CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

LOAD SCHEDULING is one form of load management action that allows companies to
save energy by minimizing their demand. In order to have an efficient load schedule
operation, the energy manager or business should conduct power logging and record all
sessions so as to measure the usage of energy over specific time. Preparing a load schedule
helps in determining the amount of power required for an installation .It requires a list all the
equipment or loads together and all associated rating and parameter.

STEPS IN PREPARING LOAD SCHEDULING

Below are some of the steps that may be used when preparing the load scheduling:
1. Create a list of all expected loads in the installation or facility.
2. Getting the electrical characteristics for each the loads, including voltage rating and
current rating, distance measurement.
3. Classify each equipment by load duty.
4. Calculate expected consumed load for each block.
5. Calculate the operating and peak load for the overall installation.
Several other schemes may be evaluated under different conditions to determine the amount
of power required and associated installation requirements. A load schedule for different
operating scenarios will show when peak consumption occurs and provide an opportunity to
find out if all the high loads must operate at this time. Analyzing the process and non process
loads can help design a power management scheme where only what is critical for the
efficient operation is powered on during peak tariffs. The loads which can be scheduled to
run during the off peak tariffs or when the load is not as high can then be configured to do so
as long as they do not impact on the production. This helps in spreading out the energy use
and saving on the electricity bill.

1
 LIST OF APPLIANCES ESTABLISED

APPLIANCE HIMALA GURU SHIVALI LIBRAR WOR CAN HOST POWER

S YA SHIKHA K Y K TEE EL CONSUMP
R SHOP N TION(W)
FAN 308 93 54 45 12 1 481 60
TUBELIGHT 322 188 117 68 20 5 596 40
PC 340 43 - 26 - - - 300
PRINTER 33 - - 3 - - - 265
AC 23 8 - 1 - - - 3500
COOLER - - - - 1 - 215 150
EXHAUST 24 8 6 2 2 1 25 6
FAN
WATER 6 2 - - - 1 8 575
COOLER
LED 1 - - - - - 4
GYSER - - - - - - 21 2000
XEROX - 5 - 3 - - - 300
MACHINE
CFL - - - - 6 2 138 20
CORRIDOR 135 138 35 31 - - 178 22
LIGHTS
FRIDGE 1 - - - - 1 - 300

2
 LIST OF MAXIMUM POWER CONSUMPTION

APPLIANCES HIMALAYA GURU SHIVALIK LIBRARY WORK CANTEEN HOSTEL

(W) SIKHAR (W) (W) SHOP (W) (W)
(W) (W)
FAN 18480 5580 3240 2700 720 60 28860
TUBELIGHT 12880 7520 4680 2720 200 200 23840
PC 102000 12900 - 7800 - - -
PRINTER 8745 - - 795 - - -
AC 173250 101500 - 17500 - - -
COOLER - - - - 300 - 64500
EXHAUST 144 48 36 12 12 6 150
FAN
WATER 3450 1150 - - - 575 4600
COOLER
LED 80 - - - - - 320
GYSER - - - - - - 41000
XEROX - 1500 - 900 - - -
MACHINE
CFL - - - - 120 40 2760
CORRIDORS 2970 3036 770 628 - - 3916
LIGHT
FRIDGE 300 - - - - 300 -

3
 POWER CONSUMPTION FOR 24 HOURS

NAME POWER 9A.M 3P.M 9P.M 3A.M

HIMALAYA-2 P(KW) 22.588 20.41 0.112 0.33
Q(KVAR) 10.917 8.14 0.131 0.159
HIMALAYA-1 P(KW) 25.096 23.11 7.54 8.083
Q(KVAR) 12.116 9.90 2.81 3.907
PG BLOCK P(KW) 5.453 3.14 0.0015 0.0079
Q(KVAR) 2.636 1.5 0.00154 0.0035
ADMINISTRATIVE P(KW) 0.3667 0.124 0.0414 0.0676
BLOCK Q(KVAR) 0.177 0.55 0.001 0.0327
SHIVALIK P(KW) 12.635 11.11 0.00 0.00
Q(KVAR) 6.1 4.1 0.00 0.00
TOTAL POWER P(KW) 66.1387 57.894 7.694 8.489
Q(KVAR) 31.946 23.085 2.941 4.1032

4
 CHAPTER-2

SUBSTATION LAYOUT

1.PRINCIPAL&GUEST
HOUSE
CHANGEOVER-
2.LIB. &WORKSHOP
1
3.PARAM LAB

1.MACHINE LAB&
STAGE G
2.CANTEEN
3.NEW COMPUTER
LAB
CHANGEOVER-
1.HOSTEL 2
INCOMER ENERY VACCUM 2.OVERHEAD RCC
TRANSFO
METER CIRCUIT POLE
11KV RMER
BREAKER 3.SHIVALIK
4.NEW C.C. A.C
G-1
11KV/400KV 220/480V~50KA
525/690V~42KA 65KVA
1. GURUSIKHAR
125KVA 125KVA
(ADMINISTRATIVE
G-2
BLOCK)

1.PG BLOCK

RESERVE

5
 HIMALAYA BHAWAN LAYOUT

HIMALAYA -2 HIMALAYA-1

CHEM-1 MAC-2 LIBRARY

3760W 3805W 26221W
SUBSTATION CHEM- 2
MAIN MAC-3 WORKSHOP
1722 W MAIN
37197W
MCB CANT- MCB
PHY-1 st EEN
1 FLOOR
1850W 45232W nd
2 FLOOR
PHY-2 144287W
nd
2161W 2 FLOOR
st
144287W 1 FLOOR
MAC-1 45232 W
3805W PANEL 1
PANEL 2

LAB- MAIN
LAB- MAIN
36790W MCB
36790W MCB

CLASS- FACULTY- CLASSROOM FACULTY-

ROOMS- ROOMS - 5850W ROOMS-
5850W 2592W 2592W

PANEL 4
PANEL 3

LAB- STAFF- LAB- STAFF-

137929W ROOMS- 137929W ROOMS-
4576W 4576W

CLASS- CLASS-
MAIN ROOMS- MAIN
ROOMS-
MCB 1782W MCB
1782W

PANEL 5 PANEL 6

6
 GURUSHIKHAR BHAWAN LAYOUT

134m

99m

ADMINISTRATIVE-BLOCK PG- BLOCK

SUBSTATION

MAIN
54975W MCB 17260W
MAIN
MCB

7
 HOSTEL LAYOUT

50m (OHL) + 49m (UGC)

29m(UG)
MANSI-HOSTEL RAAVI-HOSTEL BJR-HOSTEL MAHI-HOSTEL
51286W 29920W 23654W 31367W

57m 10m (UGC) 136m(UGC)

40m(OHL)+50m(UGC)

8m

13m

CHANGEOVER GENERATOR WATER- GUEST

35m 5m 125KVA COOLER ROOM

10m

45m(OHL)
HOSTEL GATE

44m(UGC)

440m(OHL) TEMPLE

SHIVALIK BHAWAN

FIRST FLOOR SECOND FLOOR

30m(UGC)
4,632W 4,164W

SUB-STATION

8
 CHAPTER-3

TRANSFORMER

Distribution transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation in the
electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage use in the distribution line to
the level used by the consumers. This specification covers design, engineering, inspection
and testing before supply and delivery at site of oil immersed, naturally cooled 3-phase 11kv-
250v distribution transformer for outdoor use. All outdoor apparatus, including bushing
insulators with their mountings, shall be designed so as to avoid accumulation of water.

FIG-3.1 TRANSFORMER

S.NO. ITEM RATING

1 RATED VOLTAGE HV 11KV
2 RATED VOLTAGE LV 433-250V
3 FREQUENCY 50Hz+/-5%
4 NO.OF PHASE 3
5 CONNECTION HV DELTA
6 CONNECTION LV STAR
7 TOTAL WEIGHT 1560KG
8 TYPE OF COOLING ONAN

9
 CHAPTER-4
GENERATOR

A generator is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy) into electrical power
for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include steam turbines , gas
turbines , water turbines , internal combustion engine.

In our college, there are three generating set of 125 KV(2), 65KV(1).

CUMMINS NATURAL GAS GENERATING SET

ENGINE

Cooling Water-cooled
Fuel Natural Gas
Type 6 cyclinder,4 stroke,
compression ignition
RPM 1500 rpm
Starting Electrical(24 V DC)
Governor Hydraulic
Protection High water temperature,low
lube oil pressure,overspeed

GENERATOR

Voltage 415v
Phase 3 phase 4 wire
Frequency 50Hz
Power factor 0.8
KVA 125KVA

10
PRAKASH 65 KVA GENERATING SET
ENGINE

Cooling Water cool

Fuel H.S. diesel

Type Vertical,4-
stroke,compression
ignition
Injection Direct by multiple hole
nozzle
R.P.M. 1500-1800

Speed 1500 rpm

Starting Electrical(12 volts)

Governor Mechnical

GENERATOR

KVA 65

Phase Single/three phase,

4 wire
Frequency 50hz

Insulation F-class

Power factor .8

11
PRAKASH 65 KVA GENERATING SET
FIG-4.1

CUMMINS NATURAL GAS GENERATING SET

FIG-4.2

12
 CHAPTER-5
ENERGY METER

Advanced event detection features for voltage, current and magnetic influences. Meter
reading in the absence of mains, using internal battery. Time of day metering with maximum
demand registration and automatic billing.

Application - CT/VT-operated industrial and commercial billing purpose.

Remote data collection for billing and consumption analysis.
Transformer metering, boundary metering and substation monitoring.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Electrical
S.NO. SPECIFICATION LT HT
1. CONNECTION TYPE CT operated CT/VT operated
2. WIRING CONFIGURATION 3-phase,4-wire 3-phase 3-wire,3-phase 4-
wire
3. VOLTAGE RATING 230/240 v(P-N) 110v (P-P),63.5v (P-N)
4. MAINS FREQUENCY 50Hz+/-5% 50Hz+/-5%
5. CURRENT RANGE Class 0.5s Class 0.2s

Mechanical
Weight 1.8 kg (approx.)

Enclosure Engineering plastic

FIG-5.1 ENERGY METER

13
 CHAPTER-6
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

FIG-6.1 FIG-6.2
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

This specification covers manufacture, test, & supply of LT Current transformers of class 0.5
accuracy. The CTs shall be suitable for metering purpose.

Technical details shall be as given below:

SNO. SPECIFICATION RATING

1. Class of Accuracy 0.5

2. Rated Burden 5.00 VA

3. Ratio 200/5A

4. Nominal System Voltage 400 V

5. Frequency 50 Hz

6. Supply System 3 Phase Solidly grounded Neutral System

14
 CHAPTER-7
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

FIG.7.1 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

This specification covers manufacture, test, & supply of LT Potential transformers of class
0.5 accuracy. The PTs shall be suitable for metering purpose.

Technical details shall be as given below:

SNO. SPECIFICATION RATING

1. Class of Accuracy 0.5

2. Rated Voltage 12KV

3. Rated Current 630 A

4. Insulation Level 28 KV/75 KV

5. Short Circuit Breaking Current 20 KA

6. Short Circuit Current Duration 3Sec

7. Short Circuit Making Current 50KA

8. Frequency 50 Hz

9. Supply System 3 Phase Solidly grounded Neutral System

15
 CHAPTER-8
ISOLATOR

An isolator is a device used for isolating a circuit or equipment from a source of power. An
isolator is a mechanical switching device that, in the open position, allows for isolation of the
input and output of a device.

FIG-8.1 ISOLATOR

S.NO QUANTITY RATING

1 VOLTAGE 240/415V

2 CURRENT 63 AMP

16
 CHAPTER-9
INSULATOR

The pin type insulator is used in power distribution for the voltage up to 33kv. And in our
college premises we use pin-type insulator for 11KV power distribution, so we are using
single pieces pin insulator .It is placed on the cross arm of the supporting tower. The pin
insulator has grooves on the upper end for keeping the conductor. A lead thimble is
cemented into the insulator body to receive the pin.

The pin type insulator uses non-conducting material like porcelain, ceramic, silicon rubber,
polymer, etc. , The insulator provides the adequate path to the leakage current.

FIG-9.1 PIN INSULATOR

17
 CHAPTER-10
CONDUCTOR

In our college, panther type conductor is used for power distribution.

PANTHER CONDUCTOR: The transmission line is a vital link between the power station
and the consumer. Since, per capita consumption of electricity is going up day by day, it is
necessary to have more load centers and interconnect E.H.V.

The most important of them are the system voltage, frequency, load, to be dispatched selected
current density, earth resistivity, climatic condition.

Thus the following conductors are standardized:

1. 66KV,ACSR “DOG CONDUCTOR”

2. 132KV,ACSR “PANTHER CONDUCTOR”
3. 220KV,ACSR “ZEBRA CONDUCTOR”
4. 400KV,ACSR “TWIN BNDLE MOOSE CONDUCTOR”

SPECIFICATION OF PANTHER CONDUCTOR

SR NAME OF NORMAL SIZE AND CURRE OVER U.T. UNIT
N CONDUC OPERATI STRANDIN NT ALL S WEI
O. TOR NG G CARRY DIAMET (KG GHT
VOLTAGE AL ING ER ) KG/
KV STEEL CAPCIT (CM) M
NO/ NO/ Y AT
MM MM 75DEG
REE
CELSIU
S
(AMP)
1 A.C.S.R. 66/132 30/3 7/3 480 2.10 9177 0.976
“PANTHER
”
2. A.C.S.R. 33/66 6/7 7/4.72 300 1.41 3299 0.406
”DOG”

18
 CHAPTER-11
Circuit Breaker

Electrical Circuit breakers are the circuit current interrupting mechanism which opens or
closes as per the operator command or any fault. Circuit breaker types are classified
according to many different criteria such as:-

 Applicable Voltage
 Location where it is installed
 External design characteristic
 Medium used for the interruption (most popular types)

Air Circuit breaker:

This uses air as interrupting and insulating medium. These are further classified as Air
magnetic circuit breakers and Air blast circuit breakers.

MCB (Miniature circuit breaker):

These current ratings are less than 100A with only one over current protection in built within
it. The trip settings are not adjustable in MCB.

MCCB (Molded case circuit breakers):

These current ratings are higher at 1000A. This has earth fault protection in addition to over
current protection. The trip settings of the breaker can vary easily.

Vacuum circuit breakers:

This uses vacuum as the interrupting medium because of its high dielectric and diffusive
properties as interrupting medium.

19
 CHAPTER-12
CHANGEOVER

Typically used for safe changeover from one source to another in individual enclosures,
switch boards, lighting and power panels.

Features
SNO. SPECIFICATION RATING
1. Type C202-200 Manual changeover
2. Rated current 200 amps
3. Model no C022000OOOO
4. Voltage 415V AC
5. Conforms to IEC 60947-3, IS/IEC 60947-3
6. Frame 2
7. Utilization Category AC23A

FIG-12.1 CHANGE OVER

Open Execution
Staggered terminals
Inbuilt 2 C/O Auxiliary Contacts

Site Convertible dual shaft position

20
 CHAPTER-13
PANELS

A distribution panel or electric panel is a component of an electricity supply system that

divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or
circuit breaker for each circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure.

Control panel details of our college:

1. HIMALYAN: 6 panels
2. GURU SHIKHAR: 2 panels
3.SHIVALIK: 1 panel
4. LIBRARY: 1 panel
5. PRINCIPLE: 1 panel
6.HOSTEL: 4 panels

FIG-13.1PANEL

21
 CHAPTER-14
CABLES

The armoured power cables are commonly used for the supply of mains electricity both in
aerial power networks and in underground system. These cables are also suitable for use
indoors, in cable ducts, clipped directly onto a surface, on a tray in a basket or in free air. The
3 core cable is protected by steel wire armour to prevent induced current in armour. The outer
sheath of these MV armoured cables can be either a low smoke zero halogen compound
(LSZH) or UV sable PVC material.

SPECIFICATION RATING

Voltage Rating 6.35/11KV

Conductor 3 core, copper, aluminium

Insulation Cross linked polyethylene

Metallic Screen Copper tape

Bedding Polyvinylchloride

Sheath PVC (Polyvinylchloride)

In our college , there are following underground cables as :

1.HIMALAYA: 3.5 core/1.1kv, 95 sq.mm
2.SHIVALIK: 4 core/1.1kv, 25 sq.mm
3.CANTEEN: 4core/1.1kv,16 sq.mm
4.WORKSHOP: 3.5core/1.1kv,95 sq.mm
5.LIBRARY: 3.5core/1.1kv,95 sq.mm
6.SUBSTATION: 3.5core/1.1kv,240 sq.mm
7.MANSI,RAAVI,MAHI: 3.5core/1.1kv,95 sq.mm
8.B.J.R. HOSTEL: 3.5core/1.1kv,120 sq. mm
9.TEMPLE: 2core,6 sq. mm

22
 CHAPTER-15
RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF CABLES AND PANTHER
CONDUCTOR

S.NO. DISTANCE RESISTANCE REACTANCE

(ohm) (ohm)
1. S.S. – HIMALAYA 1 0.0575 0.01036
2. S.S. – HIMALAYA 2 0.0451 0.00814
3. S.S - SHIVALIK - -
OVERHEAD LINE 0.027432 -
UNDER GROUND 0.0372 -
4. S.S. – PG BLOCK 0.04059 0.007326
5. S.S –ADMINISTRTIVE 0.05494 0.0099160
BLOCK
6. S.S-HOSTEL BOUNDARY - -
POLE
OVERHEAD LINE 0.09504 -
7. HOSTEL BOUNDARY - -
POLE-RAVI HOSTEL
OVERHEAD LINE 0.015768 -
UNDER GROUND 0.0246 0.0444
8. HOSTEL BOUNDARY - -
POLE-BJR HOSTEL
OVERHEAD LINE 0.06274 -
UNDER GROUND LINE 0.0175 0.0036
9. HOSTEL BOUNDARY- - -
MAHI HOSTEL
UNDER GROUND LINE 0.0762 0.01376
10. HOSTEL BOUNDARY - -
POLE-MANSI
OVERHEAD LINE 0.01188 -
UNDER GROUND LINE 0.01189 0.02146
11. HIMALAYA 2-CANTEEN 0.0656 0.01184
12. HIMALAYA 1-WORKSHOP 0.0426 0.00769
13. HIMALAYA 1-PRINCIPLE 0.05207 0.00939
HOUSE
14. PRINCIPLE HOUSE- 0.0482 0.01143
LIBRARY

23
 RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF DOG CONDUCTOR

S.NO. DISTANCE RESISTANCE REACTANCE

(ohm) (ohm)
1. S.S.-HOSTEL 0.12284 -
BOUNDARY
POLE(19)
2. HOSTEL 0.015914 -
BOUNDARY-MANSI
HOSTEL
3. HOSTEL 0.02038 -
BOUNDARY-RAVI
HOSTEL
4. HOSTELBOUNDARY- 0.0811 -
BJR HOSTEL
5. S.S.-SHIVALIK 0.12284 -
BHAWAN

24
 CHAPTER-16
CONCLUSION

The incoming three phase power supply at college substation is of 11 KV which is step down
with transformer up to 440 V and supplied to different building of our college.

Analysis of G.W.E.C.A. started with making layout of SUBSTATION, HIMALAYA,

GURUSHIKHAR, SHIVALIK and HOSTEL, and the preliminary details of loads. Furthermore, the
study of overhead lines ( with PANTHER conductor as well as PIN TYPE insulator) and underground
cables with their capacities are carried out of 24 hours. The loads of the above stated buildings are
calculated with their active and reactive power consumption which further helps in establishing a new
equipment in future in college. The electrical load schedule is an estimate of the instantaneous
electrical loads operating in a facility, in terms of active, reactive and apparent power (measured in
KW, KVAR and KVA) respectively. The electrical load schedule is the basis for the sizing of most
major electrical equipment, from generator to switchgear to transformer so needed to studied. In our
hostel campus there is problem of voltage variation and in future if any fault occurs in voltage supply
of any building then the layouts will help us to solve the problem in such manner that it doesn’t affect
any other building supply.

25
 REFERENCE
1.https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://circuitglobe.com/&ved=2ahUK
EwiU8s7ouaHeAhXIeX0KHd-qBWQQFjAAegQIBRAD&usg=AOvVaw3V5T55x1uX9o-Dwvv7hzKc

2.https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://circuitglobe.com/&ved=2ahUK
EwiU8s7ouaHeAhXIeX0KHd-qBWQQFjAAegQIBRAD&usg=AOvVaw3V5T55x1uX9o-Dwvv7hzKc

3.https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.elcom-
hu.com/Electrical/Power%2520Systems/power%2520system%2520analysis%2520-
%2520hadi%2520saadat-
%2520ElCoM.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj6yLzPrKHeAhVD6bwKHTmzBGoQFjACegQICBAB&
usg=AOvVaw33TsjUfAJyeq2TR3tTWTq6&cshid=1540462153024

4.https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://electrical-engineering-
portal.com/&ved=2ahUKEwiehqjduaHeAhWPaCsKHQD1AkYQFjAAegQIABAB&usg=AOvVaw1FfzgpEA
Wd2906YcwqnkqT

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