Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Weeds reduce rice yield by competing for space, nutrients, light and water, and by serving as hosts for pests and diseases. Under farmers’
conditions, weed control is not generally done properly or timely, resulting in severe yield reduction. In Asia, losses run up to 11.8 percent of
potential production. Effective weed control requires knowledge of the names, distribution, ecology, and biology of weeds in the rice-growing
regions. One or another form of weed control has been used during the last 10,000 years (De Datta, 1981), but no single weed-control measure
gives continuous and best weed control in all the situations. Various weed control methods including complementary practices, hand weeding,
mechanical weeding, chemical weeding, biological control, and integrated approaches are available (De Datta, 1981). As mentioned earlier,
these methods need to be fine-tuned for specific regions, ecosystems, cropping systems, and economic groups.
6. Fimbristylis miliacea; Common name: Lesser fimbristylis, grasslike fimbristylis, and hoorahgrass
Morphology. Annual or perennial, without hairs, strongly tillering, with fibrous roots and up to 80−90 cm high.
Stem: slender, erect, densely tufted, compressed, and smooth; strongly angled at the top and flattened at the base; 20−70 cm tall.
Leaf: stiff and thread-like; on flowerless stems: in 2 rows and with flattened sheaths; no prominent midribs; on flowering stems: only linear leaf
sheaths; basal leaves have overlapping leaf sheaths; ligule absent.
Inflorescence: 6−10 cm long, compound umbel with 6−50 spikelets; spikelets reddish brown, 2−4 mm long and either round or acute at apex.
Fruit: straw-colored or pale ivory nut, 0.2−0.3 mm long.
Biology and ecology. Propagates by seeds; flowers year-round and produces 10,000 seeds per plant; seeds can germinate immediately after
reaching maturity. In rice fields, seedlings appear soon after rice is sown; flowers in about one month and capable of producing a second
generation in the same season. Germinates where flood water is shallow or absent and seedlings may emerge throughout the entire growing
period of rice.
Agricultural importance. It is a serious and widespread weed of rice.
An alternate host of diseases Rhizoctonia solani, Thanatephorus cucumeris, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae, insects Creatonotus
gangis Linnaeus, Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg), and Mythimna separata (Walker), and nematodes Hirschmanniella sp. and Meloidogyne spp.
Management
Cultural control: hand cultivation.
Chemical control: postemergence application of MCPA and 2,4-D reported to be effective in rice.
7. Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.; Common name: Wrinkle duck beak, saromacca grass
Morphology. An erect or ascending annual or perennial; up to 100 cm tall.
Stem: often purplish, usually has hairs at nodes, cylindrical.
Leaf: blades 10−30 cm long, glabrous or with scattered hairs on both surfaces; compressed sheaths rather loose and green or purplish, with
hairs on margins; ligule membranous and fused with auricles.
Inflorescence: paired terminal spikes that are often strongly pressed against one another, thus appearing like a single spike. At maturity, it
separates into two spike-like racemes. Spikelets paired, one is sessile, the other pedicelled; sessile spikelet yellowish green, up to 6 mm long,
first glume prominently transversely wrinkled; awns spiral at base, dark colored.
Biology and ecology. Propagates by seeds. Seeds do not germinate while submerged though, after emergence, they can grow easily under
flooded conditions.
Ischaemum rugosum is found in wet conditions, especially in direct-seeded rice fields.
Agricultural importance. Ischaemum rugosum is a serious weed in lowland direct-seeded rice, where it emerges later than many weeds in the
crop and is favored by shallow flooding.
Also an alternate host of Chaetocnema basalis (Baly), Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar), Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas), Leptocorisa acuta
(Thunberg), Nisia carolinensis Fennah, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason), Pseudococcus saccharicola Takahashi, Sesamia inferens (Walker), and
Tetraneura nigriabdominalis (Sasaki), and diseases caused by tungro virus. It is also a host of the nematode Meloidogyne sp. Ischaemum
rugosum is used as feed for animals. It also provides suitable material for mulch and compost.
Management
Cultural control: hand weeding or hoeing.
Chemical control: Butachlor, thiobencarb, pendimethalin, or mixtures of thiobencarb or butachlor and propanil, cyhalofop, and fenoxaprop can
give effective control. Molinate is not effective in controlling I. rugosum.
ref: http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/weed-management/the-dirty-dozen-of-weeds