Review of Elastic Bending

Theory
Fully Plastic Moment

MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

LECTURE VII

Dr. Jason E. Charalambides

Beams
 References:
 AISC Specification and Commentary:
• Chapter F: Design of Members for Flexure
• Chapter G: Design of Members for Shear
• Chapter B – Section B4: Local Buckling
 AISC Manual Part 3 – Beam Design Aids

2
 Definitions
 What is a Beam?
 Typically they are horizontal
members
 Support gravity loads along their
length
 Loads may be Uniformly Distributed
along the length
 Loads can be set at point(s)
 A good term to use is (flexural
member) because that is what a
beam is mainly designed for
 But beams also participate in
resisting lateral loads in rigid frames
(so they also take axial loads)

Examples of Beams Resisting

Gravity Loads
 Effect of Uniformly Distributed
Load applied on beams

4
 Examples of Beams Resisting
Gravity Loads
 Effect of point load applied on
beams

Examples of Beams Resisting

Lateral Loads
 Note the deflected form of the
beam due to the transfer of
moment from deflected
columns

Diagram  indicates  greatly  exaggerated  deflec2ons  on  frame  members  subjected  to  
lateral  loading. 6
 Standard Process for Design
of Beams
 Steel is designed for minimum
cross sectional area set in a way
that it will address Moment stress
optimally. Shear is somewhat less
of an issue:
 Determine Design loads and
calculate Vu and Mu
 Compute the nominal strength
Vn and Mn for the beam
 Address the following
V u ≤ΦV n M u ≤ΦM n

 Check serviceability:
 Deflection
 Vibrations
7

The Dom-ino frame design by Le Corbusier during the early 20th century
became a paradigm ,a datum in the history of architecture and a
reference to the modernist movement.

Review of Bending Theory -

Beams
 Objective
 Given a beam subjected to bending moment, determine the following:
 Bending stress: σ
 Bending Strains: ε
 Curvature: φ

The Dom-ino frame design by Le Corbusier during the early 20th century
became a paradigm ,a datum in the history of architecture and a
reference to the modernist movement.
 Analysis
 Stress Strain Law
 Assuming no residual stresses

The Dom-ino frame design by Le Corbusier during the early 20th century
became a paradigm ,a datum in the history of architecture and a
reference to the modernist movement.

Analysis
 Plane Sections remain Plane
 Strain varies linearly over height of x-section
 Holds for elastic or inelastic behavior

10

The Dom-ino frame design by Le Corbusier during the early 20th century
became a paradigm ,a datum in the history of architecture and a
reference to the modernist movement.
 Analysis
 For stresses on x-section:

 P =∫ σ d A

 M =∫ yσ d A

 Holds for elastic or inelastic behavior

11

Elastic Behavior
 For stresses on x-section:

 P =∫ σ d A

 M =∫ yσ d A

 Φ = curvature (1/in)
 ε = yφ (plane sections remain plane)

For elastic behavior

Μ
 N/A at centroid Φ= (basis of moment-area method)
ΕΙ
Μc M Ι
 σ max = = → S= [Tabulated in AISC manual]
Ι S c
12
 Elastic Behavior
 For stresses on x-section:

 P =∫ σ d A

 M =∫ yσ d A

For elastic behavior

 Lim. of elastic behavior σ max =F y (In absence of residual stresses)
 Defining My as the moment at first yield (when σ_max=Fy)

My
F y= M y=SF y
S

13

Example

14
Example

15

Example

16
 Example

17

Inelastic Behavior
 Neutral Axis Location
 After the first yield, the N/A is no longer guaranteed to be at the
geometric centroid.
 However, the N/A can always be located by the requirement:

P =∫ σ d A

18
 Inelastic Behavior
 Relationship between Stress and Moment
 After the first yield, the formula for stress “σ” no longer applies.
 However, the moment corresponding to any given stress distribution
can be found from:
M =∫ yσ d A

19

Inelastic Behavior of Steel

Flexural Members
 Consider the bending stresses as curvature increases:

 In the absence of strain hardening, the maximum moment which can

be sustained occurs when every fiber of the section has yielded.
 At that point the section is “fully plastic” and the corresponding
moment is Mp
 Per AISC Mn≤Mp

20

The Dom-ino frame design by Le Corbusier during the early 20th century
became a paradigm ,a datum in the history of architecture and a
reference to the modernist movement.
 Plastic Hinge
 How does an element behave when it's extreme top and bottom
fibers yield?
 When a concentrated load is applied this effect is very prominent.
The yielding of the extreme fiber may extend between one third of the
span for a member of rectangular cross section, to one eighth of the
span for a W shape.
 A gradual yielding of the interior fibers proceeds
 This effect occurs on “compact” sections and only if bracing occurs
that will not allow lateral torsional or local buckling.

21

The Dom-ino frame design by Le Corbusier during the early 20th century
became a paradigm ,a datum in the history of architecture and a
reference to the modernist movement.

Example

22

The Dom-ino frame design by Le Corbusier during the early 20th century
became a paradigm ,a datum in the history of architecture and a
reference to the modernist movement.
Example

23

The Dom-ino frame design by Le Corbusier during the early 20th century
became a paradigm ,a datum in the history of architecture and a
reference to the modernist movement.

Example

24

The Dom-ino frame design by Le Corbusier during the early 20th century
became a paradigm ,a datum in the history of architecture and a
reference to the modernist movement.