MATH 2- STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GOLDEN SUCCESS COLLEGE PREPARED BY MR. JOVIT R.

ALERIA
 Logical decisions or solutions to a problem could be attained
through a statistical process.
CHAPTER 1: EXPLORING DATA
CHAPTER 1: EXPLORING DATA
LESSON 1: INTRODUCING STATISTICS
LESSON 2: DATA COLLECTION ACTIVITY
1. Statistics as a Tool in Decision-Making
- Statistics is defined as a science that studies data to be able to make
a decision. Hence, it is a tool in decision-making process.
- Statistics as a science involves the methods of collecting, processing,
summarizing and analyzing data in order to provide answers or
solutions to an inquiry.
- One also needs to interpret and communicate the results of the
methods identified above to support a decision that one makes when
faced with a problem or an inquiry.

Statistics enable us to
• characterize persons, objects, situations, and phenomena;
• explain relationships among variables;
• formulate objective assessments and comparisons; and, more
importantly
• make evidence-based decisions and predictions.
2. Statistical Process in Solving a Problem
a statistical process in making a decision or providing solutions to a
problem include the following:
 Planning or designing the collection of data to answer statistical
questions in a way that maximizes information content and
minimizes bias;
 Collecting the data as required in the plan;
 Verifying the quality of the data after they were collected;
 Summarizing the information extracted from the data; and
 Examining the summary statistics so that insight and meaningful
information can be produced to support decision-making or
solutions to the question or problem at hand. A. Contextualization of Data
- Data are facts and figures that are presented, collected and analyzed.
KEY POINTS
Data are either numeric or non-numeric and must be contextualized.
 Difference between questions that could be and those that could - To contextualize data, we must identify its six W’s or to put meaning on
not answered using Statistics. the data, we must know the following W’s of the data:
 Statistics is a science that studies data. 1. Who? Who provided the data?
 There are many uses of Statistics but its main use is in decision- 2. What? What are the information from the respondents and
making. What is the unit of measurement used for each of the
 information (if there are any)?
3. When? When was the data collected?
4. Where? Where was the data collected?
MATH 2- STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GOLDEN SUCCESS COLLEGE PREPARED BY MR. JOVIT R. ALERIA
5. Why? Why was the data collected? 2. Broad Classification of Variables
6. HoW? HoW was the data collected?

Example:

(i) Qualitative variables

 express a categorical attribute, such as sex (male or

female), religion, marital status, region of residence,
highest educational attainment.
 Qualitative variables do not strictly take on numeric
KEY POINTS values (although we can have numeric codes for
them, e.g., for sex variable, 1 and 2 may refer to male,
 Providing correct information in a government data collection
and female, respectively).
activity is a responsibility of every citizen in the country.
 Qualitative data answer questions “what kind.”
 Data confidentiality is important in a data collection activity.
Sometimes, there is a sense of ordering in qualitative
 Census is collecting data from all possible respondents.
data, e.g., income data grouped into high, middle
 Data to be collected must be clarified before the actual data
and low-income status. Data on sex or religion do not
collection.
have the sense of ordering, as there is no such thing as
 Data must be contextualized by answering six W-questions.
a weaker or stronger sex, and a better or worse
religion. Qualitative variables are sometimes referred
to as categorical variables.
CHAPTER 1: EXPLORING DATA
(ii) Quantitative (otherwise called numerical) data
LESSON 3: BASIC TERMS IN STATISTICS
 Whose sizes are meaningful, answer questions such as
“how much” or “how many”. Quantitative variables
1. Definition of Basic Terms have actual units of measure.
a. Universe of the study - the collection of respondents from whom one  Examples of quantitative variables include the height,
obtain the data. So formally, we define universe as the collection or set weight, number of registered cars, household size, and
of units or entities from whom we got the data. Thus, this set of units total household expenditures/income of survey
answers the first Ws of data contextualization. respondents.
b. Variable - is a characteristic that is observable or measurable in every  Quantitative data may be further classified into:
unit of the universe.  Discrete data - are those data that can be
c. Population - the set of all possible values of a variable. counted, e.g., the number of days for
d. Sample - subgroup of a universe or of a population. cellphones to fail, the ages of survey
respondents measured to the nearest year,
and the number of patients in a hospital.
MATH 2- STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GOLDEN SUCCESS COLLEGE
These data assume only (a finite or infinitely)
countable number of values.
 Continuous data - are those that can be
measured, e.g. the exact height of a survey
respondent and the exact volume of some
liquid substance. The possible values are
uncountably infinite.
KEY POINTS
 A universe is a collection of units from which the data were gathered.
 A variable is a characteristic we observed or measured from every
element of the universe.
 A population is a set of all possible values of a variable.
 A sample is a subgroup of a universe or a population.
 In a study there is only one universe but could have several
populations.
 Variables could be classified as qualitative or quantitative, and the
latter could be further classified as discrete or continuous.
CHAPTER 1: EXPLORING DATA
LESSON 4: LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
1. Levels of Measurement
Four levels of measurement of variables: nominal, ordinal, interval and
ratio. These are hierarchical in nature and are described as follows:
A. Nominal level of measurement - arises when we have variables
that are categorical and nonnumeric or where the numbers have
no sense of ordering. As an example, consider the numbers on the
uniforms of basketball players.
B. Ordinal level - also deals with categorical variables like the nominal
level, but in this level ordering is important, that is the values of the
variable could be ranked.
C. Interval level - tells us that one unit differs by a certain amount of
degree from another unit. Knowing how much one unit differs from
another is an additional property of the interval level on top of
having the properties possess by the ordinal level.
D. Ratio level - also tells us that one unit has so many times as much of
the property as does another unit. The ratio level possesses a
meaningful (unique and non-arbitrary) absolute, fixed zero point
and allows all arithmetic operations.
PREPARED BY MR. JOVIT R. ALERIA
In summary, we have the following levels of measurement:
2. Methods of Data Collection
Variables were observed or measured using any of the three methods
of data collection, namely: objective, subjective and use of existing
records.
o The objective and subjective methods - obtained the data
directly from the source.
o The former uses any or combination of the five senses (sense of
sight, touch, hearing, taste and smell) to measure the variable
while the latter obtains data by getting responses through a
questionnaire.
o The resulting data from these two methods of data collection
is referred to as primary data.
o The data gathered in Lesson 2 are primary data and were
obtained using the subjective method.
o secondary data are obtained through the use of existing
records or data collected by other entities for certain purposes.
For example, when we use data gathered by the Philippine
Statistics Authority, we are using secondary data and the
method we employ to get the data is the use of existing
records. Other data sources include administrative records,
news articles, internet, and the like.
KEY POINTS
 Four levels of measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio
 Knowing what level the variable was measured or observed will
guide us to know the type of analysis to apply.
 Three methods of data collection include objective, subjective
and use of existing records.
 Using the data collection method as basis, data can be classified
as either primary or secondary data.
MATH 2- STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GOLDEN SUCCESS COLLEGE PREPARED BY MR. JOVIT R. ALERIA

CHAPTER 1: EXPLORING DATA

LESSON 5: DATA PRESENTATION

1. Methods of Data Presentation

- These methods include the (1) textual or narrative; (2) tabular; and (3)
graphical method of presentation.
(1) Textual or narrative - In presenting the data in textual or paragraph
or narrative form, one describes the data by enumerating some of
the highlights of the data set like giving the highest, lowest or the
average values. In case there are only few observations, say less
than ten observations, the values could be enumerated if there is
a need to do so. An example of which is shown below:

“The country’s poverty incidence among families as reported by

the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the agency mandated to
release official poverty statistics, decreases from 21% in 2006 down
to 19.7% in 2012. For 2012, the regional estimates released by PSA
indicate that the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM) is the poorest region with poverty incidence among
families estimated at 48.7%. The region with the smallest estimated (3) Graphical method of presentation - is a visual presentation of the
poverty incidence among families at 2.6% is the National Capital data. Graphs are commonly used in oral presentation. There are
Region (NCR).” several forms of graphs to use like the pie chart, pictograph, bar
graph, line graph, histogram and box-plot. Which form to use
(2) Tabular - The tabular method of presentation is applicable for depends on what information is to be relayed.
large data sets. Trends could easily be seen in this kind of
presentation. However, there is a loss of information when using
such kind of presentation. The frequency distribution table is the
usual tabular form of presenting the distribution of the data. The
following are the common parts of a statistical table:
a. Table title includes the number and a short description of
what is found inside the table.
b. Column header provides the label of what is being
presented in a column. C
c. Row header provides the label of what is being presented
in a row.
d. Body are the information in the cell intersecting the row
and the column.