POLYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA http://www.polytechnic.edu.

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SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING http://www.polytechnic.edu.na/EEE

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.Eng.)

EMC510S ELECTRICAL MACHINES 216

TEST 2

DATE: 30TH APRIL, 2010 TIME: 17H15 – 20H00 (2¾ HOURS)

This paper consists of four (4) questions.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Attempt all questions.

2. Use the given lined paper for your solutions and use both sides of the answer sheet.
3. All working and all steps must be shown clearly. Marks will be lost for ‘skipped’ steps.
4. All cell phones must be switched off during the test. 10% will be deducted from the
total mark in penalty for disturbances caused by cell phones.
5. You're not allowed to leave the room during the test.
6. Consultations with fellow students are not allowed during the test. 10% will be
deducted from the total mark in penalty for such consultations.

TOTAL MARKS: 92

EXAMINER: Mr. K. Kanyimba

MODERATOR: Mr. G. Gope

1
QUESTION ONE (28 MARKS)

(a) Draw a well-labelled equivalent circuit of a two-winding transformer referred to the

secondary circuit. Use the subscript ‘s’ for all secondary quantities and the subscript ‘p’
for all primary quantities. Use the “ ‘ “ (prime) to indicate referred quantities. Assume the
transformer is loaded with a load, ZL. (6 marks)

Solutions:

(a)

(6.0)

(b) A 4000/400 V, 10 kVA two-winding transformer has primary and secondary winding
resistances of 13 Ω and 0.15 Ω, respectively. The leakage reactance referred to the
primary is 45 Ω. The magnetizing impedance referred to the primary is 6 kΩ and the
resistance corresponding to the core loss is 12 kΩ. (i) Determine the total resistance
referred to the primary and the values of all impedances referred to the secondary. (ii)
Determine the input current when the secondary terminals are open-circuited. (iii)
Determine the input current when the secondary load current is 25 A at a power-factor of
0.8 lagging. (22 marks)

Solution:
2
N 4000  Np 
(i) Turns ratio, n = 1   10 ... (1.0) R p eq  R p  Rs'  R1  Rs    13  0.15  10
2

N2 400  Ns 
 28  ... (2.0)
2 2
N  1
2
 Ns   1
2

Rs eq  R p eq  s   28     0.28  ... (2.0) X s eq  X p eq    45   

 Np  10   10 
   Np 
 0.45  ... (2.0)
2 2
N  1
2
 Ns   1
2

R  Rc  s
'
  12000     120  ... (2.0) X m  X m 
'
  6000     60  ... (2.0)
c  Np  10   10 
   Np 

2
(ii) Input current with secondary circuit open:
Vp 4000
Core-loss component of current, I 0l    0.333 A ... (2.0)
Rc 12000
Vp 4000
Magnetizing component of current, I 0 m    0.667 A ... (2.0)
Xm 6000
Input current on no-load, I 0 = 0.333 - j0.667 = 0.746-63.5 A ... (2.0)

(iii) Input current when load current is 25 A at 0.8 p.f. lagging.

I s   25  cos 1 (0.8)  25  36.9 A ...(1.0)
N  1
I s'  I s  s    25  36.9 = 2.5  36.9  1.999  j1.501 A ...(2.0)
 N p  10
 
Input current, I p  I s'  I 0  (1.999  j1.501)  (0.333  j 0.667)
 2.332  2.168  3.184  42.9 A ...(2.0)

QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS)

(a) Using a well-labelled phasor diagram derive the formula for the voltage regulation
(VR) of a two-winding transformer in terms of Re and Xe (the equivalent winding
resistance and leakage reactance, respectively, referred to the primary side). (6 marks)

Solution:

No-load Voltage - Full-load Voltage Vs  NL  Vs  FL

Voltage regulation, VR   ... (1.0)
No-load Voltage Vs  NL
Vs' NL  Vs' FL
With the secondary voltage referred to the primary side, VR  and with Vs' NL Vp
Vs' NL
V p  Vs' FL V p  Vs'
then VR  = ... (1.0)
Vp Vp

3
From the phasor diagram, for  p  s , Vp  Vs' V p cos( p   s )  Vs' I p Z e cos( e   s )
I p Z e cos( e   s )
i.e. VR ,
Vp
but Z e cos( e   s )  Z e (cos e cos s  sin  e sin  s )  Re cos s  X e sin  s .
I p ( Re cos s  X e sin  s )
Therefore, VR  ... (1.0)
Vp

(b) The primary and secondary windings of a 40 kVA, 6600/250 V single-phase two-
winding transformer have resistances of 10 Ω and 0.02 Ω, respectively. The leakage
reactance of the transformer referred to the primary is 35 Ω. (i) Calculate the primary
voltage required to circulate full-load current when the secondary is short-circuited.
(ii) Calculate the full-load regulation at unity power-factor. Neglect the no-load current.
(14 marks)

Solutions:

(i) Primary voltage required to circulate full-load current on short-circuit:

2
 Np 
2
 6600 
Referring impedances to the primary side: R  Rs    0.02  
'
s   13.939  ... (3.0)
 Ns   250 
S 40000
The full-load primary current is, I p  FL    6.061 A ... (2.0)
Vp 6600

On short-circuit the equivalent impedance referred to the primary side is:

Z p eq  R p  Rs'  jX p eq  (10  13.9)  j 35  42.38155.7 ... (3.0)
Hence the primary voltage required to circulate full-load current on short-circuit is:
V p  sc  I p  FL Z p eq.  6.061  42.381  256.871 257 V ... (3.0)

(ii) Full-load Regulation at unity power-factor:

I p ( Re cos  s  X e sin  s ) 6.061  23.9  1
Voltage Regulation, VR   100%   100  2.195% ... (3.0)
Vp 6600
QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS)

(a) From first principles show that the efficiency of a two-winding transformer is at its
maximum when the variable I2R loss is equal to the constant core loss, PC. (5 marks)

Solution:

4
 Output Power Output Power
Transformer efficiency,   
Input Power Output Power + Power losses
I sVs  p. f .

( I sVs  p. f )  ( PC  I s2 Rs eq. )
Vs  p. f .
= ... eqn. 3.1. ... (2.0)
(Vs  p. f )  ( PC / I s  I s Rs eq. )
where PC is the core loss, Is2 Rs eq. is the resistive loss and R s-eq. is the transformer equivalent
resistance referred to the secondary side.

- For a normal transformer, Vs is approximately constant, hence for a load of given

power-factor the efficiency is a maximum when the denominator of eqn. 3.1 is a minimum, ... (1.0)
d  PC  P
i.e., when  Vs  p. f   I s Rs eq.   0   C2  Rs eq.  0 or I s2 Rs eq.  PC
dI s Is  Is
i.e., the efficiency of a transformer is at its maximum when the variable I2 R loss is equal to
the constant core loss, PC . ... (2.0)

(b) The required no-load voltage ratio in a 150 kVA single-phase 50 Hz core-type, two-
winding transformer is 5000/250 V. (i) Calculate the efficiency at half-rated kVA and unity
power-factor. (ii) Determine the efficiency at full-load and 0.8 power-factor lagging. (iii)
Find the load kVA for maximum efficiency. The full-load I2R loss is 1800 W and the core
loss is 1500 W. (15 marks)

Solutions:

(i) At half-rated kVA (i.e. half of full-load curent) and unity p.f.
2
1
Resistive loss =    Pcu  FL  0.52  1800  0.45 kW ... (2.0)
 2
1
Core loss = 1.5 kW ... (1.0) Power output =  S FL  0.5  150 kVA = 75 kVA ... (1.0)
2

Power losses
Therefore, efficiency,   1 
Power output + Power losses
1.5  0.45
1
75  (1.5  0.45)
 0.97466 p.u. or 97.5% ... (2.0)

(ii) At full-load kVA and 0.8 p.f. lagging,

Power output = S  p.f.=150  0.8 = 120 kW ... (1.0)
1.8  1.5
and   1   0.97324 p.u. or 97.3% ... (2.0)
120  (1.8  1.5)

5
(iii) Maximum eficiency,
Let x be the fraction of full-load kVA at which maximum efficiency occurs. ... (1.0)
For maximum efficiency the core loss is equal to the copper loss, i.e. PC  x 2 Pcu ... (1.0)
PC 1500
whence, x    0.913 ... (2.0)
Pcu 1800
Therefore, Load at which maximum efficiency occurs = 0.913  150 = 136.931 137 kVA ... (2.0)

QUESTION FOUR (24 MARKS)

(a) Give any two advantages and any two disadvantages of an autotransformer
compared to the conventional two-winding transformer. (4 marks)

Solutions:

Advantages of Autotransformers
• They effect a saving in winding material (copper or aluminum), since the secondary
winding is part of the primary circuit.
• The copper loss is lower, therefore efficiency is higher than in the two-winding
transformer.
• The leakage reactances are lower and therefore a lower exciting current is needed.
• Variable output voltage can be easily obtained.
(any two – 2.0)
Disadvantages of Autotransformers
• There is a direct connection between the primary and secondary sides (no isolation)
and disturbances on one side may affect the other side seriously.
• Should an open-circuit develop in the shared part of the winding, the full mains voltage
would be applied to the other side as well causing disastrous consequences.
• The short-circuit current is much larger than for normal two-winding transformers on
account of the low resistance and leakage reactance.
(any two – 2.0)
(b) A single-phase transformer has ratings of 100 kVA, 7200/600 V, 60 Hz. (i) If the
transformer is reconnected as an autotransformer having a ratio of 7800/7200 V,
calculate its new power rating. Draw two diagrams to show the two-winding transformer
and the autotransformer connections. (ii) What is the ratio of the transformer‘s power
rating as an autotransformer to its power rating as a two-winding transformer?
(20 marks)

6
(i) Current ratings of the two-winding transformer:
S 100  103
The 7200 V winding: I p    13.889 A ... (2.0)
Vp 7200
S 100  103
The 600 V winding: Is    166.667 A ... (2.0)
Vs 600

In the autotransformer:
I p  166.667 A; Ic  13.889 A ... (2.0) Is  I p  I c  166.667  13.889  180.556 A ... (2.0)
kVA Ratings:
7800  166.667
Vp I p
Primary: kVA p    1300.0026 1300 kVA ... (2.0)
1000 1000
VI 7200  180.556
Secondary: kVA p  s s   1300.0032 1300 kVA ... (2.0)
1000 1000

Srating ( Autotransformer ) 1300

(ii)   13 ... (2.0)
Srating (Two  windng Transformer ) 100