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The term "First World War" was first used in September 1914 by
German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel, who claimed that
"there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared
'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of
the word,"[24] citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on
20 September 1914.
In Germany, "The Great War" was historically used for the 1618–
1648 Thirty Years' War, also known as the "Great German War" or
"Great Schism". One of the longest and most destructive conflicts in
human history, it resulted in eight million fatalities from military
action, violence, famine and plague, the vast majority of them in the
German states of the Holy Roman Empire.[32] In terms of
proportional German casualties and destruction, it was only surpassed
by the period from January to May 1945; its enduring visibility is
partly the result of 19th-century Pan-Germanism, as an example of
the dangers of a divided Germany and a driver in the 1871 creation of
the Deutsches Kaiserreich or German Empire.[33] Regardless of
terminology, the Thirty Years' War remains the single greatest war
trauma in German memory, as demonstrated in debates over naming
conventions during the centenary of 1914–1918.[34]
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the
First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in
Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
Contemporaneously described as the "war to end all wars",[7] it led
to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel,
including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in
history.[8][9] An estimated nine million combatants and seven
million civilians died as a direct result of the war, while it is also
considered a contributory factor in a number of genocides and the
1918 influenza epidemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million
deaths worldwide.[10] Military losses were exacerbated by new
technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate
caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest
conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes,
including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations
involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to
the start of the Second World War about twenty years later.[11]
German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia
was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France
within four weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could
fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan.[18] On 2
August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an
essential element in achieving a quick victory over France.[19] When
this was refused, German forces entered Belgium early on the
morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day; the
Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in
compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on
Germany on 4 August.[20][21] On 12 August, Britain and France
also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with
the Entente, seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence
by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific. The war
was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well,
spreading the conflict across the globe. The Entente and its allies
would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the
grouping of Austria-Hungary and Germany would become known as
the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the
Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle
of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little
until 1917. The Eastern Front was marked by much greater
exchanges of territory, but though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and
Romania joined the Allied Powers in 1916 only to be defeated in
1917, none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until
1918.