Basic Structure

Knowledge

BTech Tin Ko Ko
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Force

A force is an influence on an object (for example, part of a building) that may cause movement.
For example, the weight of people and furniture within a building causes a vertically downwards
force on the floor, and wind blowing against a building causes a horizontal (or near horizontal)
force on the external wall of the building.
Forces are also sometimes referred to as loads.

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For example:
• The man shown in Fig is pushing against a wall. In doing so, he is applying a horizontal force
to that wall – in other words, he is attempting to push that wall away from him.
• Figure shows a man standing on a hard surface. The weight of his body is applying a vertical
(downwards) force on the floor – in other words, he is attempting to move the floor downwards.
Force is measured in units of kip or lb and others.
Force = Mass × Acceleration
A much more useful form of this equation to engineers is:
Weight = Mass × Acceleration due to Gravity

Density and unit weight

The density of a material can be calculated as follows:

Density (lb/ft³) =Mass (lb)/Volume (ft²)

Unit weight is a similar concept to density. The unit weight is the weight
of a material per unit volume and is measured in lb/ft³
eg.Unit weight of reinforced concrete is 150 lb/ft³..
Reaction

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Equilibrium

Total force to the left = Total force to the right

Total force up = Total force down

Stress

Stress is internal pressure. Pressure is defined mathematically as Force/Area.

As for pressure, direct stress is defined mathematically as Force/Area.
There is a limit to the stress any particular material can take. This stress is known as the
permissible stress or the strength of the material.

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Stress and strain

The stress is represented by the situation and the strain is represented by your reaction to it.
For example, a column in a building experiences stress as a result of the forces on it from the
floors and walls that the column is supporting. These forces are trying to compress, or squash,
the column – in other words, the forces are inflicting stress on the column. The column will react
to this ‘squashing’ stress by allowing itself to be reduced in length. This reduction in length (as a
proportion of the column’s original length) is the strain.

Strain

Stress Strain Curve

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Young’s modulus (E) = Stress /Strain

How to predict change in length

Change in length = PL/AE

Moment

A moment is a turning effect. A moment always acts about a given point and is either clockwise
or anticlockwise in nature. The moment about a point A caused by a particular force F is defined
as the force F multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the force’s line of action to the
point.
Units of moment are kip-ft or lb-in. Note: This follows because a moment is a force multiplied
by a distance, therefore its units are the units of force multiplied by distance.

In both the cases illustrated in Fig, if M is the moment about point A, then M = F.x.

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Tension and Compression

Compression

Tension

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Compression and Tension

Compression and tension with neutral layer

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Shear and bending

(1) Shear is a cutting or slicing action which causes a beam to simply break or snap. A heavy
load located near
the support of a weak beam might cause a shear failure to occur.
(2) If a beam is subjected to a load it will bend. The more load that is applied, the more the beam
will bend. The more the beam bends, the greater will be the tensile and compressive stresses
induced in the beam. Eventually, these stresses will increase beyond the stresses the material can
bear and failure will occur – in other words the beam will break. In short, if you increase the
bending in a beam, eventually it will break.
So, a beam can fail in shear or it can fail in bending. A natural question
at this stage is: which will occur first? Unfortunately, there is no general answer to that question.
In some circumstances, a beam will fail in shear; in other cases, a beam will fail in bending.
Which happens first depends on the longitudinal profile of the beam: its spans, the position and
nature of its supports and the positions and magnitudes of the loading on it. Only
by calculation can we tell whether a shear or a bending failure will occur first.

Shear force
A shear force is the force tending to produce a shear failure at a given point in a beam.
The value of shear force at any point in a beam = the algebraic sum of all upward and forces to
the left of the point. (The term ‘algebraic sum’ means that upward forces are regarded as being
positive and downward forces are considered to be negative.)

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Beam Shear Failure

Slab Punching Shear Failure

Bending moment
The bending moment is the magnitude of the bending effect at any point in a beam.

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Torsion

Nature of load
As well as considering the different types of loading we have to consider
the nature of loads. This could be one of three types:
(1) Point load
(2) Uniformly distributed load
(3) Uniformly varying load.

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(1)

(2)

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Load path

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(3)

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The structural frame

Load path from the structure slab to the ground

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The structural frame must have enough strength to securely bear the gravity loads throughout
the entire life span of the building..
An adequate load bearing system is based on a continuous load path throughout the structure:
of each storey.

seated on them.

oads and transfer them to the ground.

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Stiffness
Stiffness is the rigidity of an object — the extent to which it resists deformation in response to
an applied force

For an element in tension or compression, the axial stiffness is

where

A is the cross-sectional area,

E is the (tensile) elastic modulus (or Young's modulus),

L is the length of the element.

Moment of inertia

The second moment of area, also known as moment of inertia of plane area, area moment of inertia,
or second area moment, is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are
distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.

Its unit of dimension is length to fourth power, L4.

In the field of structural engineering, the second moment of area of the cross-section of a beam is
an important property used in the calculation of the beam's deflection and the calculation of
stress caused by a moment applied to the beam..

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Center of gravity
The center of gravity is the average location of the weight of an object.

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Types of support in structure

Structures are either partly or completely restrained provided by supports that connect the
structure to some stationary body.

There are mainly three types of support:

 Hinged

 Roller

 Fixed

Hinged/Pinned Support
 Pinned support supplies a reactive force in both vertical and horizontal direction

 Doesn’t resist moment

 Allows rotation but not translation

 Single pin support is not sufficient enough to stable the structure

 Unknown magnitudes are represented by Rx and Ry.

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Fig: Hinged Bridges

Hinged Reactions

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Roller Support
 Roller support supplies a reactive force which acts in a known direction but magnitude is
unknown.

 Free to rotate and translate along the surface

 Can’t resist moment

 Resulting reaction force is always a single force

 It can’t provide resistance lateral forces

 Building structure must have some other type of support

 Reaction force is represented by Ry

Fig : Roller Support

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Fixed Support
 Fixed support encases the member so that rotation and translation is resisted

 It can resist horizontal and vertical forces as well as moment

 Fixed support stable structures.

 The forces and moment is expressed by Rx,Ry,M.

Fixed Support Reactions

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Other types
 Simple support

 Link support

Simple Support
 Quite similar to roller support

 Single force is acted perpendicular from the surface

 Used in long bridges and roof span

Fig : Simple Support

Link Support

Link Support

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THE END

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