Sample Project Report

Intelligent Traffic Light Control System For Ambulance
SWAMI VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING INDORE-

452001(M.P.)
(Affiliated To R.G.P.V. Bhopal Recognized By: Govt. of M.P.)
Minor Project On-
Intelligent Automatic Traffic Light Control System for Ambulance
Guided By: Submitted by:

Mr.Jayesh Dabi Shefali Gadkari (0822EC111100)
Shradha Trivedi (0822EC111103)
Wagmita Kshirsagar (0822EC111121)
Swami Vivekanand College Of Engineering

Acknowledgement
The path to the successful completion of this project has gone through various ups and
downs.Patience,determination and preserverance coupled with help and encouragement
from several quarters have paved the path to success.
We are extremely grateful to Mr Jayesh Dabi for his valuable guidance that help in
completion of project.
We owe heartiest thanks to Mrs.Megha Soni HOD and also to Mr. Hemant Verma project
coordinator for their moral support and guidance throughout the project.
We extend our gratefulness to Dr. U B S Chandrawat Principal SVCE Dr. R B

Ghodgaonkar Director SVCE for providing all the facilities and cooperation during the
course of our project.
Finally, we would also like to thanks our friends and parents who have supported us
during the course of this project and making this project an experience worth going
through.
Swami Vivekanand College

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Table of Content
I. Abstract IV
II. Introduction 1
III. Literature 2
3.1 Embedded System 2
3.2 Wireless Sensor Networks 2
3.3 Active RFID and GSM Technology 2
3.4 Intelligent Ambulance 3
3.5 Image Processing 3
IV Technology 4
4.1 Block Diagram 4
4.1.1 Encoder 5
4.1.2 Decoder 5
4.1.3 RF Transmitter & Receiver Module 6
4.1.4 Microcontroller 7
4.2 RF Based Technology 7
4.3 Functionality 9
4.3.1 RF Transmitter Circuit 9
4.3.2 RF Receiver Circuit 10
4.3.3 Traffic Light Circuit 10
4.3.3(a) The Traffic Light Sequences 10
V Simulation/Programming Tools 12
5.1 Arduino v1.0 12
5.1.1 Introduction 12
5.1.2 Hardware 12
5.1.3 Simulation Process 14
5.1.4 Screenshots Of Programme 23
5.2 Eagle 29
5.3 Result & Analysis 34
5.4 Conclusion & Future Scope 35
5.5 Applications 35
List of figures
Fig no. Title Page no.

4.1 Block Diagram 5
4.2 Circuit Diagram Of Transmitter 6
4.3 Circuit Diagram Of Receiver 7
4.4 Pin Description Of RF Module 9
4.5 Normal Sequence Of Traffic Light 11

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5.1 Pin Diagram Of Arduino Microcontroller 15
5.2 Simulation Steps Of Arduino 17
5.9 ScreenShot Of Programme 28
5.10 Simulation Steps Of Eagle 29
5.11 Simulation Steps Of Eagle 30
5.12 Eagle Toolbar 31
5.13 Transmitter Schematic 32
5.14 Receiver Schematic 33
5.15 Transmitter Layout 33
5.16 Receiver Layout 34
List of Tables
Table no. Title Page no.
4.1 Truth table 1 10
4.2 Truth table 2 11

CHAPTER I
ABSTRACT
Traffic congestion problem is a phenomena which contributed huge impact to the
transportation system in country. This causes many problems especially when there are
emergency cases at traffic light intersections which are always busy with many vehicles.
[APPENDIX 1].A traffic light controller system is designed in order to solve these
problems. This system was designed to be operated when it received signal from
emergency vehicles based on radio frequency (RF) transmission and used the arduino
microcontroller to change the sequence back to the normal sequence before the
emergency mode was triggered. As the result, this project successful analyzing and
implementing the wireless communication; the radio frequency (RF) transmission in the
traffic light control system for emergency vehicles. The prototype of this project is using
the frequency of 434 MHz and function with the sequence mode of traffic light when
emergency vehicles passing by an intersection and changing the sequence back to the
normal sequence before the emergency mode was triggered. RF-EMR radiations are
strong enough to send a signal to some device at a distance of atleast 50 to 60mtrs.

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The project has been chosen to save human life which is the most valuable and
costliest thing in this world. And as per the design of the project it is very much feasible
in long run in real time applications.
In future, this prototype system can be improved by controlling the real traffic
situation, in fact improving present traffic light system technology.

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CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION
Emergency occurs anywhere at any location, at any time, and in various ways will make
one at risk. These situations require a speedy response. So it is very crucial and important
to establish direct, fast and efficient technique without delay. With the increasing number
of population in the metropolitan areas already existing problem of poor traffic
congestion has grown to an alarming event. This problem has to be properly analyzed and
the appropriate measures have to be taken. Often rural areas are devoid of the traffic
congestion. The proper care is to be given to the urban areas mainly focusing on to the
metropolitan cities. Even if each and every vehicle passing through the traffic has its own
need, the prior importance is given to the Ambulance and other emergency vehicles
which needs to wait longer time on the traffic thereby increasing the probability of risk
.Transportation of a patient to hospital in emergency seems quite simple but in actual it is
pretty difficult during peak hours. Optimum utilization of the time after an accident is
actually the golden hours as a measure of effectiveness of an emergency response service
provider system. Recovery action should be taken immediately. Congestion can be solved
to an extent. In addition to this, in the case of giving prior importance to the ambulance
and other emergency vehicles, their chances of misusing the vehicles by some people for
their own benefit is very high. The technology uses RF transmitter is mounted on atop of
the ambulance and RF receivers are placed in every road leading to the signal at a
suitable distance from the traffic signal. Initially the driver of the ambulance switches on
the transmitter through a switch placed on the steering wheel .This makes the receiver
output to go high and thereby interrupting the microcontroller .At the beginning of the
interrupt sub routine, all the port pins are scanned to determine in which lane the
ambulance is approaching and the corresponding lane is made green.. The ambulance is
controlled by the control unit and also controls the traffic light according to the
ambulance location and thus reaching the hospital safely[APPENDIX 1].
CHAPTER III

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LITERATURE
In this section, various solutions to the traffic congestion problems suggested in the
literature are presented:-
3.1 Embedded System

Intelligent Traffic Signal Control System by Dinesh Rotake & Prof. Swapnili
Karmore(2012).Here system uses IR sensors, AVR-32microcontroller with programmable
flash memory and built in 8-channels ADC. IR (i.e. Infrared) sensor is programmed to
detect emergency vehicle and micro-controller is designed in such a way to give red
signal to all other lane but one with emergency vehicle. Limitations: Here IR sensors are
used, due to various climate conditions present in India, IR sensors may need to keep in
safe place or a strong box. Price factor of implementation of this system is high. So it is
not advisable to implement this system.
3.2 Wireless Sensor Networks

Priority Based Traffic Lights Controller using wireless Sensor Networks by Shruthi K R
and Vinodha K (2012). Wireless Sensor Network is being used as communication
infrastructure in the proposed traffic light controller. System uses fuzzy logic to define
direction of emergency vehicle.Central monitoring system collects all information and
gives appropriate response.
Limitations: Communication in Wireless Sensor Network is still a research field. Data
exchange in between Sensor is not reliable. And as specified before Sensors need to
become robust in order to survive in Indian weather.
3.3 Active RFID and GSM Technology

Road Traffic Congestion Monitoring and measurement using Active RFID and GSM
Technology [APPENDIX-2] by Koushik Mandal, Arindam Sen,Abhijnan Chakraborty
and Siuli Roy(2011).System includes Active RFID tag, Wireless Router,Wireless
Coordinator, GSM modems, and Monitoring Station software. Wireless devices collects

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data from Active RFID tags, these devices are mounted at roadside. Monitoring station
collects all data through GSM, and reply to corresponding traffic signal.
Limitations: Involvement of various communication devices makes implementation
costly. Wireless communications have their own drawbacks. A Monitoring Station needs
to be setup.
3.4 Intelligent Ambulance

Design of Intelligent Ambulance and traffic control by Sarika B. Kale, and Gajanan P.
Dhok(2013). Ambulance will consist of Heart Beat and temperature sensor. When key is
pressed, heart beats and temp values will be sent to pre-defined mobile phone (Hospital)
using GSM. On signal there will be two RFID readers which will detect traffic density on
two roads. When ambulance is detected on any road signal for that side will be green.
Limitations: All ambulances must equip with special instruments other than medical.
Some other integration also needs to implement this system. RFID tags are not reliable
because they fail in short period of time.
3.5 Image Processing

Image Processing Based Intelligent Traffic Controller by Vikramaditya Dangi, Amol
Parab,Kshitij Pawar and S.S Rathod(2012). A camera is fixed on polls or other tall
structures to overlook the traffic scene. Images extracted from the video are then analyzed
to detect and count vehicles.It can be done through GOOGLE MAPS. [APPENDIX-3]
Then depending on the signal cycle, time is allotted to each lane. The system also takes
into account the emergency vehicles at the intersection. If such a vehicle is detected, the
lane is given priority over the others.
Limitations: Camera used, have to be robust.When ambulances arrive from more than
one lane system fails, it gives green light to all lanes.

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CHAPTER IV
TECHNOLOGY
The model of Intelligent Traffic Routing for ambulance using a Wireless Sensor
Networks. The first and primary elements of this system are the wireless sensor nodes
consisting of sensors and transmitter. The sensors interact with the physical environment
means vehicles presence or absence while the transmitter sends the sensors data to the
central microcontroller. The sensors are ultrasonic or an Infrared based optical sensor
which transmits status based on presence of ambulance near it. The sensor nodes transmit
at specified time interval to the central microcontroller placed at every intersection. The
microcontroller receives the signal and computes which road and which lane has to be
given red when ambulance arrives. The controller makes use of the discussed and planned
algorithm to perform the Intelligent Traffic routing. In this project, the primary aim is to
gather the information of moving emergency vehicles i.e ambulance to provide them a
clear path till their destinations and traffic signals should switch automatically to give a
clear way for ambulance.The transmitter section should be placed inside ambulance. Ambulance
enters 10-20m in the four lane road.Whenever ambulance comes near the intersection point,
driver has to press the switch of corresponding lane where he is moving.On pressing the
switch the signal is transmitted at the receiver end which is placed on the traffic signal.
On the basis of the programme burned in the microcontroller the normal operation of the signals
should be stopped and all lights immediately should turn red while only light of that lane should be
green where ambulance wants to go.So the road should be blocked.
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM-
The block diagram of this project is shown in Fig.The block diagram is divided into several parts such
encoder, RF transmitter and receiver, decoder and embedded microcontroller.

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Fig 4.1
4.1.1 Encoder-
Encoding is a popular way of securing data and information; changing the format so that it can only be
read by someone with the appropriate decoding equipment or software. An encoder is a device or
entity that will encode information in a particular way, compressing, converting or securing it into a
different format. Since there are four traffic lights at the intersection, multiple channel encoders will
be used for this project.Encoder IC HT12E (18 pin IC)is used in this project.
4.1.2 Decoder-
The encoding process essentially scrambles all the pieces of the data up and they are then put back
together at the other end by the decoder. A decoder is the device or entity that will remove the
information from its previously encoded state and return it to its original format. The decoder must
have the same number of channel with the encoder. Decoder IC HT12D (18 pin IC)is used in this
project.
4.1.3 RF Transmitter and Receiver Module-
A radio frequency transmitter and receiver module will be used in the circuit to implement wireless
communication for this project.Internal connections and circuit diagram of transmitter and receiver

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section is shown below-
Circuit Diagram Of Transmitter Section-
Fig 4.2
Circuit Diagram Of Reciever Section-

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Fig 4.3
4.1.4 Microcontroller-
An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller is used in

this project.
4.2 RF BASED TECHNOLOGY

This circuit utilizes the RF module, transmitter and receiver (TX-RX) for making a wireless remote,
which could be used to drive an output from a distant place . RF module, as the name suggests, uses
radio frequency to send signals. These signals are transmitted at a particular frequency and a baud rate.

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A receiver can receive these signals only if it is configured for that frequency. A four channel
encoder/decoder pair has also been used in this system. The input signals, at the transmitter side, are
taken through four switches while the outputs are monitored on a set of four light emitting diodes
(LED) corresponding to each input switch.This RF transmission system employs Amplitude Shift
Keying (ASK) with transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operating at 434 MHz. The transmitter module
takes serial input and transmits these signals through RF. The transmitted signals are received by the
receiver module placed away from the source of transmission. The system allows one way
communication between two nodes, namely, transmission and reception. The RF module has been
used in conjunction with a set of four channel encoder/decoder ICs. The encoder converts the parallel
inputs (from the remote switches) into serial set of signals. These signals are serially transferred
through RF to the reception point. The decoder is used after the RF receiver to decode the serial
format and retrieve the original signals as outputs. These outputs can be observed on corresponding
LEDs.
Transmission through RF is better than infrared (IR) because of many reasons. Firstly, signals through
RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range applications. Besides, while
IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel even when there is an obstruction
between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable than IR
transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals which are affected by
other IR emitting sources. The RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The
transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter receives
serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected at pin4. The
transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.

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Pin Description of RF Module(fig 4.4)
4.3 FUNCTIONALITY
This project is divided into two parts of electronic circuit. First part is the RF
transmitter circuit which can override the sequence of the traffic light.
Meanwhile, the second part is the RF receiver and the microcontroller circuit
that generate the traffic light sequences for a four-traffic lights intersection.
4.3.1 RF Transmitter Circuit- The transmitter circuit consists of a RF transmitter module, an

encoder, a set of four switches and a power supply.
A set of four switches is used in the RF transmitter circuit. Each switch labeled with number 1, 2, 3,
and 4 to indicate which traffic light at the intersection. These switch need to be push (switch on) in
order to trigger the emergency sequence mode of the traffic light intersection.When any of these
switch is being pushed-on, the RF transmitter send a signal that have been coded to the receiver which
then will be used to override the traffic light sequence.

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4.3.2 RF Receiver Circuit- The RF receiver circuit consists of a RF receiver module, a decoder,and
LEDs. A LED is connected to pin14 of the decoder to indicate that the RF transmitter is in the range
with the RF receiver. A LED is connected to pins of microcontroller to indicate which traffic light has
been triggered by the signal transmitted from the RF transmitter.
4.3.3 Traffic Light Circuit- A circuit of four traffic light intersection has been designed for this
project using a ATMEGA8 microcontroller. The sequence of the traffic lights is generated by the
ATMEGA8. The input from the RF receiver circuit has been used to override the sequence
4.3.3(a) The Traffic Light Sequences-

(i)The Normal Sequence
The sequence of the traffic lights started as green light of traffic light 1 and 3 and red light of other
traffic lights are on. The duration for this mode lasted for 3 seconds unless the RF receiver triggers any
signal from the transmitter to override the sequence.

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Fig 4.5
Traffic Light Red Yellow Green
1 1 1 0
2 0 1 1
3 1 1 0
4 0 1 1
(Table 4.1)Truth Table for First 3 Seconds of the Sequence
Then, the green light of traffic light 1 and 3 is off and the yellow light of the same traffic light is on for
2 seconds.
Fig 4.6

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Traffic Light Red Yellow Green

1 1 0 1
2 1 1 1
3 1 0 1
4 1 1 1
(Table 4.2)Truth Table When the Yellow Light of Traffic Light 1 Is On

Next, the sequence turned on the green light of traffic light 2 and 4 and the red light of other traffic
light for duration of 3 seconds. Then, the green light of traffic light 2 and 4 is off and the yellow light
of the same traffic light is on for 2 seconds.
Fig 4.7
The microcontroller will keep repeating this sequence of the traffic light unless the emergency
sequence is triggered.
(ii)The Emergency Mode Sequence

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The emergency mode is triggered when the RF receiver received the transmitted signal from the RF
transmitter to override the normal sequence of the traffic light. For example, an ambulance arrives at
the traffic light 4 and the green light of the traffic light 1 is on.
When the switch no.4 is turned ON, the RF receiver received the transmitted signal and changed the
sequence to the emergency sequence mode. Then the green of traffic light 4 is ON till switch is ON
and red light of other signals is also turned ON .
Fig 4.8
The emergency sequence mode is ended when the sequence of the traffic light is back to the normal
sequence when that switch is pressed OFF.

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CHAPTER V
SIMULATION/PROGRAMMING TOOLS
5.1ARDUINO v1.0
5.1.1 Introduction-
Arduino v1.0 is a single-board microcontroller. The hardware consists of an open-source
hardware board designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM.
Current models feature a USB interface, 6 analog input pins, as well as 14 digital I/O pins that
accommodate various extension boards.

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Pin diagram of arduino microcontroller(Fig 5.1)
5.1.2 Hardware-
An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller with complementary
components that facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. An
important aspect of the Arduino is its standard connectors, which lets users connect the
CPU board to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules known as shields. Some
shields communicate with the Arduino board directly over various pins, but many shields
are individually addressable via an I²C serial bus—so many shields can be stacked and
used in parallel. Official Arduinos have used the megaAVRseries of chips, specifically the
ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A handful of other
processors have been used by Arduino compatibles. Most boards include a 5 volt linear
regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some variants),

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although some designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard
voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An Arduino's microcontroller is
also pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-
chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically need an external
programmer. This makes using an Arduino more straightforward by allowing the use of
an ordinary computer as the programmer.Programmer an RS-232 serial connection, but
the way this is implemented varies by hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a
level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232-level and TTL-level signals. Current
Arduino boards are programmed via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter
chips such as theFTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial
Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other
methods. (When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE,
standard AVR ISP programming is used.)
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other
circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of
which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also
be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.10-
inch (2.5 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially
available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino
boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that can plug
into solderless breadboards.
5.1.3 Simulation process-
1.Double click the Arduino software icon

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Fig 5.2

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2.Select Board
Fig 5.3
The first step is to configure the Arduino software for the correct chip. Almost all
Arduinos use the ATmega168, but there's a chance you have an ATmega8 make sure the
correct chip is selected (this picture is really old, will be fixed soon). This preference is
saved so you only have to set it once, the program will remember next time it's run.
3.Select port

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Next, its time to configure the Serial Port (also known as the COM Port) it will probably
be something like COM1 or COM4. On a Mac it will be something liketty.usbserial-
xxxxx
This preference is saved so you only have to set it once, the program will remember next
time it's run.we have selected COM1
Fig
5.4
Fig
5.5
This
preference is saved so you only have to set it once, the program will remember next time it's run.
Note:However, if you have multiple Arduino's, they may be assigned difference COM
ports. So every time you plug in a new Arduino, double check that the correct port is
selected.
5.Open blink sketch

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Sketches are little scripts that you can send to the Arduino to tell it how to act. Let's open
up an Example Sketch. Go to the File menu -> Sketchbook -> Examples -> Digital ->
Blink
Fig 5.6

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Fig 5.7
6.Verify / Compile
The first step to getting a Sketch ready for transfer over to the arduino is
to Verify/Compile it. That means check it over for mistakes (sort of like editing) and then
translate it into an application that is compatible with the Arduino hardware.
After a few seconds, you should see the message Done compiling. in the Status
Bar and Binary Sketch Size: in theNotification area. This means the sketch was well-
written and is ready for uploading to the Arduino board

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Fig 5.8
7.Reset (NG only)

To tell the Arduino that it should prepare itself for a new Sketch upload, you must reset
the board. Diecimila Arduino's have built-in auto-reset capability, so you don't need to do
anything. Older Arduinos, such as NG, must be manually reset before uploading a sketch.
To do that simply press the black button on the right hand side of the board.

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8.Upload
To upload make sure the Arduino is plugged in, the green light is on and the correct Serial
Port is selected.If you have an NG Arduino, press the Reset Button now, just before you
select the Upload menu item.
9.Select Upload to I/O Board from the File menu
After a few seconds you should get this screen, with the message Done uploading. in the
status bar.
5.1.4 ScreenShots Of Programme
Fig
5.9

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5.2 EAGLE
The Procedure describes how to prepare a layout for circuit by using various tool provided in circuit
layout design software.
How to make a simple circuit in Eagle
Step 1:
Start Eagle
Start -> Program -> Eagle :Layout Editor
After this Eagle Control Panel will appear(Fig -5.10)
Fig-5.10
This Window is main Project Manager and used to open new schematic layout & Libraries
1) Create a NEW PROJECT
Menu -> File -> New -> Schematic

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Step 2 :
Following Window will appear
Fig 5.11
Step 3 : Toolbox
At the Left side of this schematic window having Eagle Main Toolbar, As Shown in Following Picture

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Fig 5.12
Using this Function

user can draw the
schematic for circuit
Step 4:
ADDING A FRAME
The First thing that

should be done is to
save the empty
schematic. This is
done to let eagle know
the name of the
schematic.Now add a
Frame to the
schematics.
-> Click the Add-

button .
-> The “add”-window

pops up.
-> Select the frame

named DINA4_L
-> Type in Search Box
Click OK, and the Component (Frame) will be attached to the mouse cursor.By doing this whole
schematic diagram of transmitter and receiver section can be prepared as shown in fig below-

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Fig 5.13
Fig 5.14
Step 5 :
After drawing schematic,layouts of above circuit diagrams can be made

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Fig 5.15
Fig 5.16

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5.3 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

From a proper analysis of positive points and constraints of the system it is inferred that
the system is working as per the objectives of the project. Installation and maintenance of
the system is cost effective and takes less time. The system-user interface is user friendly
and does not require specialized training or skills to operate it. The project has been
designed to substantially enhance the performance by ensuring smooth mobility of
emergency services (like ambulance, fire engines, etc.).The implementation of the
algorithm is done in such a way that it not only paves way to emergency vehicles but its
auto reinstatement of the older status of traffic light helps in smooth transition of traffic
along the road. The system also reduces the workload of traffic personnel as it totally
automates the whole prospect of traffic signaling which also greatly reduces the domain
of error. We have also equipped it with an algorithm which provides the user with the
shortest possible path between destination and source which is the biggest asset in this era
where people consider time as money. Being an automated signaling system it eliminates
the chances of human error which often results in road accidents and mishaps. As
discussed earlier, this project transforms the shortcomings (in terms of range and
objective scanning time) of Bluetooth Technology into its strength thereby consolidating
its applicability. Thus this project is practically feasible, economically viable, and reliable
in nature. It’s robust as well as easy to handle mechanism makes it easy and quite simple
to be understood and brought in use by the masses. Summing up we can say that this
project with its ready to apply technology and cheap installation charges invariably finds
its application in our traffic signalling system. An improvisation of the project and
subsequent modification of the system can serve our purpose as and when needed in near
future.
5.4 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

In this project, a novel idea is proposed for controlling the traffic signals in favor of
ambulances during the accidents. With this system the ambulance can be maneuvered
from the ITLS(Intelligent Traffic Light System) can be proved to be effectual to control
not only ambulance but also authoritative vehicles. Thus ITLS if implemented in
countries with large population like INDIA can produce better results. The ITLS is more

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accurate with no loss of time. In future we can also track and monitor heath of patient
using gsm technology[APPENDIX-2] .But there may be a delay caused because of GSM
messages since it is a queue based technique, which can be reduced by giving more
priority to the messages communicated through the controller.
After lot of research work about various traffic management schemes we can extend
this project using image processing which is more suitable for implementation .Also
Tracking can be done using GOOGLE MAPS [APPENDIX-3]Using other techniques for
implementation of this project is costly and not suitable in Indian condition.We can also
use audio processing techniques for this.
5.5 APPLICATIONS
1) Defence vehicles in emergency cases.
2) Fire extinguishing vehicles.
3) Police vans in emergency cases. ‘
REFERENCES
1) N.M.Z.Hashim, A.S.Jaafar, N. A.Ali, L.Salahuddin, N.R. Mohamad, M. A.Ibrahim
“Traffic Light Control System for Emergency Vehicles Using Radio Frequency” July 2013.
2) Willbur L. Mitchell, “Traffic Light Control For Emergency Vehicles”, United States Patent, April
17th, 1994.
3) “RF Based Wireless Remote using Tx-Rx Modules”, Chawla Radios & Electricals, August 11th,
2011.
4) http://www.blurtit.com/q335716.html, What Is The Difference Between Decoder And Encoder?

Lukas Hoffmann.
5) TIMES OF INDIA newspaper for incidences.

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APPENDIX:
APPENDIX 1: RESEACH AND SURVEY FOR INCIDENCES HELD RECENTLY
DUE TO AMBULANCE STUCK IN TRAFFIC:
Six months ago, a two-year-old girl was being rushed in an ambulance from Mysore
Road to Manipal Hospital on Old Airport Road. The child was suffering from low BP and
struggling to breathe. It took more than two-and-a-half hours to cover the 15-km stretch,
owing to traffic snarls. When she finally reached the hospital, she was declared 'brought
dead'.
In September 2012, a middle-aged man collapsed on the road after suffering a heart
attack near NGEF circle, on Old Madras Road. An ambulance from a multispeciality
hospital on Old Airport Road was scrambled to fetch him. But it got stuck in traffic and
the man passed away. His wife asked police what they were doing about the insensitivity
of motorists to ambulance movement. The embarrassed traffic police attended the funeral
and paid their last respects .
These aren't stray cases. Death does strike aboard the ambulance too but there is no way
it is declared as such. Most 'brought dead' and 'died en route' cases happen where there is
a time lapse in shifting the patient from one place to another due to traffic snarls, the bane
of Bangalore.
Additional commissioner of traffic B Dayanand admits to the chaos on the road,

especially during peak hours. The travel speed in the city is a crawling 15km per hour
during peak hours.
"Our roads are not ambulance friendly most often. It is difficult but we are managing ,"
says Dr Pramod RK, head of medical service, EMRI, which is part of the 108 ambulance
service operated by the state government.
The 108 service has assisted 29.4 lakh people in various health emergencies like

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pregnancies, respiratory and cardiac disorders , snake bites, suicides and traffic
accidents , among many others. Strategically placed 517 ambulances armed with all life-
support medicines and equipment and manned by trained personnel render emergency
health care. Cadaver organs: Time is of essence not only in medical emergencies and road
accidents but also cadaver organ transplantation. "Organs are harvested from the brain-
dead patient and well-secured with ice packs. We ensure precious organs don't get wasted
due to traffic snarls," says Dr MM Satish Kumar, joint secretary, Zonal Coordination
Committee of Karnataka (ZCCK) for organ transplants.
"There should be a model where the hospital can coordinate with police till the patient is
picked up from the scene and reaches the hospital," says Dr Nagesh N S, transplant
surgeon, Liver Clinic, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute . The institute is
gearing up for liver transplant and is in talks with traffic police for speedy access to
ambulance for its service.
"Whenever there is a traffic jam and it's an emergency case, we get an alert from
Emergency Management and Research Institute (EMRI-GVK ) seeking traffic clearance
on the particular stretch. Traffic policemen on the field coordinate the issue. Despite
snarls we are able to make way for the ambulance. Besides, ambulances need not follow
any traffic norms and can go in one way, and jump the traffic in any possible way to save
the patient," claims Dayanand.
How an ambulance ought to be
It should ideally be a mobile ICU moving on road, says Dr Raajiv Singhal, Group CEO,
Sakra. "The ambulance should be able to give pre-hospital care to the patient from point
of pick-up to hospital. Apart from stretcher, trolley and ventilator, the ambulance must
have spinal board and patient monitor along with a doctor or paramedical staff. Often a
small car is turned into an ambulance, but that's not ideal. It must be as big as a tempo
traveller," he says.
Karnataka lags behind in awareness
Lack of awareness among motorists and general public about the seriousness of
ambulance movement is disheartening. Karnataka is far behind compared to Tamil Nadu
or Kerala when it comes to awareness about organ donation, right from families of brain-
dead patients to motorists on the streets. | Dr MM Satish Kumar | joint secretary, ZCCK.
We have a serious problem
The police, hospitals and citizens have to chip in to solve this serious problem.
Sometimes ambulances are used for sundry or personal purposes. That's why instead of
making way for it, many motorists try to jump traffic along with the ambulance. But there
must be a solution where everyone understands responsibilities and acts accordingly.|
Praveen Sood | ADGP, police computing wing.

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APPENDIX -2
MONITORING PATIENT’S HEALTH IN AMBULANCE USING GSM TECHNOLOGY :
IN This APPENDIX we can study how our ITLS system in future can performs three
main functions. First one is Patient health monitoring; second one is tracking the
Ambulance which is carrying the Patient and third one is to send above two details to the
Hospital or Doctor using a GSM technology. With the help of this project we can find
out the location of ambulance and at the same time we can monitor various health
parameter of a patient. These parameters are temperature, humidity and heart beat rate. A
text SMS containing location and values of all the sensors is sent to a Doctor’s mobile. Or
we can send this text SMS to any authorized person in hospital. Then that person can
intimate Doctor about ambulance location and patient health. By using these parameters,
doctor can do the necessary preparation for treatment of patient.
Block Diagram Description in detail:

1) GPS Modem: Main function of GPS – Global Positioning System modem is to
provide longitude and latitude of the ambulance. The GPS modem receives data from
satellite. And then it gives this bunch of data to microcontroller through serial
communication. As ambulance moves along the way from patient’s home to hospital, the
co-ordinates of ambulance lcoation will change and these variations are given to
microcontroller.

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2) GSM Modem: Main function of GSM modem is to send all parameters to user or
Doctor through a text SMS. For sending SMS, microcontroller needs to give various AT
commands to GSM modem using a serial communication port.
3) Heartbeat sensor: Heart beats are important for the health of patient. Heartbeat sensor
works on a principle that blood in human body pumps with every heartbeat. We have
used a Red LED and LDR. Patient needs to place his/her finger between these two
components. Red light will be reflected from patient’s finger to LDR. And blood will
pump with every heart beat. This will cause fluctuations in the light intensity. Heart beat
sensor used in this project works on the above principle. It gives out high pulses with
every heartbeat. It works on pure 5 volt DC.
4) Temperature sensor: We have used temperature sensor to measure the body
temperature of the patient. This is an analog type of temperature sensor. It gives variable
output voltage as per the variations in the temperature received / sensed. This will help to
monitor the variations in the temperature of patient.
5) Amplifier: Since the output of temperature sensor is in millivolts. So we need
amplifier to amplify this voltage. Output of amplifier will be given to Analog to digital
converter
6) Humidity sensor: This sensor helps to measure the humidity. This is also an analog
type of sensor. It gives variable output voltage as per the variation in the humidity. The
output of humidity sensor is directly given to ADC.
7) Analog to Digital Convertor: As microcontroller is not able to read the analog signal
or analog voltage, so we have to use ADC in between the microcontroller and sensors.
Function of ADC is to give digital output data corresponding to the input voltage
received. Thus it converts the analog input voltage into the respective digital data. This
data varies from a value of 00-Hex to FF-Hex. Thus it is compatible to the
microcontroller.
8) Microcontroller: Microcontroller is main heart of the system as it communicates with
all input and output devices and it controls whole operation of the system of complete
flow of the system. We have used 89s51 microcontroller which is 8051 series
microcontroller. Following are the various functions of microcontroller:
1. Reading sensor values through ADC (analog to digital convertor)
2. Reading longitude and latitude from GPS modem
3. Reading heartbeat values
4. Displaying these values on LCD display
5. Sending these values to GSM modem so that SMS can be sent to the Doctor or any
authorized person in hospital.
6. To turn on buzzer when any of the sensor values cross threshold level.
9) LCD display: Liquid crystal display is used to display the values of all sensors or all
parameters also LCD display is used to show the longitude and latitude received by GSP
modem. LCD display is used to show messages like sending SMS, SMS sent
successfully. We have used 16×2 alphanumeric display. LCD display is really useful for
the person seating near the patient. This person can be family member of the patient or
the staff from hospital like ward-boy, nurse or a doctor.
10) Buzzer: Buzzer is used to give indication about the parameter crossing a threshold
value. For example if temperature increases and it goes beyond certain value then the

34 Of Engineering
buzzer will be turned on. This is helpful so that the person near the patient in ambulance
can be informed about the unwanted situation or about variation in the health parameter.
APPENDIX-3
FUTURE SCOPE FOR TRACKING AMBULANCE THROUGH GOOGLE MAP :
Ambulance tracking in Google map: Or How to track ambulance in map?
Once the doctor has received text SMS containing longitude and latitude then he/she can
use these values to find out the location on map. There are 2 methods to find out the
location on map using longitude and latitude.
First method is traditional and inefficient way in which ambulance location can be
found out on printed map. For example, the hospital administration person or doctor has
the printed map of the city or the district in which the hospital is located. These maps
have longitude and latitude like X Y co-ordinates on a graph. Then user can manually
find out the location on these maps. However this traditional method of ambulance
tracking on printed maps is time consuming and thus it is ineffective. These printed maps
are inefficient to show detailed map or we can say it gives high level map.
Second method is advanced and recommended method of Ambulance tracking in
Google map. It is efficient, convenient and useful to view the vehicle location online on
internet maps. Hospital authority person can use these online maps to track the
ambulance. This method is used to find out location on Google map using longitude and
latitude using internet. Today’s world is internet savvy world. We are more dependent and
used to internet. Now-days internet is easily available, fast to access as well. Various
websites are available on internet which provides online maps. Google map is one of the
best and famous websites out of these all providers. Google map is a website which
provides online map of the world.
For ambulance tracking on online map, the hospital authority person should have
computer or laptop and internet connection. Then once that person gets SMS on mobile
then he/she can manually type these parameter of the SMS in Google map. Then once
he/she clicks on view button, then Google map will show marker point on the exact
location where the ambulance is present.
Following are various features of Google Map which are useful for “Ambulance
tracking with patient health monitoring system” :
1) Zoom In: Google map has various features like “Zoom in” and “Zoom out”. Using
zoom in function you can view details of any particular location.
2) Get Direction: It also has a feature to get the direction from one place to another. This
feature can be used in case of traffic or if road is blocked due to some reason. In such
situations hospital authority person can guide the ambulance driver about the alternate
road/path. Then driver can go to hospital from the location from where ambulance is.
3) Places: Google map also shows nearest places which can be helpful to locate any other
nearest hospital. If doctor finds that patient situation is critical and if it requires more time
for ambulance to come to the hospital then the doctor/authority person can instruct driver
to go to another nearest hospital. These are very rare cases but it can happen and if it does
then it can cause life threat.
4) Time to reach destination: Google map also provides time required to reach from one
destination to another destination by drive or by walk. It has few inbuilt algorithms to

35 Of Engineering
find out the time required depending upon the distance. However it is an approximate
time since this time can vary depending upon the road conditions or the traffic situation.
KEYWORDS USED IN APPENDIX:

Emergency Management :Sudden, unexpected, or impending situation that may cause injury ﾧ ,
loss ﾧ of life, damage ﾧ to the property ﾧ, and/or interference with the normal activities ﾧ of a
person ﾧ or firm and which, therefore, requires immediate attention and remedial ﾧ action ﾧ.
GSM Technology:GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Group Special
Mobile), is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ﾧ (ETSI)
to describe protocols for second generation (2G ﾧ ) digital cellular networks ﾧ used by mobile
phones ﾧ .GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into
GSM frequency ranges ﾧ for 2G and UMTS frequency bands ﾧ for 3G), with most 2G ﾧ GSM
networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated,
the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States).
In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were
previously used for first-generation systems.
Google Map: Google Maps is a desktop and mobile web mapping ﾧ service application and
technology provided by Google ﾧ , offering satellite imagery, street maps, and Street View
perspectives, as well as functions such as a route planner ﾧ for traveling by foot, car, bicycle (beta
test), or with public transportation ﾧ. Also supported are maps embedded on third-party websites via
the Google Maps API ﾧ ,and a locator for urban businesses and other organizations in numerous
countries around the world. Google Maps satellite images are not updated in real time; however,
Google adds data to their Primary Database on a regular basis, and most of the images are no more
than 3 years old..The opt-in redesigned version of the desktop application has been available since
2013, alongside the "classic" (pre-2013) version. The redesigned version was met by user criticism
regarding slowness,hiding some common functions, removing a scale bar, and lack of other features
that include My Places ﾧ and sharable customized links to parametrized split Street View and Map
views ﾧ. It is possible to switch back to the old version.
Google Maps uses a close variant of the Mercator projection ﾧ, and therefore cannot accurately show
areas around the poles. A related product is Google Earth ﾧ, a stand-alone program which offers more
globe-viewing features, including showing polar areas.

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Intelligent Traffic Light Control System For Ambulance

SWAMI VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING INDORE-

Minor Project On-

Intelligent Automatic Traffic Light Control System for Ambulance

Guided By: Submitted by:

Swami Vivekanand College Of Engineering

We extend our gratefulness to Dr. U B S Chandrawat Principal SVCE Dr. R B

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Fig no. Title Page no.

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4.8 Normal Sequence Of Traffic Light 14

4.2 Truth table 2 11

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Swami Vivekanand College

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3.1 Embedded System

3.2 Wireless Sensor Networks

3.3 Active RFID and GSM Technology

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3.4 Intelligent Ambulance

3.5 Image Processing

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4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM-

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section is shown below-

Circuit Diagram Of Transmitter Section-

Circuit Diagram Of Reciever Section-

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An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller is used in

4.2 RF BASED TECHNOLOGY

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Swami Vivekanand College

Pin Description of RF Module(fig 4.4)

4.3.1 RF Transmitter Circuit- The transmitter circuit consists of a RF transmitter module, an

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4.3.3(a) The Traffic Light Sequences-

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Traffic Light Red Yellow Green

(Table 4.2)Truth Table When the Yellow Light of Traffic Light 1 Is On

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Swami Vivekanand College

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Pin diagram of arduino microcontroller(Fig 5.1)

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5.1.3 Simulation process-

1.Double click the Arduino software icon

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Swami Vivekanand College

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5.Open blink sketch

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7.Reset (NG only)

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9.Select Upload to I/O Board from the File menu

5.1.4 ScreenShots Of Programme

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Start -> Program -> Eagle :Layout Editor

After this Eagle Control Panel will appear(Fig -5.10)

1) Create a NEW PROJECT

Menu -> File -> New -> Schematic