Delayed Coking

 Delayed Coking is the most commonly used carbon

rejection process that upgrades residues to a wide

range of lighter hydrocarbon gases and distillates

through thermal cracking.

 The byproduct of delayed coking process is petroleum

coke.

 The goal for delayed cooker operation is to maximise

the yield of clean distillates and minimise the yield of

coke.

 Delayed coking technology is preferred for upgrading

heavier residues due to its inherent flexibility to handle

even the heaviest residues while producing clean

liquid products.

 The main products of delayed cooker operation is off-

gas (from which gas (from which LPG is recovered),

naphtha, Light Gas Oil (LCGO) and Heavy Gas Oil

 (LCGO) and Heavy Gas Oil (HCGO). LCGO is sent to

Hydrotreater for production of Gas Oil and HCGO to

refinery FO Pool/ RFCC feedstock/ OHCU feedstock.

 The yield slate for a Delayed Coker can be varied to

meet a refiner’s objective objective through the

selection of operating parameters.

 Three operating parameters govern the yield pattern

and product quality of Delayed Coker.

Operating variables of delayed coking:

- Temperature

- Pressure

- Recycle Ratio (RR)

 Increasing coking temperature decreases coke

production and increases liquid yield and gas oil

endpoint. However, temperature can be adjusted only

a narrow range to control volatilities left in coke.

 Increasing pressure and/or Recycle Ratio (RR)

increases gas and coke make and decreases liquid

yield and gas oil endpoint. RR can be varied from 0%

to d from 0% to 120%.

 Recycle Ratio is defined as Recycle Ratio is defined as:

- (Composite feed to Coker Heater)/ (Primary feed to

Fractionators bottom)

 Modern trend of Delayed Coking technology is to

minimise the coking pressure and recycle ratio with

the economic and technical constraints for designing a

unit while producing clean Heavy Coker Gas Oil

(HCGO) product within following quality :

- Low contaminant level of carbon residue.

- Low contaminant level of metal.

- End point within acceptable level.

 Delayed Coker products typically require further

downstream hydroprocessing because of hydrogen

deficiency and sulphur contamination.

 Fuel grade coke is a low value byproduct. However it

significant demand as a clean and economic fuel.

Delayed Coking Feedstock :

 Delayed Coker can process a wide variety of feedstocks :

- Feedstock can have considerable amount of metal

(Ni + V), Sulphur, Resins and Asphaltenes.

- Contaminants present in feedstock mostly gets

eliminated with coke.
 Most typical feedstock is Vacuum Residue (530 °C +).
It can also process refinery slop oil/ sludge.
 Atmospheric residue is also occasionally processed.

 Typical feed composition:

- Sulphur – 5 to 6 % wt
- Metals 1000 ppmw.
- CCR – 20 TO 30 % wt.
 Properties of coke mostly depends on feed quality.
Reference:
Barauni Refinery – In harmony with nature
http://petrofed.winwinhosting.net/upload/25-
28May10/BIRENDRA_KUMAR.pdf

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