Photomicrograph of packstone/floatstone (sample
code SM316A) with various bioclasts of red algae (gang)
and large foraminifera (for) distributed in carbonate mud
matrix (lpr), typifies the SMF5-FZ4 reef-flank area.
mol lpr
for
for
lpr mol
|----------| 0,5 mm SM318A
Figure 12. Photomicrograph of packstone (sample code
SM318A) with various bioclasts of mollusks (mol) and large
foraminifera (for) distributed in carbonate mud matrix (lpr),
characterizing the SMF5-FZ4 on reef-flank area.
1982). Furthermore, transgressive phase led to be-
come the depositional environment of slopes and
shelf edges (SMF12-FZ6; Andreeva, 2008; Fig-
ure 13) composed of grainstone with graded and
planar cross-bedded structures (Bathurst, 1975;
Kendall, 2005). Finally, the lithology sequence
ended by the presence of wackestone-packstone
deposited at back-reef local slope (SMF10-FZ7;
Jones and Desrochers, 1992; Figure 14).
Paleogeographically, the reef complex is
located in the east of the researched area, thus
the highland is being in the west part (Maryanto,
2005). The Baturaja limestones were deposited,
with the influence of a regional transgression,
on the Late Oligocene age. The development of
depositional environment between time forming
31
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 1 No. 1 April 2014: 21-34

bry for lpr

lpr

mol mol

mol
for
ech

|----------| 0,5 mm SM324B |----------| 0,5 mm SM325B

Figure 13. Photomicrograph of grainstone (sample code
SM324B) with various bioclasts of mollusks (mol), large
foraminifera (for), and bryozoans (bry) in carbonate ce-
ment, characterizing the SMF12-FZ6 on slope or shelf
edge.
Figure 14. Photomicrograph of packstone (sample code
SM325B) with abraded bioclasts of mollusks (mol), large
foraminifera (for), and echinoderms (ech) distributed in
carbonate mud matrix, characterizing the SMF10-FZ7 on
the back-reef down-slope.

G River

Tidal Channel

Bay
Tidal Flat

Local Basin

Lagoon
INVESTIGATED AREA

Slope
UPPER PART

Basin N
4
O
BASEMENT ROCKS
Transgression
Back-reef Fore-reef
Core-reef Reef-flank

River MIDDLE PART 3

Tidal Flat
Tidal Channel INVESTIGATED AREA
Local Basin

Lagoon
Bay
Slope

Basin N

BASEMENT ROCKS Regression

IJ
Back-reef Fore-reef
Core-reef Reef-flank

River LOWER PART

Tidal Flat 2
INVESTIGATED AREA
Tidal Channel
Local Basin

Lagoon
Bay
Slope

Basin N

BASEMENT ROCKS
Regression
Back-reef Fore-reef
Core-reef Reef-flank

River
BASEMENT ROCKS 1
Calcareous INVESTIGATED AREA
Siliciclastics

Lagoon

Open Marine Slope

Basin N

BASEMENT ROCKS
Stable land
Back-reef Fore-reef followed by erosion
Core-reef Reef-flank

Figure 15. Depositional environment development of the Baturaja limestones along Air Rambangnia traverse, OKU Selatan,
South Sumatra.

32
Limestone Microfacies of Baturaja Formation along Air Rambangnia Traverse, South OKU, South Sumatra (S. Maryanto)
Baturaja Formation is shown in the Figure 15.
Depositional environment of the Baturaja Forma-
tion varies from very restricted bay or pond area
(SMF19-FZ8), back-reef local slope (SMF10-
FZ7), slope and shelf edge (SMF12-FZ6), win-
nowed platform edge sands (SMF11-FZ6), and
reef-flank facies (SMF5-FZ4). In general, the
depositional environment is conditioned exis-
tence of transgression, characterized by changes
in the position of microfacies that increasingly
moved away from bay or pond and going onto
the reef-flank facies. Depositional phase was
still ongoing until the Early Miocene (Maryanto
2007a), which would later be crushed by the
Gumai Formation.
G
Depositional environment forming the Batura-
ja Formation along Air Rambangnia traverse has
never been the deep sea or the fore-reef area. The
position of the fore-reef area is predicted to be far
away to east-southeast from the researched area.
The research area is located at the volcanic back
arc basin, at the basin edge bordering the land
area, which at that time was occupied by the Pre-
O
Tertiary rocks, now known as Garba Mountains.
Conclusion
Petrographic analysis was carried out upon
thirty four limestone samples taken from Air
Rambangnia traverse, OKU Selatan, South
IJ
Sumatera. It shows out that limestones consist
of wackestone, packstone, grainstone, and float-
stone.
Stratigraphically, each of the rocks studied
repeatedly occurs, but generally they developed
in a transgressive depositional environment. The
depositional environment is diverse ranging from
restricted bay or pond, back-reef local slope, slope
or shelf edge, winnowed platform edge sand, and
reef-flank facies.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks and appreciates Mr. Herwin
Syah for drawing digital pictures, and Mr. Heri-
yanto for photographing thin sections.
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