98-F-PQA-678

Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on

Voltage Sag in Power Systems

Alireza Jalilian, Hossein Heydari, Faramarz Faghihi, and Mojtaba Safdari

High Voltage & Magnetic Materials Research Center
Iran University of Science and Technology

Keywords: Voltage sags, Power quality, Fault Current Limiter (FCL),

Power systems, Simulink

Abstract:
Voltage sag is a power quality event where
the voltage magnitude is reduced to values
between the 90 and 10% of the nominal
voltage and which duration is extended from
0.5 cycles up to 60 seconds. The main causes
for voltage sags are faults and short circuits,
lightning strokes and inrush currents. In
General, it is possible to consider voltage sags
as the origin of between 70% and 90% of the
industrial power quality problems. Dynamic
voltage restorers (DVRs), FACTS device
such as static compensator (STATCOM),
static series synchronous Compensator
(SSSC), and Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC), energy storage devices and fault
current limiters (FCLs) are used to protect
sensitive loads from the effects of voltage
sags in the power systems. This paper
illustrates how the performance of FCLs in
power system helps to enhance voltage
quality. Three types of FCLs
(superconducting based included resistor type
and inductive type, and thyristor based) are
investigated in a case study of power system
through computer simulation.
1. Introduction
Today's society has crossed over into a new
era of economics and social experience driven
by digitally based technologies. As a result,
societies have become more highly
interconnected than any in history, utterly
dependent on the smooth functioning of
complex, interactive networks including
electric power systems, the Internet,
telecommunications, and transportation. Such
dependence raises a host of unprecedented
security, reliability, compatibility and safety
issues. Most of all, the new digital society
requires a reliable supply of high quality
electricity. Voltage dips are the short-duration
reductions in rms voltage caused by faults in
the electric supply system and the starting of
large loads, such as motors, and transformers
[1]. Voltage dips are widely recognized as one
of the most important aspects of power
quality. Several recent surveys attribute that
92% of the all disturbances in the electrical
power distribution systems are due to voltage
sags. They have been known to affect many
industrial and commercial customers resulting
in yearly losses amounting to millions of
dollars. Voltage sag is classified as
instantaneous when its duration ranges from

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 Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference
0.5 to 30 cycle, momentary lasting between
30 cycle and 3 seconds, and temporary
extending from 3 to 60 seconds [2].
In order to mitigate voltage sags,
many solutions have been proposed which
include constant voltage transformers (CVTs),
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS’s) and
line frequency-transformer-based series
voltage injection devices, compensator
devices such as shunt capacitors, FACTS
devices, DVRs and FCLs.
A voltage sag compensator employed a PWM
AC-AC converter along with an
autotransformer for powering critical loads in
electric distribution systems was investigated
[3]. A Converter topologies for low-power
voltage sag compensators, based on the
elimination of the series transformer and the
utilization of converter structures with
reduced number of semiconductor switches
was presented [4]. The utilization of Dynamic
Voltage Restorers (DVRs) to protect sensitive
loads against short-term voltage disturbances,
as voltage sags and swells, has proved to be
an adequate and competitive solution for
medium and high power applications. Since
1996, large DVR systems have increasingly
been used for the protection of loads up to 50
MVA [5]. For low power applications further
cost reductions are required to make the
technology even more competitive and
successful, although just a small number of
studies have already been conducted in this
area [6, 7]. DSTATCOM performance for
compensating voltage sag, swell and
momentary interruptions was analyzed [8].
The application of FCLs on distribution
system helps to improve voltage quality at the
distribution buses and minimize disturbances
to loads, consisting substantially of electrical
motors, during the occurrence of a fault. The
feasibility of adding FCLs to different sub
transmission structures for sag mitigation and
fault current reduction were surveyed [9, 10].
We focus on FCL as a solution to reduction of
voltage sag.
FCLs should be selected to limit
instantaneous fault current to a value within
the capacity of the equipment being protected.
2
In selection suitable fault current limiter,
consider: First, short circuit current must be
available from the supply. Second, rating and
characteristics of the connected equipments
and protective equipments are existed. FCLs
are divided into two large groups:
superconductive and series resonant.
The simplest superconducting limiter concept,
the series resistive limiter, exploits the
nonlinear resistance of superconductors in a
direct way. Another concept uses a resistive
limiter on a transformer secondary, with the
primary in series in the circuit.
One type of series resonant FCLs limits fault
current by the insertion of a resonant LC
circuit in series with thyristor controlled
switching (power electronic based). Another
type is simply given by the intervention of a
metal oxide varistor (MOV) across the
capacitor, thus avoiding control system and
power electronic.
Operation of MOV in series LC circuit with
different properties to reach the voltage sag
reduction was discussed in details [9]. Two
modified versions of the thyristor controlled
resonant FCL, with sag mitigation and fault
current limiting capabilities for use on
distribution systems sensitivity analysis was
performed [11]. Up to the present time, as far
as the authors are aware no perfect
investigation on various types of FCLs
considerations for voltage sag reductions has
been made. This paper attempts to fill this
void in our knowledge by focusing on the
performance of FCLs especially
superconducting group in power system to
mitigate voltage sag. Three types of FCLs
(resistor type, inductive type, and thyristor
based) are investigated in a case study of
power system through computer simulation.
For each type of FCLs, its rate of
effectiveness on voltage sag improvement is
obtained.
2. Power quality and voltage sag
Voltage sags have become one of the major
power quality concerns in recent years. As
applications of power electronics in the
commercial and industrial sectors grow
 Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference

rapidly, these sensitive loads can be easily

interrupted by voltage sags and the resulting
losses are significant [1].
The principal cause of all voltage sags is a
short-duration increase in current. The main
contributions are motor starting, transformer
energizing, and faults (earth faults and short- Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit for faults in a loop [12].
circuit faults). Examples of voltage sags with
Based on the mechanism leading to voltage
different causes are shown in Fig. 1.
sag (from short circuit fault to equipment trip)
three different locations, for the mitigation of
voltage sag can be distinguished (Fig. 3).

Reduction of number
Short circuit
Solution and duration of faults
Fault

Changes in the
Propagation
Solution structures of the power
(a) through the
power system

Installation of
System
Solution Mitigation devices
equipment
Interface

Improvement of
Equipment
Solution equipment immunity
Trip

(b)
Fig. 3. Establishment of the voltage quality problem
and various ways of mitigation

We give a comprehensive overview of various

mitigation methods. It is organized in the
following way:

(c) 1-changes in the power system:

Fig. 1. Voltage sag due to (a) motor starting (b)
transformer energizing (c) fault [1]
For having a view from calculation of sags,
consider as an example the system of Fig. 2.
Suppose that Z1 and Z 2 are the impedances
between the source and the load bus, Z 0 the
source impedance and that a fault occurs
between the circuit breakers CB1 and CB2 at
fraction from the source. The voltage dip at
the load bus (in per unit) is given by:
p(1− p ) Z12
V = . (1)
dip Z0( Z1 + Z2) + pZ1Z2 + p(1− p) Z12
a) Reducing the number of faults: limiting the
number of faults is an effective way to reduce
not only the number of voltage sags, but also
the frequencies of short and long
interruptions. Fault prevention actions may
include the institution of some trimming
policies, the addition of lighting arresters,
shielding wire, insulator washing, addition of
animal guards, and replacing overhead lines
by underground cables.
b) Reducing the fault-clearing time: reducing
the fault clearing time leads to less severe
voltage sags, this method affects not the
number of events, but their duration.
Therefore utilities could consider the

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 Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference
opportunity to install current limiting fuses,
Modern static circuit breakers which are able
to clear the fault well within a half cycle at the
power frequency, thus ensuring that no
voltage sag can last longer. Other solutions
consist of redesigned of networks and
replaced the protective devices with faster
ones, moving from the load to the source, and
fuse saving.
2- Increasing equipment immunity:
Case studies and power quality surveys show
that sensitive equipments include both low
power electronics (computers, process control
devices) and high power electronics (AC and
DC drives). It has been reported that an
installation using only electromechanical
control could tolerate sag down to 60%
voltage without problems, while a completely
automated factory could be disrupted by sag
to 85%.
3- Mitigation device
a. motor generator set
Motor-generator sets store energy in a
flywheel. The rotational energy stored in the
flywheel can be used to perform steady state
voltage regulation and to support voltage
during disturbances. This system has high
efficiency, low initial costs and enables long
duration ride through (several seconds) but
can only be used in industrial environments,
due to its size, noise and maintenance
requirements.
b. Transformer based solutions
A Constant Voltage, or Ferro resonant,
Transformer (CVT) works in similar manner
to a transformer with a 1:1 turns ratio which is
excited at a high point on its saturation curve,
thus providing an output voltage which is not
affected by input voltage variations. This
solution is suitable for low power, constant
loads: variable loads can cause problems, due
to the presence of this tuned circuit on the
output.
c. Inverter based solutions
An UPS consist a diode rectifier followed by
an inverter. The energy storage is usually a
battery block connected to the DC link. Low
4
cost, simple operation and control have made
the UPS the standard solution for low power
equipment like computers.
d. DVR
A technique of correcting the supply voltage
sag in a power system by power electronics
based device called DVR [6]. The schematic
diagram of a typical DVR is shown in Fig. 4.
The circuit on left hand side of the DVR
represents the Thevenin equivalent circuit of
the system. The system impedance
( Z = R + JX ) depends on the fault
th th th
level of the load bus. When the system
voltage ( V ) drops, the DVR inject a series
th
voltage ( V DVR ) through the injection
transformer so that the desired load voltage
magnitude ( V L ) can be maintained [7]. The
series injected voltage of the DVR can be
written as:
VDVR = VL + Z th I L − Vth , (2)
Here I L is the load current and is given by:
P + JQ L *
IL = ( L ) . (3)
VL
On the other hand, the complex power
injection of the DVR can be written as:
S DVR = VDVR I L .
*
(4)
it may be mentioned here that when the
injected voltage ( VDVR ) is kept in quadrature
with I L , no active power injection by the
DVR is required to correct the voltage. It
requires the injection of only reactive power
and the DVR itself is capable of generating
the reactive power. Note that VDVR can be
kept in quadrature with I L only up to certain
value of voltage sag and it beyond which the
quadrature relationship cannot be maintained
to correct the voltage sag. For such a case
injection of active power in to the system is
essential. The injected active power must be
provided by the energy storage system of the
DVR. On the other hand, when the magnitude
of the DVR injected voltage is minimized the
desired voltage correction can be achieved
with minimum apparent power injection into
the system.
 Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference

purpose of them. In relationship with our

discussion, for example both voltage
regulation and power system stability
improvement are introduced in [14].
As a result, we say that the DVR injects a
voltage in series with the system voltage and
the STATCOM injects a current into the
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of DVR system to correct the voltage sag.
f. FCLs
e. FACTS
If FCLs are used on the bus-tie, it can not
FACTS devices are used for compensating
only decrease the magnitude of the fault
reactive power, absorbing the harmonics,
currents but also give lower voltage dips. We
mitigating voltage collapse, achieving system
focus on FCLs to mitigate sags. In the next
stability enhancement, and compensating the
section FCLs are introduced in details.
voltage sag, and so on. Adding FACTS device
in parallel (similar to STATCOM with
3. FCL
reactive power Qγ and current I γ ) with the
load considering voltage regulation [13] is FCL is unanimously addressed by utilities as
obtained as follow (Fig. 5): very attractive component, Integra table in
Q s = Q L + Qγ , (5) existing power grids [15]. It prevents
E −V overloads from the grid components thus
V .R.% = × 100, (6) enabling longer lifetimes and avoiding
V investment cost due to the usually practiced
Ps − JQs over dimensioning. For FCLs rated at a
∆V = E − V = Z s I s = ( Rs + JX s ). . (7) nominal power of at least 10 - 20 MW as
V
In spite of the ∆V ≠ 0, It is possible to make smallest practical size, an annual market
volume of 1 billion US-$ has been estimated.
E = V that yields:
The FCLs are included two major groups:
Rs .PL + X s .Qs 2 superconducting based and thyristor based. In
E = (V +
2
)
V this section, we discuss about them for giving
(8)
X s PL − Rs Qs 2 a view. The specifics and methods of
+( ) . operation considering described mathematical
V
equations are explained to understand each
It is easy to find amount of VAR should be
type of FCLs in details.
generated by leading to E = V . As a result
the voltage quality of power consumer can be 3-1- Superconducting based
greatly improved by employing STATCOM Many different configurations of
in the power system. superconducting fault current limiter have
been proposed. The superconductor FCLs can
provide:
- negligible influence, low impedance,
normal operating condition of
protected circuit
- high impedance in fault condition
- high speed operation providing
transient fault limitation of all types of
Fig. 5 voltage regulation of FACTS device
fault currents
Many investigations on FACTS devices are - effective limitation of steady state
done by trade off between two or three fault current

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 Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference
- repetitive operation with short
recovery time
- no external trigger or external energy
source
The main advantages of the fault current
limitation by FCLs are in the reduction of
weight, size and cost of electric power
equipment, the possibility of using circuit
breakers with lower current-interrupting
capabilities and more effective schemes of the
electric network. A superconducting FCL is
essentially variable impedance inserted into
the circuit to be protected. An ideal FCL
should exhibit zero impedance under normal
operation, rapidly switch to large impedance
under fault conditions, and return to a zero
impedance state quickly upon removal of the
fault or operation of the circuit breaker.
These FCLs include:
- Resistive in which the
superconducting-normal transition,
often in a series circuit component, is
the limiting mechanism.
- Inductive in which, broadly speaking,
a transformer mechanism is important
as the superconducting element is not
electrically connected to the protected
circuit.
- - Shielded core in which the external
primary winding of a series choke
only `sees’ the iron core, and hence
increases its inductance, when the
magnetic flux it produces is sufficient
to saturate a superconducting inner
shield. They are closely related to, and
may be seen as a subcategory of,
inductive type.
- Switched types in which the use of
the superconductor is actively
controlled rather than a direct
consequence of material properties of
transitions. This category includes
rectifier types, in which a DC bias is
used with a rectifier bridge circuit to
divert the current through
superconducting impedance: the
benefit of the superconductor lies in
the low losses in normal operation. It
also covers saturated core systems in
6
which a controlled DC bias moves the
magnetic core of a superconducting
choke in and out of saturation.
In this investigation, we focus on resistive
and inductive types of superconducting based
FCLs. fundamentals of their operations are
explained in the following.
3-1-1. Resistive type
For surveying a flux flow resistance type FCL
with the HTS installed at an outgoing feeder
in a substation, we considered the situation
that a three-phase short-circuit fault occurs
near the substation. Fig. 6 illustrates the
single-phase equivalent circuit [16]. From
Fig. 5, following equation is written:
di
L + R FCL i = 2 E sin(2πft + θ ), (9)
dt
where t is the elapsed time from the fault
occurrence, i is the instantaneous value of
fault current, L is the inductance of the
system, RFCL is the limiting resistance of the
FCL, E is the root mean square value of
phase voltage, θ is the phase angle of the
system voltage at t = 0 .
On the other hand RFCL can be expressed as
follow:
l
R FCL = ρ sc , (10)
Asc
where Asc is the cross section of the HTS,
and l sc denote the length of the HTS (thus the
element volume V sc equals lsc Asc ).
However, ρ is defined by bellow equation:
⎧⎪ J c 0 T − Tb ⎫⎪
ρ =⎨ ( − 1) + 1⎬ ρ f ; j ≥ J c , (11)
⎪⎩ j Tc − Tb ⎪⎭
where j is current density, Tc is the critical
temperature of the HTS, Tb is the liquid
nitrogen temperature, ρ f is flux flow
resistivity, and J c 0 is the critical current
density at T = Tb .
 Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference
The resistivity ρ goes up with T , as well as
j . According to Eq. (10) with increasing ρ ,
the resistance of FCL ( RFCL ) is increased.
Therefore, considering Eq. (9), limitation of
fault current is resulted.
FCL
V R FCL
rms
fault
Fig. 6 Model of resistive FCL in 6.6kV distribution
system
3-1-2. Inductive type
Earlier work carried out on a toroidal
inductive superconducting FCL with
interleaved winding was described in [17].A
new form of FCL offered low leakage
impedance and magnetic fields that are
parallel to the superconductor surface during
normal condition. At fault condition, the
magnetic field tend to reorient themselves to
be perpendicular to the superconductor
surface, which favour the superconducting to
normal (S-N) transition.
Fig. 7 shows the approximate equivalent
circuit for the toroidal inductive FCL in which
the secondary is referred two the primary. In
the circuit, R1 is the primary winding
resistance, Lm is the magnetizing inductance
of the FCL, L1 and L2 are the leakage
inductances, R sc is the resistance of the
superconductor ring and a is the turns ratio
between the primary and secondary.
Following equations are describing above
mentioned inductive FCL [18]:
V s = N s (dϕ c / dt ),
t
I L (t ) = (1 / L m ) ∫ aV s (t )dt ,
0
V s = L2 (dI s / dt ) + R sc I s ,
R sc = [V s − L2 (dI s / dt )] / I s ,
where ϕ c is the flux in the iron core (linkage
flux), I L is the magnetizing current, V s and
I s are the secondary voltage and current
respectively.
Fig. 7 Equivalent circuit for toroidal inductive FCL
[18]
According to equations (12)-(15) behavior of
this type of FCLs can be analyzed as bellow:
Current distribution in the equivalent circuit
relies on the ratio between the magnetizing
inductance of the FCL and the resistance of
the superconductors. Before current limiting,
the ratio of ωLm / a R sc is much greater than
2
1 and almost all the current of I P appears in
I s / a with minimum current in I L . As this
ratio decreases below 1, current limiting occur
and the magnetizing current I L increases at a
rate of change of current with time similar to
that of I p .
3-2. Thyristor based
The configuration of thyristors, capacitor, and
reactor are used for limiting short circuit
current that are classified in FCL-TCI group
[11, 19]. For example, a fault current limiter
with thyristor controlled impedance is
composed of a thyristor controlled reactor in
series with a capacitor, as shown in Fig. 8.
The design of this FCL is simple and dose not
required any bypassing or switching
operation. The reliability of the FCL-TCI is
high and it has the inherent ability to limit the
(12)
initial rate of rise of the current even when the
control signal to the SCR is not synchronized.
(13)
The FCL-TCI is continuously connected to
the power system and, therefore, can limit the
(14)
sub transient and transient currents if the
(15) proper limiter parameters are selected. The
advantages of having a series capacitor in the
7
 Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference

limiter are appreciated at normal operation various types of FCLs. Our case study
(no fault condition) of the power system. consists of voltage source, medium
transmission line ( π model), and RL load
that are shown in Fig. 9. Voltage sag occurs
for this system during the short circuit of the
load (Fig. 10). We assumed that fault
occurred in t=0.1ms. Using FCLs limit the
voltage sag in power system. We added FCL
in power system for achieving this purpose
(Fig 11). In the other hand, comparing three
Fig. 8 FCL with thyristor controlled impedance
types of FCLs that are introduced in detail in
previous parts of this paper resulted
The equations that describe the method of the performance of each type of the above
FCL-TCI in limiting current by variation mentioned FCLs.
firing angle of the thyristor are given by:
Z
Z fα = , (16)
K fα
1
Z = JωL f l + , (17)
JωC f l
K fα = f (α , n), (18)
ωn
n= , (19)
ω
1 Fig. 9 Case study: power system (without FCL)
ωn = . (20)
C f l .L fl
where
α : the firing angle of the thyristor;
Z fα : the limiter’s impedance for firing angle
“ α ”;
Z : the limiter’s impedance for firing angle
“ α = 0 ”;
K fα : the impedance factor; and
ω : referring to network frequency.
Fig. 10 operation of system during the fault
According to above mentioned equations, occurrence (without FCL)
with changing in firing angle, we have
variation in the impedance factor, therefore
the limiter’s impedance is changed, so
resulted in limiting fault current.
We are ready to simulate above
mentioned FCLs for mitigation voltage sag
purpose.

4. Analysis and Simulation of various types

of FCLs to mitigate voltage sag
We consider a case study for power system to
investigate mitigation voltage sag by the Fig. 11 model of the power system with FCL

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 Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference
It has been simulated resistive type FCL (Fig.
12) by considering equations (9)-(11). Results
of system operation are shown in Fig. 13 that
are expressed these hints:
- Limitation of fault current (2.00-1.30
→ approximately 70% ),
- Improvement of voltage sag (0.80 –
1.03 → approximately 23%).
Fig. 12 model of resistive type FCL based on
superconducting
Fig. 13 operation of system during the fault
occurrence with resistive type FCL
Also, it has been simulated inductive type
FCL (Fig. 14) based on non-linear equations
of superconductor combining of equations
(12)-(15) and equation of HTS of [17] that it
is a exponential equation of variation between
system current and critical level. Results of
system operation are shown in Fig. 15 that are
expressed these hints:
- Limitation of fault current (2.00-1.20
→ approximately 80% ),
- Improvement of voltage sag (0.80 –
0.98 → approximately 18%).
9
Fig. 14 model of inductive type FCL based on
superconducting
Fig. 15 operation of system during the fault
occurrence with inductive type FCL
These results show that resistive type is more
suitable than the inductive type considering
voltage sag study.
On the other hand, comparing the resistive
type and inductive type FCL considering fault
current limitation, the limiting ratio for the
inductive type FCL is smaller than that for the
resistive type FCL. This is because the
impedance from the fault point to the supply
is inductive if the FCL is not inserted.
Finally, simulation of thyristor based FCL is
done. Model of the FCL and characteristics of
it included limited current in various firing
angle and magnitude and phase of the FCL
impedance are presented in Fig. 16 and Fig.
17 respectively. Inspite of the matter of
interest, wave form of the FCL current
contain the harmonics. Investigation of
behavior characteristics thyristor based FCL
according to Fig. 17 showed by increasing
firing angle, the fault current is limited. This
matter is base of operation of this type of
FCL.
Power system operation against voltage sag is
shown in Fig. 18 that it express Improvement
in voltage sag approximately 16% in
average). Although voltage sag is improved
partly, we have power quality problems in
power system due to existence of harmonics.
 Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference

Fig 18 operation of system during the fault

occurrence with thyristor based FCL
Fig. 16 model of Thyristor based FCL
According to all the simulations we can say
bellow results:
1- Using FCL in a power system cause
limitation of fault current and mitigation
of voltage sag, however it follows
economical discussion that the power
electrical companies surveys the
advantage of the FCLs installation for
getting optimization solution in fault
(a) occurrence to mitigate voltage sag.
2- Various types of FCLs haven’t the same
effect against voltage sag. In our
investigation resistive, inductive, and
thyristor based FCL studied and followed
results yield:
a. Resistive type FCLs are the best one
(b) to mitigate voltage sag, but losses of
them –although theses losses are so
little that they neglect especially in
small range power system- after fault
occurrence are estimated as a price in
optimization, thus noticing to losses
problem of resistive type FCL in spite
of the best characteristic against
voltage sag in trade off between
economical and technical
consideration for power market
applications is needed.
b. inductive type FCLs similar to
resistive type mitigate voltage sag, but
they are less efficient than the resistive
type. In our case study amount of
difference is approximately 5%, but it
isn’t losses consideration in this type
and it is important matter in final
(c) decision.
Fig 17 characteristics of thyristor based FCL: (a) c. Thyristor based FCLs against voltage
limited current “ α = 150 ” (b) limited current sag are useful, however they are
“ α = 90 ” (c) magnitude and phase of the FCL produce harmonics due to existence of
impedance
10
 Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference
power electronic in their structures.
They are the most unsuitable between
three types of investigated FCLs in
our case study due to harmonics
problems and less efficiency partly (2-
10% totally comparing others).
3- Economical views in power market prefer
using of thyristor based FCLs in early
stage because of the power electronic
technology is cheaper than
superconducting technology.
4- Combining technical views such as our
simulation results about FCLs and voltage
sag mitigation considering local
conditions, losses, and other parameters of
power quality and economical aspects
make final decision in electric market.
5. Conclusion
FCLs are used to protect sensitive loads from
the effects of voltage sags in the power
systems. Performance of FCLs to enhance
voltage quality during fault occurrence is
showed. Three types of FCLs
(superconducting based included resistor type
and inductive type, and thyristor based) are
investigated in a case study of power system
through computer simulation. Resistor type
FCL is the best one against voltage sag, but
losses problem must be considered. In the
other hand, for comparing resistive and
inductive type FCLs we can say: when the
resistive type FCL is applied, mitigation
voltage sag is more efficient than the
inductive type FCL. These types of FCLs is
more expensive than thyristore based FCLs
due to different technologies
(superconducting and power electronic).
thyristor based FCLs are less useful than the
others against voltage sag and they produced
harmonics.
Considering technical and economical aspects
for installing FCLs leading to local conditions
of network, optimization election can be
done.
11
References:
[1] H.J.Bollen, “Voltage Sags in Three-
Phase Systems,” IEEE Power
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