POINT OF VIEW

Dynamic response of reinforced concrete flexural

members subjected to blast loading
Jayarajan P.

Blast loads have been a design concern for structural
engineers for many years. Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE)
in petroleum refineries & petrochemical facilities, a bomb
explosion within or immediately nearby a building results
in extreme loading conditions and finally catastrophic
damage on the building structure. Although such
events may be relatively rare, when they do occur the
consequences can be extremely severe involving personal
casuality , financial loss and potentially impacting public
safety. The analysis and design of structures subjected
to blast loads requires a detailed understanding of
blast phenomena and the dynamic response of various
structural elements. In Blast resistant design, it is common
practice to separate a structure into its major components
for purposes of simplified dynamic analyses, though this
do not consider dynamic interaction effects between the
structural components. The paper explains the procedure
to obtain the dynamic response of reinforced concrete
flexural members subjected to blast loading. Finally a
solved example is presented for a better understanding
The explosion generates hot gases under very high
pressure and temperature. The hot gas expands forcing
out the volume it occupies. As a consequence, a layer of
compressed air (blast wave) forms in front of this gas
volume containing most of the energy released by the
explosion. Blast wave instantaneously increases to a value
of pressure above the ambient atmospheric pressure. This
is referred to as the side-on overpressure that decays as
the shock wave expands outward from the explosion
source. After a short time, the pressure behind the front
may drop below the ambient pressure (Figure 1). During
such a negative phase, a partial vacuum is created and
air is sucked in. This is also accompanied by high suction
Pressure

of the application of procedure.

Explosions and Blast Phenomenon

Shock velocity
An explosion is defined as a large-scale, rapid and sudden
release of energy. Explosions can be categorized on the
basis of their nature as physical, nuclear or chemical Distance from explosion

events. Explosive materials can be classified according to

their physical state as solids, liquids or gases. Figure 1. Blast wave propagation

The Indian Concrete Journal May 2015 69

 POINT OF VIEW
winds that carry the debris for long distances away from
the explosion source.
Blast Loading
The threat for a conventional bomb is defined by two
equally important elements, the bomb size, or charge
weight W, and the standoff distance R between the blast
source and the target (Figure 2).
In the case of petroleum refineries & petrochemical
facilities , the design blast loads are usually supplied by
the facility owner based on site specific study conducted
by owner’s process safety specialist. The blast loads varies
widely depending on the processes used in the facility.
The observed characteristics of air blast waves are
found to be affected by the physical properties of the
explosion source. Figure 2 shows a typical blast pressure
profile. At the arrival time tA, following the explosion,
pressure at that position suddenly increases to a peak
value of overpressure, Pso , over the ambient pressure,
Po. The pressure then decays to ambient level at time td,
then decays further to an under pressure Pso- (creating a
partial vacuum) before eventually returning to ambient
conditions at time td+td-. The negative phase is of a longer
duration and a lower intensity than the positive phase.
The quantity Pso is usually referred to as the peak side-on
overpressure, incident peak overpressure or merely peak
overpressure [1] (TM 5-1300, 1990).
The incident peak over pressures Pso are amplified by a
reflection factor as the shock wave encounters a structure
in its path. Explosions extremely close to a structure
impose a highly impulsive, high intensity pressure load
over a localized region of the structure; while those farther
away produce a lower-intensity, longer-duration uniform
pressure distribution over the entire structure.
A number of documents are available for computation
of blast pressures such as (a) SG-22 [2] (b) Design of
structures to resist nuclear weapon effects (ASCE Manual
42)(c)TM 5-1300 (d) Design of blast resistant buildings in
petrochemical facilities - ASCE Publication [3] (e) OISD-
STD-163 [4] and (f) IS: 4991-1968 [5]
For conventional high explosions, the peak over pressures
depends upon charge weight W as an equivalent mass of
TNT and the standoff distance R between the blast source
and the structure. Some representative values of peak
reflected overpressures with different W-R combinations
is given in Table 1.
In the case of oil refineries and petrochemical facilities, the
design blast pressures are usually supplied by the facility
owner based on site specific study conducted by owner’s
process safety specialist which varies widely depending
on the processes. The document SG-22 specifies that
the structures spaced 30 meters from a vapor cloud
explosion(VCE) hazard shall be designed for at least two
blast over pressures as follows :
• High pressure, short duration, triangular shock
loading : Side-on overpressure of 69 KPa with a
duration of 20 milliseconds.

Over-pressure

Table 1. Peak reflected over pressures(MPa)

W
100 kg 500 kg 1000 kg 2000 kg
Over-pressure R TNT TNT TNT TNT
(side-on)
Reflected 1m 165.8 354.5 464.5 602.9
pressure 2.5m 34.2 89.4 130.8 188.4
5m 6.65 24.8 39.5 60.19
10m 0.85 4.25 8.15 14.7
wave
Blast
15m 0.27 1.25 2.53 5.01
Stand-off distance
20m 0.14 0.54 1.06 2.13
25m 0.09 0.29 0.55 1.08
Figure 2. Blast loads on a building 30m 0.06 0.19 0.33 0.63

70 The Indian Concrete Journal May 2015

POINT OF VIEW
• Low pressure, long duration, triangular loading :
Side-on overpressure of 21 KPa with a duration
of 100 milliseconds.
Structural Response to Blast Loading
Complexity in analyzing the dynamic response of blast-
loaded structures involves the effect of high strain
rates, the non-linear inelastic material behavior, the
uncertainties of blast load calculations and the time-
dependent deformations. Therefore, to simplify the
analysis, a number of assumptions related to the response
of structures and the loads have been proposed and
widely accepted.
It is common practice to separate a structure into its major
components with each component being represented by
an equivalent elasto-plastic single degree of freedom
(SDOF) system for purposes of simplified dynamic
analyses. This uncoupled member by member approach
do not consider dynamic interaction effects between
major structural components. A series of separate SDOF
dynamic analyses are performed for each of the primary
structural components using the reaction time history of
the supported member as loading input to the supporting
member [3].
Computation of Dynamic Response
The various steps in the computation of dynamic response
for individual members are
Step1: load determination
Step2: Determination of member properties
Step3: Model representation
Step4: Trial member selection
Step5: Dynamic analysis
Step6: Deformation criteria check
A brief description of various steps are furnished below.
Step-1: Load determination
For computation of blast loads , the blast pressure –
time history shown in Figure 3 is normally idealized to
triangular shape and the negative phase is neglected.
Although the actual blast load on an exposed element
will vary over its tributary area, for design the maximum
dynamic load (Fo) is typically taken as the product of
this area and either the maximum pressure or a spatially
averaged value.
If a rectangular structure is exposed to an explosion, it
will be exposed to pressures on all its surfaces. Typical
variations of blast load on different components are
shown in Figure 4 [3].
Step-2 : Determination of member properties
The required dynamic properties usually include unit
weight, modulus of elasticity and elastic yield strength.
TM 5-1300 indicates that Grade 60 reinforcing bars have
sufficient ductility for dynamic loading . Further a concrete
of minimum compressive strength 27.6 Mpa shall be used
to reduce the probability of shear failures [3,1].
In practice , the average yield strength of steel materials
being installed is approximately 25 % greater than the
specified min. values. A strength increase factor(SIF) is
used to account for this condition. TM 5-1300 suggests
using a 1.1 SIF for Grade 60 reinforcing. An SIF of 1.0 is
considered for concrete.
P(t)
Pso
Positive specific
impulse
Negative specific
tA+td impulse
tA
Po
t
Pso
Positive Negative
duration t d duration t d
Figure 3. Blast wave pressure - Time history
The Indian Concrete Journal May 2015 71
 POINT OF VIEW
In practice Concrete and steel experience an increase in
Initial wave strength under rapidly applied loads. To incorporate the
front
Side surface
effect of material strength increase with strain rate , a
dynamic increase factor (DIF ) is applied to static strength
Front surface

Bank surface

values. Table 2 provides the DIF values for reinforcing

Assumed planar wave front bars, concrete & masonry for various stress types.
Side surface

Structure
The dynamic strength for concrete and reinforcing steel
Ground level are calculated as

(a)
fdc = (SIF)(DIF)fc

P fdy = (SIF)(DIF)fy
Equivalent loading
where fc and fy are the characteristic strength of concrete
and yield strength of reinforcing steel respectively.

Step-3: Model representation

The engineer must develop mathematical models for
individual structural members. Individual members are
t
(b) usually idealized as simple one way beams or two way
plates since these types of members can be adequately
analyzed as equivalent SDOF systems with minimal
P
engineering effort. One way members are the most
common. Boundary conditions need to be assessed based
on the type of connections to be used for the member
supports.

Step-4: Trial member selection

Unlike most static design procedures, dynamic design
t requires a trial and error approach. For dynamic analysis,
the required resistance functions for the member are
determined from a trial section. The dynamic analysis
P

Table 2. Dynamic increase factors (DIF)

(As per ASCE publication)[3]
Material and property Failure mode DIF

Flexure 1.19
Concrete compressive strength Compression 1.12
Direct Shear 1.10

t
(d) Flexure 1.19
Masonry compressive strength Compression 1.12
Direct Shear 1.10
Figure 4. (a) Building subjected to blast wave (b) Front wall Flexure 1.17
loading (c) Roof and side wall loading (d) Rear wall Loading Deformed reinforcement steel Compression 1.10
yield strength Direct Shear 1.10
Bond 1.17

72 The Indian Concrete Journal May 2015

POINT OF VIEW
results indicate the adequacy of the trial section and the
experience on the part of designer will help in reducing
the number of iterations.
The simplified resistance function of a fixed/fixed or
fixed/pinned element is trilinear as shown in Figure 5.
Deflection consistent with the elastic stiffness k1 occurs
until initial plastic hinge formation at the yield capacity
Ry, then the elastic-plastic stiffness k2 governs up to the
ultimate capacity Rn. Although it is possible to analyze
the element using this resistance function, a common
simplification that sacrifices little accuracy is to use an
equivalent bi-linear stiffness calibrated to provide the
same area under the curve and thus the same energy
dissipation.
Step-5: Dynamic analysis
The purpose of this step is to compute member
deformations and reactions. The analysis method shall
provide the necessary balance between sufficient accuracy
and calculation simplicity.
The basic analytical model used in most blast design
applications is the elasto-plastic single degree of freedom
(SDOF) system (Figure 6). It is common practice to separate
a structure into its major components for purposes of
simplified dynamic analyses though this do not consider
dynamic interaction effects between the components. A
series of separate SDOF dynamic analyses are performed
for each of the primary structural components using the
reaction time history of the supported member as loading
input to the supporting member .
This member by member approach is illustrated in
Figure 7 for a box type reinforced concrete shear wall
building subjected to blast [3]. Front walls facing the
blast are typically designed as a unit width one-way
Roof diaphragm
Pa(t)
Shear wall
H Pa(t)
Pr(t)
L
T B
AS Front wall
BL
(a) Typical box structure
B Vd (t) L
Vw (t)
P(t) H H
Vertical wall strip Roof diaphragm Shear wall
Figure 7. Forces acting on primary structural elements
The Indian Concrete Journal May 2015 73
 fdc = (SIF)(DIF)fc
fdc
dy = (SIF)(DIF)fcy
fdy = (SIF)(DIF)fy
fdc = (SIF)(DIF)f
Equivalent stiffness Ke = KL *K c
POINT OF VIEW fdy = (SIF)(DIF)f
Equivalent stiffness
mass Me K =e K=MK*ML *K
y
Equivalent mass Force M Fee == K
KLM*F *M
member spanning vertically. Reaction time histories Equivalent
WherefK =Equivalent
Force F
Resistance
load e =
or
dc L= (SIF)(DIF)fc
KRstiffness
*F
=
stiffness
Le *RKe = KL *K factor , given
KLtransformation
of a representative wall strip are used as loading input Equivalent
by Equivalent
Resistance
fdy = (SIF)(DIF)fy Rmass
e = K LM*R e = KM *M

∫ ( ) ( )Equivalent Force F e = KL *F
to the horizontal roof diaphragm which is supported
Equivalent Resistance
( () )( ) stiffness Ke = KL *K
∫Equivalent Re = KL *R
by side walls oriented parallel to the direction of blast.
The analysis proceeds from the front wall to the roof ( ) mass Me = KM *M
Equivalent
KM = Equivalent ∫ ( )Fe (= K
Force ) L *F
diaphragm to the side walls and finally to the foundation. K = mass transformation factor given by
KMM= Equivalent Resistance ( ) Re = KL *R
A consistent load-path is thus established.
∫ ( ) [ ( )]
∫ (K∫M
) [= (( ))]( )
Having developed the bi-linear resistance curve for
( )
the member , an equivalent SDOF model shall be In the above equations
∫ ( ) [ ( )] is the assumed shape
developed for the component in which the actual mass function representing
KM = KLMthe
Ma deflected shape
+ Ky = F(t) of the
; Where KLMactual
= KM / KL
(M), stiffness(K) and force (F) are to be converted into an KLM Ma + Ky
structure and the magnitude = F(t) functions
of these ; Where Kis = Kby
LMset M / KL

equivalent mass, stiffness and force based on the support the requirement
∫ that
( ) [ ((L/2)=1
)]
conditions, member loading and stress level(elastic/ KLM Ma + Ky = F(t) ; Where KLM =
MPa = 1 N/mm2 kN = 1000 N
plastic). The procedure for obtaining an equivalent SDOF The transformation factors for one-way members for
MPa = 1 N/mm2 kN = 1000 N
approximation for a structural component is based on its simply supported boundarysteel conditions are given below
Yield strength of reinforcing K2LM Ma + Ky = F(t) ; Where KLM = KM / fK
deformed shape under the applied loading and the strain in Table
Yield 3. MPa
strength
Characteristic Forofother
= 1 N/mmboundary
reinforcing
compressive steelconditions
strength of concrete reference
kN = 1000canNfc = 27.6 fM y
energy equivalence between the actual structure and the be made
Characteristicto Biggs-1964
compressive
Modulus of elasticity of concrete [6]. strength of concrete fc = 27.6 E M
SDOF approximation. Modulus of Yield strength
elasticity of reinforcing steel
of concrete
steel E
Modulus
Unit
Due weight
toMPa
the Characteristic
of =short
elasticity
of1 concrete
N/mm time of2in compressive
steel
which the strength
structures of concrete
reaches
kN = 1000 N its c = 23.6E
Equivalent mass, stiffness and loading are obtained Unit weight Modulus
of concrete of elasticity of concrete c = 23.6
maximum response , damping have little effect on peak
Strength Modulus
Increase
Yield strength Factorof reinforcing
elasticity
for concrete ofsteel
steel S
through the use of transformation factors [6] (Biggs-1964). displacements and of is conservatively ignored in blast
Strength Unit
Increase
Characteristic weight
Factor of
forconcrete
compressive concrete
reinforcing
strength steel
of concrete S
fc =
Transformation factors are used to obtain appropriate resistant design. Hence the dynamic equilibrium equation
Strength
Dynamic Increase
Increase
Modulus of Factor
Factor
elasticity for
forreinforcing
concrete
of concrete steel DIFc = 1.1 S
properties for the equivalent SDOF system as follows: for an equivalent
Dynamic Strength
Increase SDOF
Increase
Factor canconcrete
for be written
Factor for as
concrete DIF = 1.1
Modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcing steel c
y = 1.1
Dynamic
Strength Strength
Increase
Increase
Unit weight ofIncrease
Factor
Factor for
concrete Factor for reinforcing
for concrete
reinforcing in shear steel DIF
steel SIFvy == 1.0
1.1
c
Equivalent stiffness Ke = KL *K Strength
KLM Ma +Increase
Dynamic Dynamic
Increase
Ky = F(t) FactorIncrease
; Where
Factor for
for K Factor
concrete for
LM = KM /in
concrete concrete
in
Kshear
L
shear SIF = 1.0
DIFvv = 1.0
Dynamic StrengthDynamic
Increase Increase
Factor
Increase Factor
for concrete
Factor for reinforcing steel DIFv = 1.0
in shear
for concrete
Equivalent mass Me = KM *M Acceleration
M = mass,StrengthStrength
a =due Increase Increase
to gravity
acceleration, Factor for
K = stiffness,
Factor concretesteel in shear
y = displacement,
for reinforcing g
Acceleration
Response Dynamic
limitdue to Increase
gravity Factor for concrete in shear g
F(t) = Dynamic
applied blast Increase
load Factor for concrete
as a function of time . DI
Response limit Increase Factor for reinforcing steel
Dynamic DI
Equivalent Force Fe = KL *F
Wall widthStrengthAcceleration
considered
Increasefor due tofor
analysis
Factor gravity
concrete in shear SIFb
Afterwidth
Wall obtaining
thickness Responsean equivalent
considered limit
for SDOF model, the response
analysis bt
Dynamic Increase Factor for concrete in shear DI
Equivalent Resistance Re = KL *R of the
Wall
Span same shall be obtained. If the structural designer is
thickness tL
Span Wall width
Bar diaAcceleration considered
due to gravity for analysis L
Bar
Cleardiacover
ResponseWalllimit
thickness c
Clear cover Span one side)-value to be checked later
Steel provided(on Ast = 400c
Table 3. Transformation factors for one way members (As per Biggs) Steel[6]provided(on
Bar diaone side)-value to be checked later Ast = 400
Wall width considered for analysis
Loading Strain Load factor LumpedBlast load Uniform
Wall Clear
parameters
thickness cover (Computation
Bending Springof pressure & loads
Dynamic not show
diagram range KL mass factor
Blast load mass Steel
parameters resistance
provided(on
(Computation oneconstant
side)-value
of pressure reaction
to be
& checked
loads not later
show
Span
KM (1) factor KM (Rb) (K) (V)
Bar dia
Peak load Blast load parameters (Computation of pressure & load
P
Elastic 0.64 ----- Clear
0.50cover 8Mpc/L 384EI/5L3 0.39R+0.11F
Peak load
Duration time P
t
Plastic 0.50 ----- Steel
0.33provided(on
8Mpc/Lone side)-value
0 to be checked
0.38R u+0.12F later As
Duration time td
Peak load
Elastic 1.00 1.00 Blast
0.49load parameters
4Mpc/L (Computation
48EI/L3 of0.78R-0.28F
pressure & loads no
Plastic 1.00 1.00 0.33
Duration4Mtime
pc/L 0 0.75Ru-0.25F
1
1
Elastic 0.87 0.76 Peak
0.52load 6Mpc/L 56.4EI/L3 0.525R-0.025F
Plastic 1.00 1.00 Duration
0.56 time6Mpc/L 0 0.52Ru-0.02F
1
Note (1) : Equal portions of the concentrated mass are lumped at each concentrated load
(2) : Mpc is the ultimate moment capacity at midspan

74 The Indian Concrete Journal May 2015

POINT OF VIEW
interested only in maximum displacement, the response
charts already available for different load-time functions
can be used. One such chart for triangular load is shown
in Figure 8 for reference. For other load-time functions
reference can be made to Biggs-1964[6]. analysis on the basis of maximum member deformations.
On the other hand if the engineer requires complete
response of the system, it would be better to use various
available numerical analysis techniques to perform the
time history analysis. Newmark’s numerical integration
procedure (constant/linear acceleration) is most
commonly used to obtain the time history response for
nonlinear SDOF systems. To obtain an accurate and
numerically stable solution, time increment of 1/10
of either load duration or natural period of member
whichever is smaller is selected.
The author has developed a computer program
in MATHCAD using Newmark’s method (Linear
acceleration)to perform the time history analysis of blast
loaded members with bi-linear resistance curve [7]. The
explanations of various symbols are available at Chopra,
A.K [8]
Step-6: Deformation criteria check
In the case of blast loaded members, as the stresses reach
or exceed yield stresses, the adequacy of assumed
member section shall be verified after the dynamic
Different documents use various acceptance criteria such
as ductility ratio and hinge rotations. Ductility ratio is
defined as the maximum displacement of the member
divided by the displacement at the elastic limit and is
commonly designated by the symbol . It is a measure
of the degree of inelastic response experienced by the
member. Hinge rotation is another measure of member
response which relates maximum deflection to span and
indicates the degree of instability present in critical areas
of the member. It is designated by symbol θ.
The deformation criteria depends on the assumed level of
protection ( Low, Medium or High) used in the design. For
example the ASCE publication [3] uses support rotation
limits 2,4 & 8 degrees for slab members corresponding to
low, medium and high levels of protection.
Computer Programs for blast and
shock effects
Computational programs for blast prediction and
structural response can be categorized into uncoupled
and coupled analyses. The uncoupled analysis calculates
blast loads as if the structure (and its components) were
rigid and then applying these loads to a responding
model of the structure. For a coupled analysis, the blast
simulation module is linked with the structural response
module and thus model for blast-load prediction is solved
simultaneously with model for structural response. By
accounting for the motion of the structure while the
blast calculation proceeds, the pressures that arise due to
motion and failure of the structure can be predicted more
accurately. Examples of this type of computer codes are
AUTODYN, DYNA3D, LSDYNA and ABAQUS.
Concluding remarks
The paper makes an attempt to detail the procedure &
concepts to obtain the dynamic response of blast loaded
reinforced concrete flexural members. Though this
approach is widely used in industries and engineering
companies, the design engineer should be aware of the
inherent limitations of the method such as it does not
consider the dynamic interaction between connected
The Indian Concrete Journal May 2015 75
 POINT OF VIEW
members. In cases where such interactions are critical,
the use of finite element software shall be resorted to.
Further the accuracy of the SDOF approach depends on
the mass modeling , use of proper resistance function and
computation of member stiffness based on stress levels.
References
1. TM 5-1300, The Design of Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental
Explosions, Technical Manual, US Department of the Army, Navy,
and Air Force, Washington DC, 1990.
2. Siting and Construction of New Control Houses for Chemical Manufacturing
Plants, Safety Guide SG-22, Manufacturing Chemists Association,
Washington, D.C ,1971.
3. Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facililities, American
Society of Civil Engineers (1997), ASCE Task Committee on Blast
Resistant Design, Virginia, USA.
4. Safety of Control Room for Hydrocarbon Industry , OISD-STD-
163(Revision-1), Oil Industry Safety Directorate, Government of India,
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, New Delhi ,2004.
5. Criteria for blast resistant design of structures for explosions above ground,
IS:4991-1968(First Reprint April 1980), Indian Standards Institution,
New Delhi.
6. Biggs, J.M., Introduction to Structural Dynamics, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1964.
7. http://www.edasolutions.com/old/MathCad/MathCadFiles
8. Chopra,A.K., Dynamics of structures - Theory and applications to
earthquake engineering, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1998.
9. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and
Commentary, American Concrete Institute, USA.

Jayarajan P. holds a B.Tech (Civil) degree from Regional Engineering College, Calicut; M.Tech in
geotechnical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mumbai. He is a Professor in the
Department of Civil Engineering, M-Dasan Institute of Technology (M-DIT), Calicut, Kerala. His fields
of interest include earthquake engineering, design of special industrial steel and concrete structures, blast
resistant design, analysis of foundations for critical vibrating machinery, soil structure interaction and
engineering education.

Appendix

Example Modulus of elasticity of concrete Ec = 24856 MPa

A reinforced concrete shear wall box structure shown
below in Figure A1 is subjected to a blast load. Compute
the dynamic response of the front wall.
Solution :
The problem is solved in MATHCAD. The program is
split in two parts. One part computes the parameters of
equivalent SDOF for the component. These parameters
are used as input to second part which calculates the
dynamic response of the system including displacement,
velocity, acceleration, resistance and dynamic reaction.
ACI-318 provisions are used for member resistance
function calculations [9]
Part-1 : Computation of equivalent SDOF
system parameters
MPa = 1 N/mm2 kN = 1000 N
Yield strength of reinforcing steel fy = 414 MPa
Characteristic compressive strength of concrete fc = 27.6
MPa
Modulus of elasticity of steel Es = 199948 MPa
Unit weight of concrete γc = 23.6 kN/m3
Strength Increase Factor for concrete SIFc = 1.0
Strength Increase Factor for reinforcing steel SIFy = 1.1
Dynamic Increase Factor for concrete DIFc = 1.19
Dynamic Increase Factor for reinforcing steel DIFy = 1.17
Strength Increase Factor for concrete in shear SIFv = 1.0
Dynamic Increase Factor for concrete in shear DIFv = 1.0
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.807 m/s2
Response limit θlim = 2 degrees
As the length to height ratios of the walls are higher than
2.0, they will be analyzed as one-way beams pined at
the top slab & floor slab level (proper detailing shall be
considered to ensure this assumption). Vertical steel will
be provided on both faces
Wall width considered for analysis b = 0.305 m
Wall thickness t = 254 mm
Span L = 3.66 m

76 The Indian Concrete Journal May 2015

 fdc = (SIF)(DIF)fc
fdy = (SIF)(DIF)fy

Equivalent stiffness Ke = KL *K
POINT OF VIEW Equivalent mass Me = KM *M
Equivalent Force Fe = KL *F
Equivalent Resistance Re = KL *R
Computation of bending resistance
For dynamic bending ∫ , the( design
) ( ) stresses for concrete
and steel are given by
( )

fdc = (SIFc)(DIFc) fKc

M= fdc = 32.844 MPa
fdy = (SIFy)(DIFy) fy fdy = 532.818 MPa
Effective depth ∫d= t-cc-
( ) [ (/2)] d = 208 mm
Computation ofPercentage of steel
bending resistance ρ = Ast/(bd) = 6.305*10-3
For dynamic bending , the design stresses for concrete and steel are given by
-3
Min. steel (ACI-318) ρmin = 1.40/fdy = 2.628*10 (Hence
fdc = (SIFc)(DIFcComputation
) fc of bending resistance fdc = 32.844 K LM Ma + Ky = F(t) ; Where K
MPa
ok.)
fdy = (SIFy)(DIFyFor
) fy dynamic bending , thefdydesign stresses
= 532.818 MPafor concrete and steel a
Depth of nuetral axis (ACI-318) a = Ast*fdy/(0.85fdc*b) =
Effective depth d= t-cc- /2 d = 208 mm
Computation of bending resistance f25.03 mm
dc = (SIFc)(DIFc) fc fdc = 32.844 MPa
Percentage of steel = Ast/(bd) = 6.305*10 -3
For dynamic bending , the design stresses fMoment for=concrete
(SIF of
)(DIFand ) steel =are
resistance
MPa
f 1 given by
(plastic)
N/mm 2M = A f *f
= *(d-a/2)
kN
532.818 =MPa= N
1000
dy y y y p dyst dy
Effective
41.663
Min. steel (ACI-318) kNm depth d= t-cc-
min = 1.40/fdy = 2.628*10 (Hence /2
-3 d = 208
ok.)mm
fdc = (SIFc)(DIFc) fc fdc = 32.844 MPa
Percentage of steel Yield strength of reinforcing = Asteel
/(bd) = 6.305*10 -3
Depth of nuetralBending
axis (ACI-318)
resistance a =RA b =st*f
8Mdy/(0.85f dc*b) =kN
p/L = 91.067
25.03 mm st
fdy = (SIFy)(DIFy) fy fdy = 532.818 MPa Characteristic compressive strength
Moment of resistance (plastic) Mp = Ast*fdy*(d-a/2) = 41.663 kNm of concrete
Effective depth d=Min.t-cc- steel/2(ACI-318)
d = Modulus
208 mm of elasticity of concrete
Bending resistance R b = 8Mp/L = 91.067 min =kN 1.40/fdy = 2.628*10
Percentage of steel Computation
= Ast/(bd) of shear-3resistance
= 6.305*10
Depth of nuetral Modulus
axis (ACI-318) of elasticity
a = Astof*fdysteel
/(0.85fdc*b) = 25.03 mm
For
Computation ofMomentshear dynamic shear
of resistance
resistance Unit, weight
the design
(plastic) Mstresses
p = Ast*ffor
of concrete concrete
dy*(d-a/2) is
= 41.663 kNm
Min. steel (ACI-318) min = 1.40/f
given
Bending bydesigndy = 2.628*10 (Hence ok.)
resistance
-3
Rb =by 8Mp/L = 91.067 kN
For dynamic shear , the stresses for concrete is given
fdc = (SIF)(DIF)fc Depth of nuetral axis (ACI-318) a = Ast*fdy/(0.85fdc*b) = 25.03 mm Increase Factor for concrete
fv = (SIFv)(DIFv)fvfc= (SIFv)(DIFv) fStrength c
fv = 27.6 MPa fv = 27.6 MPa
fdy = (SIF)(DIF)fy Moment of resistance (plastic) Mp = Ast*fComputationdy*(d-a/2) = 41.663 kNm
Shear capacity (ACI-318) VIncrease
Shear capacity (ACI-318) of Strength
shear resistance=0.17* Factor
nn=0.17*√ *b*dfor reinforcing
= 56.659 kN steel
Bending resistance RFor
b = 8M p/L = 91.067
dynamic shear , kN
Dynamic
the design Increase Factor
stresses forfor concrete
concrete is given by
Equivalent stiffness Ke = KL *K f = (SIF )(DIF ) f Dynamic Increase Factor f for
= reinforcing
27.6 MPa steel th
The critical sectionv forv shear
The critical
v is
section
c at a distance “d” from
for shear is at a distance
v support,
“d” from therefore
Equivalent mass Me = KM *M Computation of shear resistance Strength Increase FactorVfor concrete*b*d in shear
resistance is Shear capacity (ACI-318) n=0.17*√ = 56.659
Equivalent Force Fe = KL *F For dynamic shear , the design stresses forsupport, concretetherefore
is givenDynamicthe shear
by resistance is for concrete in shear
Rs = Vn*L/(0.5*L-d) RIncrease
s = 127.849Factor
kN
Equivalent Resistance Re = KL *R fv = (SIFv)(DIFv) fc fvR=s =27.6n*L/(0.5*L-d)
MPa
The V critical section for shear is at a distance Rs = 127.849 “d” kN from suppo
Shear capacity (ACI-318) Vresistance
n=0.17*√ is *b*d =Acceleration
56.659 kN due to gravity
∫ ( ) ( ) Computation ofR s = Vn*L/(0.5*L-d)
Computation
SDOF equivalentof Response
SDOF
system limit
equivalent system Rs = 127.849 kN
( ) The critical section for shear is at a distance “d” from support, therefore the shear
Ultimate resistanceUltimate resistance Ru = 91.067 Ru = 91.067 kN (bending
kN (bending controls)controls)
resistance is Wall width
Gross moment of inertia of section Ig =considered for
bt3/12 = 4.165*10 analysis
4 cm4
of section Ig = bt /12 = 4.165*104
3
KM = Rs = Vn*L/(0.5*L-d) RGross moment
s = 127.849 kNofofSDOF inertia
Wall thickness
Modular ratio Computation equivalent
n = Es/Ecsystem= 8.044
cm4
Ultimate resistance Span Ru = 91.067 kN (bending
∫Bar (dia
) [ (= )]
16 mm Nuetral axis depth Modular
Gross formomentratio nof
cracked =Bar
sectionEs/E c =
diais
inertia of8.044
section
given by Ig = bt3/12 = 4.165*104 cm
Computation of SDOF equivalent system √ Modular ratio Clear cover n = Es/Ec = 8.044
Clear cover cc = 38 mm ( )
ac =56.352 mm
Ultimate resistance Ru = 91.067 kN (bending Steel controls)
provided(on oneisside)-value
Steel provided(on one side)-value to be Neutral axis depth for cracked section given by to be checked
Gross moment ofchecked
inertia oflater Ast
section
Cracked momentIgNuetral
= of
bt3inertia
/12axis= 4.165*10
of section
depth forcm
4 4
cracked section is given by( )
2
= 400 mm Modular ratio n =4 Es/Ec = 8.044 Blast load parameters (Computation of pressure
KLM Ma + Ky = F(t) ; Where KLM = KMI/crK=L 9.219*10 cm 3 √ ( )
ac =56.352 mm
Nuetral axis depth
Blast load parameters (Computation for cracked
of pressure & section is given
loads Cracked by moment of inertia of section
Average moment of inertia Ia = (Ig+Icr)/2 = 2.543*104 cm4 (
not shown here) √ ( ) Cracked moment of inertia
Peak load of section
Effectiveac =56.352 Icrmm
stiffness = 9.219*10 cm 3 4
K = 384EcIa/(5L3) = 9.903*103 kN
MPa = 1 N/mm2 kN = 1000 N Yield deflection Duration time
ye = Ru/K = 0.92 cm
Cracked moment of inertia of section ( )
Average moment of inertia Ia = (IkN.sec
g+Icr)/2 = 2
P
Beam mass M=btL c/g = 0.682 2/m
0

Yield strength of reinforcing steelI cr = 9.219*10 cm

3 4
IMPa =
fy = 414Effective 9.219*10 3
cm
stiffness
4
K = 384E c I a/(5L 3
cr
Characteristic compressive strength of concrete fTransformation
c = 27.6 MPa Yield deflection
factors for elastic and plastic conditions ye = R u /K = 0.92 cm
Average moment of inertia Ia = (Ig+Icr)/2 = 2.543*104 cm4 1
Modulus of elasticity of concrete KLe = 0.64 Ec = 24856Beam
KLpMPa
Average =mass
0.50moment Kof =30.50 Ia = (Ig+I
Meinertia )/2 K
= = M=btL
0.33
2.543*10
Mp
4
cm4 c/g = 0.6
Modulus of elasticity of steel Effective stiffness K = 384E I
c a /(5L ) = 9.903*10 3 kN/m
cr
KLMe = KEMe s=/K199948= 0.781MPa K
Le Effective LMp = KMp
stiffness K/K Lp = 0.66
= 384E 3 3
Yield deflection y = R /K = 0.92 cm cIa/(5L ) = 9.903*10 kN/m
t
Transformation factors for elastic and plastic conditions
d
e u
Unit weight of concrete c = 23.6 of
Because kN/m
the expected
3 response an average value of K LM will be used .
Beam mass Yield deflection
M=btL c/g y == 0.682
Ru/KkN.sec= 0.92 2cm
/m= 0.50
KLM = (KLMe + KKLMp Le =)/20.64
= 0.721 KLpe = 0.50 KMe KMp = 0.3
StrengthPeak load Factor
P0 = 44forkNconcrete KBeam=mass KMe/K =M=btLγ 0.781 K c/g = 0.682 kN.sec2/m
Increase SIFc = 1.0 LMe Le LMp = KMp/KLp = 0.66
Transformation
steel factors for Equivalent
elastic and plastic
Becauseconditions
of
StrengthDuration
Increasetime
Factor
td =for reinforcing
0.05 sec SIFymass
= 1.1 Mthe
e=K expected
LM.M = 0.492 response
kN.secan2average
/m value of KLM will be
K
Dynamic Increase Factor for concrete Le = 0.64 K Lp = 0.50 K
DIFc = 1.19 Me = 0.50 KLM = (KLMe + KKLMp = 0.33
Mp )/2 = 0.721
KLMe = KMesteel
/KLe = 0.781 KLMp Period of/Kvibration = 0.044.sec
DIF= KMp Lp = 0.66 √
Dynamic Increase Factor for reinforcing y = 1.17
Because of the expected response
Time an average value
Equivalent of K will
to be used mass ta = tnThe
LM be used
M ==. K4.427*10
.M = 0.492 sec. kN.sec 2/m 77
v =increment /10eIndian
Strength Increase Factor for concrete in shear SIF 1.0 Concrete
LM -3Journal May 2015
KLM = (KLMe + KLMp)/2 = 0.721
 Computation of bending resistance
POINT
For OF VIEW
dynamic bending , the design stresses for concrete and steel are given by

fdc Table
= (SIFA1.
c)(DIF c) f c
Numerical fdc = 32.844 MPa
integration solution
fdy =time
(SIFy)(DIF
Force y) fy y v a fresistance
dy = 532.818 MPa
reaction
(sec) depth
Effective (kN) (m) (m/sec) (m/sec2) d= (kN)
t-cc- /2(kN) d = 208 mm
0
Percentage 44
of steel 0 0 89.43 =A 0 st/(bd)5.06
= 6.305*10-3
0.002 42.24 0.0001741 0.1718 82.35 1.725 5.522
0.004 40.48 0.0006733 0.3229 68.72 6.668 7.222
Min.0.006
steel 38.72
(ACI-318) 0.001444 0.4412 49.64 min = 1.40/f9.957
14.3 dy = 2.628*10 (Hence ok.)
-3
0.008 36.96 0.00241 0.5175 26.61 23.87 13.44
Depth 0.01of nuetral
35.2 axis (ACI-318)
0.003481 0.5455 a = Ast*fdy/(0.85f
1.469 34.48 dc*b) = 25.03 mm
17.32
Moment
0.012 of33.44
resistance
0.004559(plastic)
0.5232 M-23.79
p = Ast*fdy *(d-a/2) 21.23
45.14 = 41.663 kNm
0.014 resistance
Bending 31.68 0.005542 0.4523 -47.16 R 54.88 24.77
b = 8Mp/L = 91.067 kN
0.016 29.92 0.006339 0.3383 -66.78 62.78 27.61
0.018 28.16 0.006873 0.1905 -81.1 68.06 29.44
0.02
Computation 26.4 of shear
0.007086 0.02039 -88.97
resistance 70.17 30.05
0.022 24.64 0.006948 -0.1584 -89.78 68.81 29.33
For 0.024
dynamic shear
22.88 , the design
0.006456 -0.3316stresses
-83.45 for concrete
63.94 is27.25
given by
fv = 0.026
(SIFv)(DIF
21.12v) f0.005635
c -0.4855 -70.49 fv =55.827.6 MPa 23.91
0.028 19.36 0.004535 -0.608 -51.94 44.91 19.52
Shear capacity
0.03 17.6 (ACI-318)
0.003231 -0.6892 -29.25 Vn=0.17*√
31.99 *b*d
14.34 = 56.659 kN
0.032 15.84 -0.00181 0.7227 -4.245 17.93 8.724
0.034 14.08 0.0003735 -0.7058 21.1 3.699 3.043
The 0.036
critical section
-12.32 for shear
0.0009801 -0.6399 is at
44.77a distance
-9.706 “d” -2.32
from support, therefore the shear
resistance is
0.038 -10.56 0.002157 -0.5303 64.88 -21.36 -7.01
0.04 -8.8 0.003078 -0.3856 79.84
Rs =0.042
Vn*L/(0.5*L-d)
-7.04 0.003684 -0.2173 88.45
Rs -30.48
= 127.849-10.72
-36.48
kN
-13.23
0.044 -5.28 0.00394-0 0.03879 90.04 -39.02 -14.42
0.046 -3.52 0.003841 0.1357 84.47 -38.04 -14.24
0.048 -1.76 0.003409 0.2924 72.2 -33.76 -12.8
Computation
0.05 0 of SDOF equivalent
0.002692 0.4188 system
54.18 -26.66 -10.26
Ultimate
0.052 resistance
0 0.001759 0.5084 35.4 Ru-17.42
= 91.067 kN (bending controls)
-6.705
0.054 0 0.0006855 0.5576 13.8 -6.788 -2.613
Gross moment
0.056 0 of inertia of0.5624
0.0004421 section-8.899 Ig =4.378bt /12 =1.686
3 4.165*104 cm4
Modular
0.058 ratio0 0.001535 0.5227 -30.89 n =15.2 Es/Ec = 8.044
5.851
0.06 0 0.002505 0.4414 -50.42 24.81 9.551
0.062 0 0.003277 0.325 -65.95 32.45 12.49
Nuetral
0.064 axis0depth for cracked
0.003788 0.1828section
-76.24is given
37.51by 14.44
0.066 0√ 0.003998
( 0.02607
) -80.47 39.59 15.24
0.068 0 0.003891 -0.1327 ac-78.31=56.352 mm 38.53 14.83
0.07 0 0.003474 -0.281 -69.93 34.41 13.25
Cracked moment of inertia of section ( )
Icr = 9.219*103 cm4

Average moment of inertia Ia = (Ig+Icr)/2 = 2.543*104 cm4

Effective stiffness factors for elastic and plastic conditions
Transformation K = 384EcIa/(5L3) = 9.903*103 kN/m
Yield
KLe deflection
= 0.64 KLp = 0.50 KMe = 0.50 KMp =ye0.33
= Ru/K = 0.92 cm
Beam mass M=btL c/g = 0.682Part-2
kN.sec2:/m
Computation of dynamic response
KLMe = KMe/KLe = 0.781 KLMp = KMp/KLp = 0.66
of equivalent SDOF system
Transformation factors for elastic and plastic conditions
KLeBecause
= 0.64 of theKexpected response
KMean average value of KK Dynamic response of the SDOF system is evaluated using
Lp = 0.50 = 0.50 Mp = 0.33
LM
will
KLMe =KbeMeused
/KLe. = 0.781 KLMp = KMp/KLp = 0.66 the Newmark’s linear acceleration method implemented
K
Because
LM = (K
of LMe + K )/2
the expected
LMp = 0.721 in MATHCAD
response an average value of KLM will be used . and the results are presented below. The
KLM = (KLMe + KLMp)/2 = 0.721 response quantities are given in Table A1. The displacement
Equivalent mass 2
Me = KLM.M = 0.492 kN.sec /m response of the system is shown in Figure A2(a) and the
Equivalent mass Me = KLM.M = 0.492 kN.sec2/m variation of Dynamic reaction and applied load with time
Period
Period of of vibration
vibration √ = 0.044.sec
= 0.044.sec is shown in Figure A2(b).
Time increment to be used ta = tn/10 = 4.427*10-3 sec.
Time increment to be used ∆ta = tn/10 = 4.427*10-3 sec. The positive peak deflection is ym= 7.10 mm at t=0.02 sec.
However considering the fact that the wall is supported (refer Table A1)
to much stiffer elements use a much smaller value of time The support rotation is given by tan θd=(ym/0.5L)
increment =(7.10/0.5* 3660)
2 θd= 0.22 degrees < 2 degrees . Hence the trial section is
Use ∆t = 0.002.sec O.K

78 The Indian Concrete Journal May 2015