THE PAPER OF PSYCHOLOGY OF MATHEMATICS

INSTRUCTION
“INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERS”

GROUP 6
1. ANUGRAH JOSUA ARUAN (17029137)
2. DILA NOVITA (17029010)
3. ELLIN SEPTIYANI (17029015)
4. LADY KIDUNG ASMORO (17029031)
5. SILVIA YUADMIRAS (17029044)

THE LECTURER :
Dra. Hj. Fitrani Dwina, M. Ed.

MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG
2018

i
 PREFACE

In the name of Allah SWT, the Most Merciful, the Most All-Wise, we
hereby say thanks for His presence, who has bestowed His mercy on us, so that
we can complete the Pisikology Mathematics Learning Paper.

As for this paper discusses "Understanding Individual Characters”, the

purpose to knowing individual characteristics based on learning style, gender,
family, heredity and environment. We have tried as much as possible and of
course with the help of many parties, so as to facilitate the process of making this
paper. Therefore, we also want to express our gratitude to all those who have
helped us in making the paper.

The authors hope that this paper can benefit from this paper so that it can
inspire readers. In addition, we are waiting for criticism and suggestions from you
to improve this paper later.

Padang, September 17th of 2018

Author

ii
 TABLE LIST OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................................................................................... ii

TABLE LIST OF CONTENTS ........................................................................... iii

CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY ................................................................................ 1

1.1. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................... 1

1.2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM .................................................. 1

1.3 PURPOSE ................................................................................................ 1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 2

2.1. Definition of the Individual Characters .................................................... 2

2.2. Individual Characteristics Based On Learning Style................................ 3

2.3. Individual Characteristics Based On Heredity ......................................... 8

2.4. Individual Characteristics Based On Family ............................................ 9

2.5. Individual Characteristics Based On Environment ................................ 10

2.6. Learning Styles Based On Gender ......................................................... 12

CHAPTER III CLOSING ..................................................................................... 16

3.1. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 16

3.2. Suggestion .............................................................................................. 16

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 17

iii
 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

1.1. BACKGROUND

Humans are social creatures that are one living creature who cannot live
without other human beings. Because humans are social creatures, all their
needs and desires will be fulfilled if the process of meeting those needs and
desires involves other people.

More precisely, humans are people who have high solidarity and sociality
in living their lives. The possibility of achieving a need and desire with an
individual system is minimalcompared to a group/group system.

This is where the various interactions of life are created, various human
groups, and various kinds of traditions or cultures of life which are then agreed
upon as characteristic of each layer of human groups.

1.2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

The formulation of the problem based on the background above, is as

follows:

1. What is individual characteristics based on learning style?

2. What is individual characteristics based on gender?
3. What is individual characteristics based on family?
4. What is individual characteristics based on heredity?
5. What is individual characteristics based on environment?

1.3 PURPOSE
The purpose to knowing individual characteristics based on learning
style, gender, family, heredity and environment.

1
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1. Definition of the Individual Characters

a) Definition of Individuals
Humans are creatures that can be viewed from various points of view.
Since hundreds of years BC, humans have become objects of philosophy,
both formal objects that question human nature and material objects that
question humans as human beings with various conditions. As is known,
there are humans as thinking creatures or homo sapiens, those who do or
homo faber, creatures who can be educated or homo educandum and so
on.

In the dictionary echols & shadaly (1975), individuals are nouns from
individuals which means people, individuals, and individuals. Based on
the above understanding, an environment can be established for children
which can stimulate the development of its potentials and will bring about
any desired changes in habits and attitudes.

b) Individual Characteristics

Each individual has the characteristics and characteristics (heredity)

and characteristics obtained from environmental influences. Innate
characteristics are the characteristics of offspring that are possessed from
birth, both those that affect biological factors and psychological social
factors. In the past there was a belief that heredity and the environment
were two separate factors, each of which affected the personality and
abilities of individuals in their own ways. But then it is increasingly
realized that what is felt by a child, teenager or adult, is the result of a
combination of what is between the biologically derived factors and
environmental influences.

2
 A child may begin his formal education at the kindergarten level at the
age of four or five years. At the beginning he entered school might be
delayed until he was five or six years of age regardless of the age of a
child. The personal characteristics and habits that he brings to school are
ultimately shaped by environmental influences and it seems to have an
important influence on his success in school and in his later development.

2.2. Individual Characteristics Based On Learning Style

Based on the ability possessed by the brain in absorbing, managing
and conveying information, the way of individual learning is divided into
several categories, namely visual, auditory, kinesthetic learning Global
Learning Style ,and and global learning style methods characterized by
certain behavioral characteristics.
Some types of learning styles that are often applied in life are as
follows:
1. VISUAL (Visual Learners)

Visual Learning Style (Visual Learners) focuses on visual acuity.

That is, concrete evidence must be shown first so they understand
Learning styles like this rely on sight or see the evidence first and then can
believe it.

The characteristics of this visual learning style are:

 tend to see the attitude, movement, and lips of the teacher who is
teaching
 not a good listener when communicating
 when getting instructions to do something, usually will see other
friends only then he himself acts
 Do not like to talk in front of the group and do not like to listen to
others. Look passive in discussion activities.
 Less able to remember information given orally

3
  Prefer demonstration rather than oral explanation
 Can sit quietly in a crowded and crowded situation without being
disturbed

Strategies to simplify the visual learning process of children:

1) Use visual materials such as pictures, diagrams and maps.

2) Use colors to highlight important things.
3) Invite children to read illustrated books.
4) Use multi-media (for example: computers and videos).
5) Invite children to try to illustrate their ideas into the picture.

2. AUDITORI (Auditory Learners)

Auditory Learners rely on hearing to be able to understand and remember

it. Characteristics of learning models like this really place hearing as the
main tool to absorb information or knowledge. That is, we must hear, only
then can we remember and understand the information. The first character
of people who have this learning style is that all information can only be
absorbed through hearing, both have difficulty absorbing information in
writing directly, all three have difficulty writing or reading.

The characteristics of the Auditory learning style are:

 Able to remember well the teacher's explanation in front of the

class, or the material discussed in the group / class.
 Excellent listeners: children easily master advertising / song
material on television / radio
 tends to talk a lot

4
  Do not like to read and generally are not good readers because they
cannot remember well what they just read.
 Lack of skill in doing writing / writing tasks.
 Nice to discuss and communicate with others.
 Less interested in paying attention to new things in the surrounding
environment, such as the presence of new children, the presence of
notice boards in the corner of the classroom, etc.

Strategies to facilitate the auditory children's learning process:

1) Invite children to participate in discussions both in the classroom

and in the family.
2) Encourage children to read subject matter aloud.
3) Use music to teach children.
4) Discuss ideas with children verbally.
5) Let the child record the subject matter on a tape and encourage him
to listen to it before going to sleep.

3. KINESTETIC (Kinesthetic Learners)

Kinesthetic Learning (Kinesthetic Learners) requires the individual

concerned to touch something that provides certain information so that he
can remember it.

As for some of the characteristics of learning models like this that not
everyone can do. The first character is to place the hand as the main
receiver of information in order to continue to remember it. Only by
holding it, someone who has this style can absorb information without
having to read the explanation.

The characteristics of the Kinesthetic learning style are:

5
  When memorizing that is by walking or making movements.
 Love learning by direct practice or touching directly.
 Children who are active and moving a lot, have good brain
development.
 Using real objects as tools.
 Like active learning activities or games.

Strategies to simplify the learning process of kinesthetic children:

1) Do not force children to study for hours.

2) Invite children to learn while exploring the environment (for
example: invite him to read while cycling, use real objects to learn
new concepts).
3) Allow children to chew gum while studying.
4) Use bright colors to highlight important things in the reading.
5) Allow children to learn while listening to music.

4. Global Learning Style

Children with global learning styles have the ability to understand things
thoroughly. Understanding possesses a large picture and also the
relationship between one object and another. Children with global learning
styles are also able to interpret things that are implicit in their own
language clearly. Characteristics of global learning styles:

 Can do many tasks at once.

 Able to work well with others.
 Sensitive and able to see problems properly.
 Able to express in words about what he saw.

Children with global learning styles are usually less neat, even though they
really like neatness. In doing something, it is often scattered and things are

6
 not neat. Fortunately to overcome this, it will make a structuring system by
categorizing items according to their type. Children with this global type
cannot only think of one thing but think about things at once. Even though
one task has not been completed, he will also work on the next task.
Children with global learning styles sensitive to their surroundings,
including the feelings of others and feel happy to work hard to make
others happy. It tends to require a lot of encouragement when you will
start doing something.

5. Analytical Learning Style

Children with analytic learning styles have the ability to view things that
tend to be explored in detail, specifically, and regularly. Work on things
gradually and sequentially. Characteristic of analytic learning styles:

 Focusing on one task, not going to the next task if the task is
not finished.
 Think logically.
 Do not like if there are parts that are missed in a task.
 How to study consistently and permanently.

Children with analytic learning styles judge things based on facts. But
often they are not able to find the main point of ideas about the purpose of
the task that he is doing. Focus on one problem or task until it's complete.

Children with an analytic learning style are better suited to learning

themselves and then join a learning group. They also experience learning
difficulties because they only focus on one thing. The best way to
overcome this is to create a structured learning schedule so that the
learning objectives to be achieved are clear. The right learning method is
to consistently do or work on tasks according to the daily schedule that he
makes.

7
2.3. Individual Characteristics Based On Heredity

Heredity can be interpreted as inheritance or transferring the

biological characteristics of individuals from the second party of parents to
children or individual biological characteristics brought from birth which are
not derived by both parents. The heredity factor includes:

1. Descent
We can say that the traits or characteristics of a child are
descendants, even though we see the same traits or characteristics between
parents and their children, we cannot conclude that the characteristics or
characteristics of the child are descendants. For example, the lazy father
and his son are also dead, this does not mean that the child's laziness is a
descendant. Psychological characteristics are more difficult to determine,
whether obtained from offspring or not, this is because psychiatric traits
are more easily changed or affected by environmental conditions during its
development.
Many experts are trying to investigate the psychological
characteristics of humans with regard to offspring, but until the
investigation still has not received satisfactory results. This is due to the
following factors:
a. In humans, cruising cannot be carried out according to certain plans
such as a cross between two very different races of origin.
b. The period of human development is so long, so that the properties that
occur occur because the offspring can be hidden for a long time, before
those qualities appear in the individual.
c. The presence of a relative number of human children.

2. Innate
Innate is all the possibilities or abilities (potential) contained in an
individual and which during his development can really be realized

8
 (realized). Everything that the child has brought from birth and being
accepted because of his wickedness is a fighter. But traits are not treated
because the opposite descent, all that is obtained because of descent can be
said to be innate. Kind of carriage:
a. Type carrier.
b. Race.
c. Sex.
d. Individual carrier.

2.4. Individual Characteristics Based On Family

The family comes from the Sanskrit "kulawarga", "race" and "resident"
meaning "members", namely the environment where there are some people
who still have blood relations. Families can be formed through individual
alliances because of the relationship of blood to marriage or adoption.

The family is formed from two individuals of different sexes, who are
bound by marriage. Nevertheless, there are also families that are formed
without marriage ties, but those who carry out this kind of thing also embrace
patterns run by husband and wife.

Because of marriage, a family can increase or decrease. One family

increases its members when it comes to a son-in-law, and its members are
reduced if the child who is married follows a family, or both families lose
their members if the married child forms his own family and forms a new
family.

Family as a social group consists of a number of individuals, has

relationships between individuals, there are bonds, obligations,
responsibilities among these individuals. The family is the smallest unit of the
community which consists of the head of the family and several people who
collect and live somewhere under a roof in a state of mutual dependence.

9
 Family is the most important primary group in society. The family is a
group that is formed from the relationship of men and women, transportation
which lasts a long time to create and raise children. So a family in a pure form
is a social entity consisting of husband and wife and children who are not yet
mature. This unit has certain characteristics in common, anywhere in the unit
of human society.

Family has an important meaning in human life in people's lives. The

formation of a family does not merely have the same interests, but more than
that is based on voluntary and basic love between two people (husband and
wife). Based on this feeling of love, the child is born as the next generation.
The family is also very important as a place between individuals and groups
which is the first and foremost place for child socialization. Mother, father,
brother, and other families are the first person for children to make contact
and place of learning as other people's lives. Children spend their time in the
family, until they enter school.

2.5. Individual Characteristics Based On Environment

The individual will not be clear of his identity without the existence of a
community which is the background of his existence. Individuals try to take
distance and process themselves to form their behavior in line with the
circumstances and habits that are in accordance with the behavior that already
exists in them. Humans as individuals are always in the midst of individual
groups who at the same time ripen it to become a person whose process
requires an environment that can shape him personally. But not all
environments become a supporting factor for personal formation but
sometimes become obstacles to the process of personal formation.
The influence of the community's environment on individuals and
especially on the formation of individuality is great, but on the contrary
individuals are capable of influencing society. Individual ability is the main
thing in relation to humans.

10
 The community is a group of individuals who make a collective
agreement to jointly manage life. There are various reasons why these
individuals make an agreement to form a common life. These reasons include
biological, psychological, and social reasons. The formation of shared life
itself through several stages, namely interaction, adaptation, organizing
behavior, and the formation of group feelings. After going through this stage,
what was called the community formed, among others, were hunter and
gatherer communities, breeders, horticulture, farmers and industry. In the
body of society itself there are elements of social alliances, social control,
social media, and social measures. Social control in the community is carried
out in a number of ways which basically aim to control the behavior of the
community so that they do not deviate from what has been agreed upon
together. Even so, it does not mean that what has been agreed upon together
has never changed. The elements in the community's body are always
changing where the scope can be micro or macro.

Individual, family and community aspects are social aspects that cannot
be separated. The four have a very close relationship. There will never be a
family, community or culture if there are no individuals. While on the other
hand to develop its existence as a human being, individuals need family and
society, namely media in which individuals can express their social aspects.
In addition, individuals also need culture, namely a vehicle for individuals to
develop and achieve their potential as human beings. The social environment
that is first encountered by individuals in their lives is the family
environment. Within the family, individuals develop their personal capacity.
In addition, through families also individuals come into contact with various
social symptoms in order to develop their capacity as family members.

Meanwhile, society is a broader individual social environment. In

society, individuals manifest what they have learned from their families.

11
 Regarding the relationship between individuals and society, there are various
opinions about which are more dominant. These opinions were represented
by Spencer, Pareto, Ward, Comte, Durkheim, Summer, and Weber.
Individuals cannot be said as individuals if they have not been cultivated.
This means that only individuals who are able to develop their potential as
individuals can be called individuals. To develop this humanity potential or to
become cultured, the family and community media are needed.
Innate characteristics are characteristics of offspring that have been
owned from birth, both those related to biological factors and psychological
social factors. In the past, there were beliefs and personalities carried by
heredity and the environment. These are two factors that are formed due to
separate factors, each of which influences the personality and abilities of
innate and environmental individuals in their own ways. However, it is
increasingly recognized that what is felt by many children, adolescents, or
adults is the result of a combination of what is between biological factors
derived and environmental influences.

2.6. Learning Styles Based On Gender

According to Anonim (2007) there are several groupings of differences
in men and women including biological differences, motoric differences,
cognitive differences, emotional differences, behavioral differences,
personality differences. Biological differences include chromosomes between
men and women differently (XY boys , XX girls), different types of
hormones (boys have testosterone, girls have estrogen). There are differences
in height and weight where boys will be taller and heavier than women,
especially after going through puberty. the difference in the age of puberty is
that girls experience puberty faster than boys.

Motoric differences for example boys develop more gross motor skills
due to the influence of testosterone, plus cultural interests and
encouragement, whereas girls are more towards halis motoric development.

12
The type of movement and level of activity is higher in boys than girls, so
boys men seem more rude, while girls are more subtle.

Cognitive differences include different types of intelligence, although

generally the intelligence of boys and girls is more or less the same. the
words are more varied, the sentence structure is more regular. This is because
women have a higher affection need, which can be fulfilled through
communication. Boys are spatially smarter. They are quicker to remember the
route to their home or favorite place. They also more quickly grasp the
different shapes and differences in the size of the two objects compared.
Mathematical intelligence and reasoning of boys and girls are relatively the
same but girls tend to work on questions that are taught by the teacher. while
boys are more innovative and creative in solving mathematical problems.
This is also because boys rarely memorize what their teacher teaches, so they
look for ways to solve it themselves.

Emotional differences include girls who are more expressive showing

emotion of sadness / disappointment, for example by crying. Boys are more
expressive in expressing anger, for example by slamming things or kicking
their toys. How to deal with different stresses. Women by establishing
relationships, while boys with immediately find a solution. Women are more
sensitive to the feelings of others, than boys. Differences in the behavior of
girls for example are easier to empathize, making it easier to extend help than
boys. Boys do more physical games than girls, in risk taking, boys are more
aggressive. Boys benefit from their ability to play physical games plus the
influence of the hormone testosteros. Environmental demands also cause boys
to take more courage. Boys and girls are the same delinquency, but girls
express it more to verbal expressions, such as vilifying others, while boys go
into behavior.

13
 Personality differences, for example, girls are more born with easy going
temperaments, while boys are more difficult. Some psychological disorders
are more suffered by boys than girls, such as mentally disabled, or the autism
spectrum. Learning difficulties are more experienced by men, such as reading
barriers, counting obstacles, and writing barriers.

Johnson (2010) explains, the difference between male and female brains
lies in the size of parts of the brain, how the parts relate and how it works.
The fundamental difference between the two is spatial, verbal, chemical and
small memory differences.

1) Spatial differences.
In men, the brain tends to develop and have more complex spatial abilities
such as mechanical design, measurement of the direction of abstraction,
and manipulation of physical objects. No wonder men love to tinker with
vehicles.

2). Verbal Differences

The region of the male brain cortex is more sucked to perform spatial
functions and tends to give a small portion of its cortical area to produce
and use words. Nerve connections that connect the left-right brain or
corpus collosum of the male brain less than a quarter of the female brain,
if the male brain only uses the right brain hemisphere, the female brain can
maximize both. That is why women talk more than men, in a study
mentioned, women use about 20,000 words per day, while men only 7000
words. Including women can maximize their multi-tasking, holding
babies, while cooking and watching favorite sintron on television. While
men, don't be surprised if they don't listen to your calls, when listening to
soccer matches from favorite clubs or watching favorite movies on
television.

14
3). Chemical substances.
Female brains contain more serotonin, which makes her calm. It is not
strange if women are more calm when responding to threats that involve
physically, while men are angry quickly, besides, the female brain has
oxytocin, which is an attractive substance humans with other humans or
more objects. These two things affect the biological tendency of the male
brain not to act first than to talk, this is different from women.

4) Smaller Memory
Center memory (Hippocampus) In the female brain is bigger than in the
male brain, this can answer the question why if men are easy to forget,
while women can remember in detail.

15
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1. Conclusion
Learning is a process. This means that learning activities occur
dynamically and continuously which causes changes in children. The changes
in question can be in the form of knowledge or behavior. Role is an important
factor in social life. If someone carries out the rights and obligations
according to his position, then he has carried out a role. Everyone has various
roles that come from the patterns of social life. This shows that the role of
what is done for the community to him. The role inherent in a person includes
three things, namely: first, the role that includes the norms associated with
one’s position or place in society. The role in this sense is a series of rules
that guide a person in social life. Second, the role is a concept of what an
individual can do in society as an organization. Third, the role can also be
interpreted as individual behavior that is important to the social structure of
society.

3.2. Suggestion
We as prospective educatorsn in particular, we must be able to
understand the individual characteristics of each of our students. Because it is
important for us to better understand each other’s characters.

We shoould have to know and understand the different characteristics of

individuals from all aspects of the surgery.

We should as prospective teachers can find out how the characteristics of

students who are educated to facilitate the learning process of teaching in
school.

16
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://zakiacuteharrier.blogspot.com/2012/01/faktor-yang-mempengaruhi-
perkembangan.html diakses 18 september 2018

https://datakata.wordpress.com/2014/04/13/pembentukan-karakteristik-individu/
waktu 22.30 wib 18 September 2018

https://dosenpsikologi.com/macam-macam-gaya-belajar (Diakses tanggal 15

september 2018, pukul 20.25 WIB)

17