Understanding Basic Fire Alarm Systems Page 1 of 3

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Understanding Basic Fire Alarm Systems

Dec 1, 2006 12:00 PM, By David Herres, Master Electrician
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Increased revenue opportunities await contractors willing to put in the time and effort necessary to acquire fire alarm
expertise

Even if you're not ready to take the plunge into fire alarm system design and installation just yet, you should still know the
fundamentals in order to perform emergency work. This includes knowing how to disarm the control panel of a deranged
system and troubleshoot the heads, pull stations, horns, and zone wiring so that the equipment goes back online, restoring
fire protection for the building. Because these ailments can be frequent with older and newly commissioned systems alike, it's
important for electrical contractors to understand the basics of fire alarm systems.

The modern fire alarm system is capable of detecting smoke and

heat from a small flame, water flow in a sprinkler system or an
activated pull station, and reporting this information to on-site
personnel via dedicated phone line to any location in the world.
Although a seemingly straightforward device from an installation
standpoint, fire alarm work can be quite complex, especially when
you consider the enormous moral and legal responsibilities involved.
There have also been some recent updates to the technology over
the last few years worth noting.

Recent advances. The latest major development in the fire alarm

A medium-sized control panel with touchpad for alarm
and trouble silence and system reset is shown above.
Referring to the installation manual, you can use the
touchpad to program the system s many options.
to the building.
system arena has been the introduction of the addressable head.
Before these updates, in the event of an alarm, the alphanumeric
display at the control panel indicated which zone was affected —
something like “Fire Alarm — Zone 6, East Wing Third Floor.” With
an addressable head system; however, the exact location is
pinpointed. Moreover, the addressable head system has enhanced
diagnostic capabilities. This is a great advantage because when a
system goes down, time is of the essence in restoring fire protection

To upgrade to addressable heads, it's not usually necessary to do a complete system replacement. Typically, installers must
put in new heads, pull some extra wire, and insert new printed circuit cards into the existing control panel. Each new head
possesses an address, which conveys its exact location. You may be asking yourself if this means a spare head has to be
kept in inventory for each location. No, each initiating device has on its back a set of DIP switches by means of which you
enter a binary number that comprises the address prior to installation. If replacement is necessary, use a small screwdriver to
set the DIP switches on the new device.

The option to upgrade with addressable heads or to completely replace a legacy system has to be carefully considered by
building owners with the input of in-house electricians and outside consultants. For a large set of buildings, the expense to
upgrade can be formidable.

For example, besides addressable and non-addressable heads, there are high- and low-impedance initiating devices, 2- and
4-wire circuitry, and various operating protocols. These are reflected in the different states a control panel can be in as
reported by the alphanumeric display. A system may also be power limited, or, less commonly, non-power limited.

In addition to familiarizing yourself with the most recent technology trends as outlined above, it's also important for electrical
contractors to realize how sensitive these devices are to certain design, installation, and operational issues — all of which can

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Understanding Basic Fire Alarm Systems Page 2 of 3

result in lost revenue, unplanned downtime, and unhappy customers. Here's a good example. Say an expensive commercial
building is all but finished; however, the fire alarm doesn't pass inspection, meaning the facility cannot legally be used. As a
few rattled electricians work feverishly to get the bugs out of the system, the owners lose thousands of dollars every day.
Another potentially problematic scenario might involve slightly creased conductors coming out of a conduit connector at the
detector head base. Although this situation would pose no problem in ordinary power or telephone circuits, it could throw one
of these systems into false alarm.

Realizing that these types of unforeseen circumstances can throw a wrench into even the best conceived plans, it makes
sense for contractors to review fundamental design, installation, and operational considerations for fire alarm systems to keep
their skills sharp.

Design considerations. Typically, a fire alarm system is made up of the following components:

z Initiating devices, capable of placing the system in the alarm state. These can be photoelectric smoke and heat detectors,
ionization smoke detectors, heat detectors, in-duct smoke detectors, manually operated pull stations and sprinkler
waterflow sensors.

z Indicating appliances, whose purpose is to announce builidng occupants or at a remote location when the system enters
the alarm state, such as horns, strobe lights, chimes, bells, or combination units. They are also available in weatherproof
and hazardous location versions.

z A control panel, containing programming and operating electronics and user interface, is fed by standard branch-circuit
wiring and contains replaceable circuit cards — one for each zone. This includes an alphanumeric display, showing the
state of the system and providing troubleshooting information, and a touchpad so that onsite personnel can silence an
alarm or trouble signal, reset the system following an event, and reprogram if necessary (Photo on page C10).

z Sealed batteries similar to emergency light batteries, but listed for fire alarm systems. These are usually 6V batteries wired
in series to make up 24VDC for a power-limited system. The batteries can be contained in the control panel or in a
separate enclosure. When AC power fails, the batteries take over with no interruption in fire protection. Of course, there is
also a charger.

z Auxiliary devices, including remote annunciators with LEDs showing the state of the system, an alarm silence switch, and
visual LED indication of the zone from which a fire alarm is initiated. Electromagnetic door holders (floor- or wall-mounted)
are available. In case of alarm, the magnet is de-energized, allowing the door to swing shut. Later, it is reopened manually.

Initiating devices are connected to the control panel by a 2- or 4-wire initiating device circuit. In the case of a power-limited
system, 24VDC is applied to two wires going to a string of initiating devices, which are wired in parallel. Neither wire is
grounded, and they are isolated from EMT or other raceways, which are grounded through the connector at the control panel.
Polarity is also critical. This voltage is used to power the solid-state circuitry within each detector. It's also used by the control
panel to monitor the state (alarm or no alarm) of the initiating devices and zone wiring.

A typical fire alarm system has numerous initiating devices divided among separate zones — each connected via an initiating
device circuit to a central control panel. The control panel performs supervisory functions over the initiating devices, indicating
appliances, all associated field wiring, telephone ties, and its own internal wiring and circuit cards.

Installation tips. During initial setup, all zone wiring, initiating device, and indicating appliance installation should be
completed before the telephone tie is hooked up, typically by means of a ribbon connector. This is so that the monitoring
agency won't receive false alarms.

The control panel should be located where it can be responded to as necessary either around the clock or during operating
hours. This can be at building security headquarters, adjacent to a telephone switchboard or in a maintenance office —
whichever location offers maximum coverage. It should also be positioned in a fairly central location because if the system
goes into alarm, a person needs to be able to race to the location and verify fire status before the alarm is silenced.

Operational issues. A fire alarm system operates in one of three (or more) states: normal, alarm, and trouble. The state is
reported at all times on the alphanumeric display. If the system goes into alarm, the indicating appliances throughout the
building go off. These could be very loud horns for some occupancies, or softer chimes in others, such as a nursing home.

The control panel monitors the initiating device circuits at all times for shorts and open wiring by means of the applied DC
voltage. The initiating devices are normally open. In the event of a fire they become conductive at close to zero ohms. How,
then, is it possible for the control panel to differentiate between a non-alarm state and an open wiring fault? This is
accomplished by means of an end-of-line resistor.

A 4.7 kilohm (typically) resistor is placed across the line after the final device. When this resistance is seen by the control
panel, normal status is maintained. If the resistance increases, it means that an open has developed, and the panel goes into
the trouble state. A buzzer sounds to alert maintenance personnel but the much louder horns throughout the building do not
go off. The alphanumeric display will read something like “Open Circuit in Zone Three.” The trouble alert can be silenced by
pressing a touchpad location under the trouble alert LED.

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Understanding Basic Fire Alarm Systems Page 3 of 3

The control panel also monitors the functionality of its own wiring and zone cards, and trouble is reported in the display.

A low-level voltage is applied to the indicating appliance circuits when the system is normal. This voltage is not sufficient to
set off the horns, but it is monitored as part of the control panel's supervisory function. If current ceases to flow, the trouble
alert buzzer sounds, and the display indicates the presence of an open circuit.

Several troubleshooting techniques are appropriate when the system enters the trouble state. Initially, you can unhook a zone
in the control panel (after disabling the system) and place an end-of-line resistor across the output terminals. This will
simulate a zone in place and the actual field wiring (including devices) can be worked on while the rest of the system is
operational. Another approach is to break the zone at the middle of the run and insert an end-of-line resistor. Using the “half-
splitting” troubleshooting method, as discussed in “Maintenance Facts” on page 16 of the November issue, you can easily
pinpoint a fault — either short or open.

Another capability of the fire alarm system is to call out in case of alarm. Two dedicated phone lines are connected, and the
system performs test calls periodically in accordance with programmed instructions. If either phone line won't connect, the
system goes into the trouble state, so repairs can be made.

The essence of a fire alarm system, as opposed to individual smoke detectors, even if they are wired to indicate in concert, is
that it is supervised from a central location. The whole notion of supervision is critical. It does not mean that a person sits at
the console and watches it at all times. What it means is that a supervisory voltage is applied to all circuitry, and current flow
is monitored electronically to verify that equipment and wiring are intact.

If the system goes into alarm and won't silence due to touchpad malfunction, for example, it can be disarmed after the zone is
checked for fire by cutting off the power. First, unhook one side of the battery array, then unhook the black-white-green
incoming power connector. If a fire alarm system is disabled, maintenance and security personnel should initiate fire patrols
throughout the building. The telephone monitoring agency should be informed, and the insurance company contacted to verify
that coverage is not voided.

Herres is a New Hampshire licensed master electrician in Stewartstown, N.H.

Sidebar: Regulatory Mandates At a Glance

The following regulatory documents apply to the fire alarm system as opposed to individual smoke alarms of the residential
type, even when they are AC powered and used for group operation.

NFPA 101 Life Safety Code — Denotes which occupancies are required to have fire alarm systems.

NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code — Lays out overall system design parameters, such as location and spacing of heads
and pull stations, testing and maintenance procedures, minimum performance requirements and operational protocols.

NFPA 70 National Electric Code — Article 760 covers the equipment and wiring of the fire alarm system, both power to the
control console and zone wiring to initiating devices and to annunciators, as well as any phone lines for automatic calling.
Also included are other fire alarm functions, such as guard's tour, sprinkler waterflow, sprinkler supervisory equipment,
elevator capture and shutdown, door release, smoke doors and damper control, fire doors and fan shutdown — only where
these functions are actually controlled by the fire alarm system. Article 725, Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 Remote Control,
Signaling and Power-Limited Circuits, covers wiring emanating from the control panel. Where these circuits are power-limited,
alternative requirements take effect for minimum wire sizes, derating factors, overcurrent protection, insulation requirements,
and wiring methods and materials.

Underwriters Laboratory or other inspecting agencies — List all components such as control panel, smoke detecting
heads, horns, pull stations, and any other equipment.

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