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UNIT-IV

Stability Analysis

1. What is BIBO stability?

BIBO stability means bounded input bounded output stability. A linear time
invariant system is said to be stable if following conditions are satisfied:

 When the system is excited by a bounded input, output is also bounded and
controllable.

 In the absence of the input, output must tend to zero irrespective of the
initial conditions.

2. When a system is said to be unstable?

A linear time variant system is said to be unstable if,

 For a bounded input, it produces unbounded output.


 In the absence of the input, output may not return to zero. It shows certain
output without input.

3. When a system is said to be critically or marginally stable?

A linear time variant system is said to be critically or marginally stable if for a


bounded input, its output oscillates with constant frequency and amplitude. Such
oscillations of output are called undamped oscillations or sustained oscillations.

4. Define Relative stability

The system is said to be relatively more stable or unstable on the basis of settling
time. System is said to be relatively stable if settling time for that system is less
than that of the other system.

5. Define Routh Hurwitz stability criterion.

The necessary and sufficient condition for system to be stable is “All the terms in the
first column of Routh’s array must have same sign. There should not be any sign
change in the first column of Routh array”.

6. State Nyquist stability criterion.

Nyquist stability criterion states that for absolute stability of the system, the
number of encirclements of –1+j0 must be equal to number of poles of 1+G(s)H(s) i.e
pole of G(s)H(s) which are in the right half of s-plane and in clockwise direction.

Nyquist stability criterion is obtained by substituting Z=0 in N=Z-P ie. N=-P


Where P = Number of poles of G(s)H(s) in right half of s-plane

SVS College of Engineering, Coimbatore _Fourth Semester ECE _ Control Systems _ 2 Marks
N= Number of encirclements of –1+j0

7. Generate Routh array for the characteristic equation,


S6 + 2s5 + 2s4 + 3s3 + 5s2 + 6s + 1 = 0.

First row coefficients 1 2 5 1

Second row coefficients 2 3 6 0

S6 1 2 5 1

S5 2 3 6 0

S4 0.5 2 1
S3 -5 2
11/5 1
S2
S1 47/11 0

S0 1

8. What is a dominant pole?

The dominant pole is a pair of complex conjugate pair which decides the transient
response of the system.

9. What are root loci or locus?

The path taken by the roots of the open loop transfer function when the loop gain is
varied from 0 to α is called root loci.

10. What are the main significances of root locus?

Root locus technique is mainly used for stability analysis. Using root locus technique
the range of values of K, for stable system can be determined.

11. What are the effects of adding a zero to a system?

Adding a zero to a system increases peak overshoot appreciably.

12. How will you find root locus on real axis.

To find the root locus on real axis, choose a test point on real axis. If the total
number of poles and zeros on the real axis to the right of this rest point is odd
number then the rest point lies on the root locus. If it is even then the test point does
not lie on the root locus.

SVS College of Engineering, Coimbatore _Fourth Semester ECE _ Control Systems _ 2 Marks
13. What are the asymptotes?

Asymptotes are straight lines which are parallel to root locus going to infinity and
meet the root locus at infinity.

14. What are asymptotes? How will you find the angle of asymptotes?

Asymptotes are straight lines which are parallel to root locus going to infinity and
meet the root locus at infinity.

±180𝑜 (2𝑞+1)
Angle of asymptotes = 𝑛−𝑚
; q= 0,1,2,……(n-m) ; n=number of poles and
m=number of finite zeros.

15. What is centroid? How the centroid is calculated?

The meeting point of asymptotes with real axis is called centroid. The centroid is
Sum of Poles –Sum of zeros
given by, Centroid = n−m
; n=number of poles and m=number of
finite zeros.

16. How to find the crossing point of root locus in imaginary axis.

Method (i) by Routh Hurwitz criterion

Method (ii) by letting s = jω in the characteristics equation.

17. What is break away point?

At break away point the root locus breaks from the real axis to enter into the
complex plane.

18. What is break in point?

At break in point the root locus enters from the real axis to from the complex plane.

19. How the break away point & break in point to determine them.

To find the break away or break in points, form an equation for K from the
characteristics equation and differentiated the equation the equation of K with
respect to s. Then find the roots of equation dK/ds=0. The root of dK/ds=0 are
breakaway or break-in points provided for this value of root the gain K should be
positive and real.

20. What are the two segments of Nyquist contour?

a. An finite line segment C1 along the imaginary axis.

b. An arc C2 of infinite radius.

21. What is nyquist contour

The contour that encloses entire right half of S plane is called nyquist contour.

SVS College of Engineering, Coimbatore _Fourth Semester ECE _ Control Systems _ 2 Marks
22. What are the limitations of routh criterion?

 Routh Hurwitz approach can be applied only for linear systems and not for
digital systems.

 Exact location of poles cannot be determined.

SVS College of Engineering, Coimbatore _Fourth Semester ECE _ Control Systems _ 2 Marks

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