COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: BINARY SYSTEMS

Lesson 1: How Computer Store Numbers ------------------------------------------------1

Lesson 2: Number Base Conversion ------------------------------------------------------3

Decimal Number to Binary --------------------------------------------------20

Binary to Decimal Number --------------------------------------------------22

Decimal Fraction to Binary --------------------------------------------------23

Binary Fraction to Decimal --------------------------------------------------24

Decimal to Octal ---------------------------------------------------------------25

Octal to Decimal ---------------------------------------------------------------26

Octal to Binary vs Binary to Octal -----------------------------------------27

Octal to Hexadecimal ---------------------------------------------------------27

Decimal to Hexadecimal -----------------------------------------------------28

Hexadecimal to Decimal Number ------------------------------------------29

Hexadecimal to Binary vs. Binary to Hexadecimal --------------------30

Two’s Complement Conversion --------------------------------------------36

Lesson 2: Arithmetic Operation of Binary Numbers -------------------------------------37

Binary Addition -----------------------------------------------------------------37

Binary Subtraction -------------------------------------------------------------38

Binary Multiplication -----------------------------------------------------------40

Binary Division ------------------------------------------------------------------41

Lesson 3: Signed-magnitude Represenation ---------------------------------------------42

What is Signed-magnitude Representation -----------------------------42

Addition and Subtraction of Binary Numbers using sign bit ---------43

 Carry out and Overflow Detection -----------------------------------------43

Lesson 4: Arithmetic of Octal Numbers ----------------------------------------------------45

Addition and Subtraction of Octal Numbers ----------------------------45

Alternative method of solving Octal Addition and Subtration -------46

Subtraction of Octal Numbers ----------------------------------------------48

Multiplication and Division of Octal Numbers ---------------------------49

Lesson 5: Arithmetic of Hexadecimal Numbers ------------------------------------------50

Hexadecimal Addition and Subtraction Table --------------------------50

Hexadecimal Multiplication and Division Table ------------------------52

Chapter 3 Quiz -----------------------------------------------------------------54

Solution Paper ------------------------------------------------------------------55

CHAPTER 4: Boolean Algebra

Lesson 1: Boolean Operations and Expressions ----------------------------------------56

Boolean Addition ---------------------------------------------------------------56

Boolean Multiplication --------------------------------------------------------57

Lesson 2: Law and Rules of Boolean Algebra -------------------------------------------57

Laws of Boolean Algebra ----------------------------------------------------57

Commutative Law ----------------------------------------------------57

Associative Law -------------------------------------------------------58

Distributive Law -------------------------------------------------------59

Rules of Boolean Algebra ---------------------------------------------------60

Lesson 3: Demorgan’s Theorems -----------------------------------------------------------65

Lesson 4: Logic Gates --------------------------------------------------------------------------68

Logic Gates----------------------------------------------------------------------68

Boolean Analysis of Logic Gates ------------------------------------------71

 Constructing a Truth Table for a Logic Circuits ------------------------72

Simplification using Boolean Algebra -------------------------------------73

Lesson 5: Sample Problem -------------------------------------------------------------------74

Chapter Quiz --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------76

Solution Paper ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77

CHAPTER 5: Logic Gates

Lesson 1: Introduction to Logic Gates ------------------------------------------------------79

Digital Logic Gate --------------------------------------------------------------79

Classification of Integrated Circuits ---------------------------------------80

Digital Logic State -------------------------------------------------------------80

Lesson 2: Logic AND Gate --------------------------------------------------------------------82

Lesson 3: Logic OR Gate ----------------------------------------------------------------------86

Lesson 4: Logic NOT Gate --------------------------------------------------------------------90

Lesson 5: Logic NAND Gate ------------------------------------------------------------------93

Lesson 6: Logic NOR Gate --------------------------------------------------------------------98

Lesson 7: Logic Exclusive –OR Gate -----------------------------------------------------103

Lesson 8: Logic Exclusive-NOR Gate ----------------------------------------------------109

Chapter 5 Quiz ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------114

Solution Paper ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------116

CHAPTER 6: Simplification of Boolean Algebra using K-Map

Lesson 1: Introduction to K-Map -----------------------------------------------------------117

Lesson 2: Logic Simplification with K-Map ----------------------------------------------125

How to generate gray code ------------------------------------------------126

Lesson 3: Larger 4-variable K-maps ------------------------------------------------------131

Lesson 4: Minterm vs Maxterm Solution -------------------------------------------------136

 Lesson 5: Sum and Product Notation -----------------------------------------------------149

Lesson 6: Larger 5 & 6 variable K-map --------------------------------------------------151

Lesson 7: Quine Mcluskey Tabulation ---------------------------------------------------158

Lesson 8: Don’t Care Cell in K-map -------------------------------------------------------163

Chapter 6 Quiz ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------167

Solution Paper ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------168

CHAPTER 7: Combinational Logic Circuits

Lesson 1: Introduction to Combinational Logic -----------------------------------------169

Lesson 2: Binary Adders ---------------------------------------------------------------------173

Binary Addition Circuits -----------------------------------------------------173

Half Adder ----------------------------------------------------------------------174

Full Adder ----------------------------------------------------------------------175

Parallel Binary Adders ------------------------------------------------------176

Lesson 3: Binary Subtracters ---------------------------------------------------------------178

Half Subtractors --------------------------------------------------------------178

Full Subtractor ----------------------------------------------------------------179

Parallel Binary Subtractors ------------------------------------------------180

Parallel Adder / Subtractor ------------------------------------------------182

Lesson 4: BCD to Excess-3 Code Conversion -----------------------------------------183

Excess-3 Code Addition ----------------------------------------------------184

Excess-3 Code Subtraction -----------------------------------------------185

Chapter 7 Quiz ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------187

Solution paper ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------188

CHAPTER 8: Combinational Logic Circuits with MSI and LSI

Lesson 1: Introduction to Combinational Logic -----------------------------------------189

 Binary Parallel Adders ------------------------------------------------------189

Binary Coded Decimal Adders --------------------------------------------191

Lesson 2: Digital & Magnitude Comparator ---------------------------------------------192

Lesson 3: Encoder and Decoders ---------------------------------------------------------201

Lesson 4: BCD to 7-Segment Display Decoder ----------------------------------------214

Lesson 5: The Multiplexer -------------------------------------------------------------------223

Lesson 6: The Demultiplexer ----------------------------------------------------------------231

Chapter 8 Quiz ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------235

Solution Paper ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------238

CHAPTER 9: Synchronous Sequential Logic

Lesson 1: Introduction to Sequential Logic ----------------------------------------------239

Combinational circuits vs Sequential circuits -------------------------239

Importance of clock signal in sequential circuits ---------------------240

Classification of sequential circuits --------------------------------------241

Synchronous sequential circuits -----------------------------------------242

Lesson 2: Introduction to Lathes ----------------------------------------------------------245

Lesson 3: Introduction to Flip flops --------------------------------------------------------256

Flip flops ------------------------------------------------------------------------256

Latches vs Flip flops ---------------------------------------------------------257

Types of Flip flops -----------------------------------------------------------258

Where we use Flip flops ---------------------------------------------------266

Lesson 4 Flip flops Applications ------------------------------------------------------------266

Application of Flip flops -----------------------------------------------------266

Counters -----------------------------------------------------------------------267

Registers -----------------------------------------------------------------------271
 Lesson 5: Flip flop Conversion -------------------------------------------------------------273

SR Flip-flop to JK Flip flop -------------------------------------------------275

SR Flip-flop to D Flip-flop --------------------------------------------------276

SR Flip-flop to T Flip-flop --------------------------------------------------278

JK Flip-flop to SR Flip-flop ------------------------------------------------279

JK Flip-flop to D Flip-flop --------------------------------------------------281

JK Flip-flop to T Flip-flop --------------------------------------------------283

D Flip-flop to SR Flip-flop -------------------------------------------------285

D Flip-flop to JK Flip-flop --------------------------------------------------286

D Flip-flop to T Flip-flop ----------------------------------------------------288

Chapter 9 Quiz ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------290

Solution Paper ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------292

CHAPTER 10: Designing Flip Flops

Desining JK Flip flop --------------------------------------------------------------------------293

Lesson 2: Designing T Flip flop -------------------------------------------------------------300

Lesson 3: Designing D Flip flop ------------------------------------------------------------307

Lesson 4: Designing SR Flip flop ----------------------------------------------------------316

Lesson 5: Designing SR Flip flop ----------------------------------------------------------325

Chapter 10 Quiz --------------------------------------------------------------------------------340

Solution Paper ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------342