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PHYSICS LAB REPORT

COUPLED TORSION PENDULA

Moment of inertia of the pendulum


Moment of inertia of an annular disc about its diameter.
Consider a small displacement dx at a radial distance x from
the center of the annular disc with inner radius r and outer
radius R, the net moment of inertia due to all points about its
axis at a distance x from the center is

dI = x2 dm,

where dm is the mass of the circular fragment with thickness


dx.
If the disc is uniform,
𝑚
𝑑𝐼 = 𝑥 2 × 2𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 ×
𝜋𝑟 2
𝑅 𝑚×2𝜋𝑥 3
𝐼 = ∫𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝜋𝑟 2
𝑚(𝑟 2 +𝑅 2)
𝐼=
2

Using the perpendicular axis theorem, moment of inertia about diameter is


1 𝑚(𝑟 2 +𝑅 2 ) 𝑚(𝑟 2 +𝑅 2)
𝐼= × =
2 2 4

Moment of inertia of the weight at the tip of the pendulum

The weight used is an annulated cylinder of thickness t.


It can be viewed as a stack of annular discs. The moment of inertia about the center of mass
of the weight can be found by making use of parallel axis theorem.
Consider the annular disc x units from the axis, the elementary moment of inertia of the
segment about the axis is
𝑑𝑚(𝑟 2 + 𝑅 2 )
𝑑𝐼 = + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑚
4
𝑚
𝑑𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑡
Therefore
𝑡 𝑡
2 2
2 2
𝑚(𝑟 + 𝑅 ) 𝑚𝑥 2
𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑡 𝑡
−𝑡 −𝑡
2 2

𝑚(𝑟 2 + 𝑅 2 ) 𝑚𝑡 2
𝐼= +
4 12

Moment of inertia of the pendulum about its center


of mass is the sum of that of the rod about its
center of mass and that of the disc about the center
of mass of the system

Moment of inertia of the rod of mass M about its


center of mass can be found by integrating the
moment of inertia due to its mass elements about
the center of mass as
𝑙⁄
2
𝑥2𝑀 𝑀𝑑2
𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑 12
−𝑙⁄2

Therefore,
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐1 + 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐2 + 𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑑

𝑀𝑑2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )(𝑟 2 + 𝑅 2 ) (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )ℎ2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑑2


𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = + + +
12 4 12 4
Where m1 and m2 are masses of the two discs.
Here d = 18cm, M = 116.4g, r = 0.75, R = 2, t = 0.5cm
For the rigid body A, m1 = 98.6, m2 = 98.45

116.4 × 182 (98.45 + 98.6)(0.752 + 22 ) (98.45 + 98.6)0.52 (98.45 + 98.6)182


𝐼𝐴 = + + +
12 4 12 4
𝐼𝐴 = 19332.71𝑔𝑐𝑚2 = 1.933 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔𝑚2
For the rigid body B, m1 = 98.1, m2 = 98.5

116.4 × 182 (98.1 + 98.5)(0.752 + 22 ) (98.1 + 98.5)0.52 (98.1 + 98.5)182


𝐼𝐵 = + + +
12 4 12 4
𝐼𝐵 = 19295.74𝑔𝑐𝑚2 = 1.929 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔𝑚2

When a mass suspended at the end of a wire is


twisted, the restoring torque is proportional to the
applied twist. But if for the same twist, the distance
between the pivot point and the mass is decreased the
restring torque increases. Hence we conclude that, if
the restoring torque is 𝜏, the twist is 𝜃 and distance
between pivot and the mass is l ,

𝜃
𝜏∝
𝑙
or
𝜃
𝜏=𝛼
𝑙

Where 𝛼 is a constant of proportionality

When lower B is held fixed and A is rotated, the restoring torque on A is given as (if the
damping factors are ignored)
1 1
𝜏 = −𝛼𝜃 ( + )
𝑙1 𝑙3
𝛼 1 1
𝜃̈ = − ( + ) 𝜃
𝐼 𝑙1 𝑙3

The solution of which is trivial, and the time period is


𝐼𝑙1 𝑙3
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝛼(𝑙1 + 𝑙3 )

So,
4𝜋 2 𝐼𝑙1 𝑙2
𝑇2 =
𝛼(𝑙1 + 𝑙𝑞 )

The lower pendulum is held and the upper one displaced from mean. The following are
observed

L1 (cm) T (in sec) 𝝎(𝒔−𝟏 )


10 0.644 9.75
20 0.823 7.62
25 0.861 7.29
30 0.854 7.35
35 0.820 7.65
40 0.746 8.41
45 0.679 9.29

From the Time period versus L1 graph we can find that time period is maximum at a particular
value of L1. This is evident from the equation of time period which was derived That is time
period is maximum at the point where the product 𝑙1 𝑙3 is maximum.
The slope of T2 versus 𝑙1 𝑙3 graph is found to be 0.00098471 s2/cm2
𝑙1 + 𝑙3 = 55𝑐𝑚
hence
4𝜋 2 𝐼𝐴
= 0.00098471 × 104 𝑠 2 /𝑚2
𝛼(𝑙1 +𝑙3 )

4𝜋 2 × 1.933 × 10−3
𝛼= = 1.409 × 10−2 𝑁𝑚2
0.55 × 9.487
𝛼 = 1.462 × 10−2 𝑁𝑚2

Radius of the wire, 𝑟𝑤 = 0.59𝑚𝑚 = 5.9 × 10−4 𝑚

𝜋𝑟𝑤4 𝜂
𝛼=
2
2𝛼
𝜂=
𝜋𝑟𝑤4

𝜂 = 7.6837 × 1010 𝑁/𝑚2 = 76.837 GPa

NORMAL MODES (in phase and out phase)

When both the rods are set to oscillations, let 𝜃1 be the twist on wire segment A and 𝜃2 be the
twist on wire segment B. Then the torque on the masses are given by
1 1 𝛼𝜃2
𝐼𝐴 𝜃1̈ + 𝛼𝜃1 ( + ) − =0
𝑙1 𝑙3 𝑙3
1 1 𝛼𝜃1
𝐼𝐵 𝜃2̈ + 𝛼𝜃2 ( + ) − =0
𝑙2 𝑙3 𝑙3

If the third term was not present, the equation would have represented independent
oscillations of the masses whose angular frequencies as discussed earlier would have been

𝛼 1 1
𝜔𝐴0 = √ ( + )
𝐼𝐴 𝑙1 𝑙3

𝛼 1 1
𝜔𝐵0 = √ ( + )
𝐼𝐵 𝑙2 𝑙3

For solving the differential equation for the coupled oscillator, for the case when both the
frequencies are same, (that is when both are in phase or out of phase) put two oscillating trial
solutions
𝜃1 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 , 𝜃2 = 𝐵𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡

Substituting the trial solutions int the differential equation of the pendula A and B, we get
1 1 𝛼𝐵
(−𝐼𝐴 𝐴𝜔2 + ( + ) 𝛼𝐴 − ) 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 = 0
𝑙1 𝑙3 𝑙3

and
1 1 𝛼𝐴
(−𝐼𝐵 𝐵𝜔2 + ( + ) 𝛼𝐵 − ) 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 = 0
𝑙2 𝑙3 𝑙3

𝐴
the ratio, 𝐵 obtained from both the equations should be the same, from the first equation
−1
𝐴 𝛼 1 1
= (𝛼 ( + ) − 𝐼𝐴 𝜔2 )
𝐵 𝑙3 𝑙1 𝑙3

From the second equation,


𝐴 𝑙3 1 1
= (𝛼 ( + ) − 𝐼𝐵 𝜔2 )
𝐵 𝛼 𝑙2 𝑙3

Equating both,
𝛼 2 1 1 1 1
( ) = (𝛼 ( + ) − 𝐼𝐴 𝜔2 ) (𝛼 ( + ) − 𝐼𝐵 𝜔2 )
𝑙3 𝑙1 𝑙3 𝑙2 𝑙3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝛼2
𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝐵 𝜔4 − (𝛼𝐼𝐵 ( + ) + 𝛼𝐼𝐴 ( + )) 𝜔2 + (𝛼 2 ( + ) ( + )) − 2 = 0
𝑙1 𝑙3 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝑙1 𝑙3 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝑙3

𝛼 1 1 𝛼 1 1 𝛼 1 1 𝛼 1 1 𝛼2
𝜔4 − ( ( + ) + ( + )) 𝜔2 + ( + ) × ( + ) −
𝐼𝐴 𝑙1 𝑙3 𝐼𝐵 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝐼𝐴 𝑙1 𝑙3 𝐼𝐵 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝐵 𝑙32

This can be considered as a quadratic equation in 𝜔2 .So,


2
𝛼 1 1 𝛼 1 1 𝛼 1 1 𝛼 1 1 𝛼 1 1 𝛼 1 1 𝛼2
( ( + ) + ( + )) ± √( ( + ) + ( + )) − 4 ( ( + ) × ( + ) − )
𝐼𝐴 𝑙1 𝑙3 𝐼𝐵 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝐼𝐴 𝑙1 𝑙3 𝐼𝐵 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝐼𝐴 𝑙1 𝑙3 𝐼𝐵 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝐵 𝑙32
𝜔2 =
2

2 2 2 2 )2 4𝛼 2
(𝜔𝐴0 + 𝜔𝐵0 ) ± √(𝜔𝐴0 − 𝜔𝐵0 +
𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝐵 𝑙32
=> 𝜔2 =
2
Give If the differential equations for the two pendula are separately solved the second term
within the square root is zero, hence we conclude that this term is responsible for the
coupling effect between the two independent pendula. So we define the coupling constant, 𝜅
𝛼2
as , 𝜅 4 = 𝐼 2
𝐴 𝐼𝐵 𝑙3

2 2 2 2 )2
(𝜔𝐴0 + 𝜔𝐵0 ) ± √(𝜔𝐴0 − 𝜔𝐵0 + 4𝜅 4
𝜔2 =
2

It is observed that the frequency of oscillation in the out of phase mode is less than that in the
in-phase mode. So

2 2 ) 2 2 )2
2
(𝜔𝐴0 + 𝜔𝐵0 − √(𝜔𝐴0 − 𝜔𝐵0 + 4𝜅 4
𝜔𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
2
2 2 ) 2 2 )2
2
(𝜔𝐴0 + 𝜔𝐵0 + √(𝜔𝐴0 − 𝜔𝐵0 + 4𝜅 4
𝜔𝑖𝑛 =
2
2 2 2
Δω2 = (𝜔𝑖𝑛 2
− 𝜔𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) − (𝜔𝐴0 − 𝜔𝐵0 )

2
Δω2 = √(𝜔2𝐴0 − 𝜔2𝐵0 ) + 4𝜅4 − (𝜔𝐴0
2 2
− 𝜔𝐵0 )

1
2 2 )
4𝜅 4 2
Δω2 = (𝜔𝐴0 − 𝜔𝐵0 [( 2 2 )2 + 1) − 1]
(𝜔𝐴0 − 𝜔𝐵0
1
2 2 )2 4
Δ𝜔2 2
(𝜔𝐴0 − 𝜔𝐵0
𝜅 = [{( 2
(𝜔𝐴0 2 )+ 1) − 1} ×
4
]
− 𝜔𝐵0

For the following observations 𝑙1 = 25𝑐𝑚, 𝑙2 = 30.5𝑐𝑚, 𝑙3 = 29.5𝑐𝑚


𝛼2 (1.462 × 10−2 )2
𝜅4 = = = 658.69𝑟𝑎𝑑4 𝑠 −4
𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝐵 𝑙32 (1.933 × 10−3 )(1.929 × 10−3 )(0.2952 )

Observed Calculated
𝑡1 (s) 𝑡2 (s) 𝑡3 (s) 𝑡4 (s) 𝑡5 (s) 𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑔 (s) 𝑡 𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1 𝜔(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 )
𝑇 = 𝑎𝑣𝑔⁄10 (s) )
𝜔𝐴 8.54 8.55 8.45 8.50 8.48 8.50 0.85 7.39 7.47
𝜔𝐵 9.05 8.89 8.96 8.91 8.91 8.94 0.89 7.05 7.13
𝜔𝑖𝑛 12.05 11.87 12.0 11.80 11.90 11.92 1.19 5.28 5.14
𝜔𝑜𝑢𝑡 7.04 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.01 7.05 0.70 8.97 8.82


2
Δ𝜔𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (8.972 − 5.282 ) − (7.392 − 7.052 ) = 47.67 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 𝑠 −2
1

2 2 2
4 × 658.69 2
Δ𝜔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = (7.47 − 7.13 ) [( + 1) − 1] = 46.40 𝑟𝑎𝑑2 𝑠 −2
(7.472 − 7.132 )2

4
𝜅𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = √658.69 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1 = 5.06 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1
1
2 2 )2 4
Δ𝜔2 2
(𝜔𝐴0 − 𝜔𝐵0
𝜅𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = [{( 2 2 )+ 1) − 1} × ] = 5.11 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1
(𝜔𝐴0 − 𝜔𝐵0 4

Experimental Theoretical Percentage difference


𝜔𝐴 (𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1 ) 7.39 7.47 1.08
𝜔𝐵 (𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1 ) 7.05 7.13 1.13
𝜔𝑖𝑛 (𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1 ) 5.28 5.14 2.65
𝜔𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1 ) 8.97 8.82 1.67
Δ𝜔2 (𝑟𝑎𝑑2 𝑠−2 ) 47.67 46.40 2.66
𝜅 (𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1 ) 5.11 5.06 0.97

It can be seen that, all the errors are less than 3%. They might have arisen due to the least
count error of the measuring devices. If proper error bars are included the experimental
values will completely agree to that obtained in theory.
BEATS
When the length of the wires connecting the pendula and the pivot are same (𝑖𝑒. , 𝑙1 = 𝑙2), the
oscillations of the coupled system is called beat.

Observed
𝑙1 = 𝑙 2 𝑙3 Time for 10 oscillations (s) Average time for Angular beat
(cm) (cm) one oscillation (s) frequency (𝑠 −1 )
25 34.5 20.88 20.51 20.58 2.065 3.04

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