For thousands of years, ancient Egyptians already had a thorough understanding of

painkillers and laid the foundation for modern-day medical means of pain relief.
Both the Edwin Smith Papyrus and the Ebers Papyrus make note of the fact that
ancient Egyptians already had knowledge of the narcotics in natural herbs like the
water lily and lotus, cannabis, the poppy and the mandrake. They used these natural
remedies to control pain long before Europeans figured out the natural powers of
such herbs.
Sir Grafton Elliot Smith in the early years of the 20th century revealed fractures
of some 5,000 years ago that had healed property thanks to the Egyptians� medical
expertise. The skeletons of ancient Egyptians revealed that they already discovered
how to splint bones so they would heal properly after being broken. Even modern
medical journals have noted this major contribution by the Egyptians. Thousands of
years ago, Egyptians were already creating splints out of bark and cushioning them
with linen.
It turns out that Alexander Fleming�s discovery of using a certain type of mold as
an antibiotic wasn�t as original as many initially believed. Thousands of years
before he discovered penicillin, ancient Egyptian papyri suggest priest-doctors
were using moldy bread as an antibiotic, according to Mark Nelson, an editor of
Tetracyclines in Biology, Chemistry and Medicine.
Researchers at Ludwig-Maximilian University noted that ancient Egyptians weren�t
just pioneers when it came to natural treatments, they also had a thorough
understanding of surgical processes including amputations and giving people
prosthetic limbs. In one case, the researchers noted that the ancient Egyptians
successfully amputated a man�s toe and created a wooden prosthetic one to improve
the man�s balance.
Many scholars have noted the incredible advances the Egyptians made in dentistry.
As one report by the BBC explained, ancient papyri revealed that medical experts of
the time not only knew how to successfully extract teeth, but they were able to
successfully drain dental abscesses on a regular basis. Modern academic journals
suggest that dental surgeons of the time used hollow reeds and natural anesthetic
to drain dental abscesses.
According to Pomegranates: Ancient Roots to Modern Medicine, Ancient Egyptian
papyri listed pomegranate as a way to cure �snakes of the digestive system.� These
�snakes� were what modern physicians would refer to as worms. Modern medical
studies also revealed that the ancient Egyptians were absolutely right to treat
worms with the fruit. Modern scientists confirmed that the high tannin content in
pomegranate can actually paralyze worms. Using the fruit to treat worms remained a
very common medical practice for quite some time.
Even today, many doctors will tell you that mint can be used to help ease gastric
pains. While some people are still just now realizing the benefits of mint, the
Ebers Papyrus reveals that ancient Egyptians had been utilizing the herb for
centuries as a way to treat gastric ailments.
It would be hard for anyone to walk down the personal-care aisle in the grocery
store and not see a bottle of lotion promoting that there is aloe in it. Modern
Americans often pay no mind to whether or not aloe is in their lotion, but perhaps
they should. Aloe is an incredibly healthy natural method to heal and soothe
conditions that ancient Egyptians used thousands of years ago, according to the
University of Manchester�s Dr. Jackie Campbell.
Today, researchers have discovered that celery seed is an effective anti-
inflammatory that can be used as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. According to a
report by Medical Daily, ancient Egyptian papyri made mention of celery and saffron
as a form of treatment for rheumatism.

The contribution of Egypt to the world civilization is noteworthy.

The method of writing, literature, art, architecture, religion, science of the
Egyptians had compelled the people of the world to raise their eyebrows.
At first, the Egyptians used pictures and then they used around 2000 pictographic
signs. In due course of time their number was reduced and limited to 700 only. At
last they invented 24 alphabets. They engraved those alphabets on stone. The
�Rosetta Stone� preserved in the British Museum in London is its classic example.
Later on the Egyptians used pen and paper
Paper, pen, ink and inkpot:

On the banks of Nile, a plant named �Papyrus� was plentily available. The leaves of
Papyrus tree were joined through gum and the long roll was prepared. By polish such
rolls were glazed. In a Papyrus roll of twenty to forty feet length and five to ten
inches breadth the Egyptian wrote their idea. The modem name �Paper�, perhaps, has
been derived from the term �Papyrus�.
They took juice of plants and prepared �ink� by mixing gum and water with it. In
several cases they also prepared ink by missing gum with black particles found from
kitchen house or lamps.
They sharpened the edge of the steam of a plant and prepared �reed pen�. By dipping
the pen inside the �ink pot� they wrote on Papyrus. At last, pieces of Papyrus were
rolled and preserved inside the earthen pots. Writing was indeed a noble invention
of the Egyptians.
Literature:

The ancient Egyptians had created immortal literature. They composed literature
concerning astrology, metallurgy, weaving and cooking. Besides, they also reflected
legends, adventures, thrilling experiences, religious thought etc. in their
literature. Among their prose writings, �The tale of two brothers�, �The tale of
Sinuhi�, �The legend of the doomed prince� and �The story of the ship-wrecked
Sailor� were very famous. Their religious literature contained books like �The
Pyramid Text�, �The Coffin Text�, �The Book of the dead�, �A dialogue between the
disgusted Man and his soul�, �The Maxims of Ptahotep� and �Hymn to Aton� (written
by Akhnaton).
Science: Calendar:

The ancient Egyptians were very good astronomers of their time. Looking at the
cloudless clear blue sky, they could predict about the solar and lunar eclipse,
flood in the river Nile, time of sowing seeds etc. They could also know about the
movement of Planets and Stars. They had prepared a �Calendar�.
They divided a year into 360 days and 12 months, each month consisting of 30 days.
Each day was divided into 24 hours or two parts and each part consisting of 12
hours. At the end of every year, they added 5 days more only to be spent in feast
and merrymaking. Julius Caesor had adopted this Calendar Pope Gregory XIII adopted
this calendar with a little modification. The Egyptian Calendar is the first
recorded event of human history.
Mathematics and Geometry:

The ancient Egyptians exhibited their talent in the field of �Mathematics� and
�Geometry�. They were very efficient in addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division. They had acquired knowledge in triangle, quadrangle, square, rectangle
etc. for measuring the land.
They utilised their mathematical and geometrical knowledge in building the
Pyramids. The oldest treatise on Mathematics �Ahmes Papyrus� has been found from
Egypt which speaks the high mathematical and geometrical knowledge of the ancient
Egyptians.
Medical Science:

The Egyptians acquired deep knowledge in medical science. From their old library
two books concerning medical science have been discovered. Edwin Smith has
translated these books. From that translation it is known that the Egyptians knew
about different diseases and also knew how to cure them.
They had idea regarding surgery. They could also preserve dead bodies by applying
chemicals. The physicians of Egypt also knew the use of castor oil. It will not be
wrong if the Egyptians are termed as the �Father of Medical science�.
Art and architecture: Pyramid:
The Egyptians have immortalised their name in the annals of history due to their
art and architecture. Pyramid is the classic example of it. The tomb of the
Egyptian Pharaoh is known as Pyramid. The people of Egypt believed that after
death, the soul returns back to the body. So they preserved the dead body of the
Pharaoh by applying chemicals in it. This preserved body of the Pharaoh was known a
�Mummy�. It was covered with cloth and kept inside a coffin
It has been rightly told regarding the Pyramid that �All the world fears time, but
time fears the Pyramids�.
Among the Pyramids of Egypt, the Pyramid built by Pharaoh Josher at Sakara is the
oldest. The famous and largest Pyramid of Khufu was built at Gizeh. This is
regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. This 481 feet Pyramid is built
over 13 acres of land. 2,300,000 pieces of stones were used in it.
The weight of each piece of stone is 2.5 tons. Nearly twenty years were spent for
building this Pyramid. In fact, Pyramid immortalises the Egyptians in the annals of
world history.
Temple:

Temples were another classic example of the Egyptian architecture. The Pharaohs
built temples to please gods and goddesses. The Karnak temple at Thebes is world
famous. This is the largest temple of Egypt. Its length is around two kilometres.
This temple rests on 12 pillars, each having 79 feet height.
The temple walls are filled up with the war scene and achievements of the Pharaohs
and its top, with hieroglyphic writings. This temple was meant for the worship of
Amon-Ra or Sun-god. The temples at Luxor and Abu Simbel were also very nice.
Sculpture:

The ancient Egyptians were skilled sculptors. Among their Sculptures, Sphinx was
very famous. This gigantic stone statue is a remarkable sculpture having the body
of a lion with human head. The Great Sphinx stands at the doorstep of the biggest
Pyramid at Gizeh. It represents the head of Pharaoh Khafare of Amenhotep III. Its
grave facial appearance and a ray of laughter make it unintelligible before the
viewers. Besides the Sphincs, the Egyptians built huge images. The great statues of
Amenhotep III at Luxor, Ramesis III, his queen and family deity Amon- Ra at Abu
Simbel are regarded as great statues of the world. Innumerable statues, animals,
birds, ivory, wood and terracotta testify to the fact that the ancient Egyptians
were skilled sculptors.
Religion:

Religion played a vital role in the life of the Egyptians. From the beginning they
believed in Polytheism They worshipped around 2200 gods and goddesses. They
attached divinity in creatures and worshipped them. Their crocodile god was famous
as �Sibek�. The cat god was called �Pashat� and jackle god was named as �Anubis�.
The Egyptians regarded �Ra� as the God of the universe. His son �Osiris� was famous
as the �Lord of Egypt� and also as Justice of the departed soul. His wife �Isis�
was the goddess of fertile soil. �Horas�, the son of Osiris was the god of poor and
destitute. There was an influential community of priests in Egypt to worship these
gods and goddesses.
Philosophy:

The ancient Egyptians had also attained celebrity in the field of Philosophy.
Ptahotep was the greatest philosopher of that time. He was the provincial ruler of
Memphis. In his famous book entitled �Instructions to Ptahotep� he had given many
advices for regulating the life. Much before Confucious, Socrates and Buddha
Ptahotep had discussed the philosophy of life.
Postal Service:

The people of ancient Egypt were aware about the postal system. The study of
Papyrus leads historians to believe that the people of that land were sending
message. In an ancient Papyrus it has been written� �Write me through the bearer of
the letter�. This conclusively proves that the Egyptians were well aware about the
postal service. It will not be wrong if the ancient Egyptians are described as �The
father of modern postal service�.
Historiography:

The Egyptians were the father of �Historiography�. The historians accompanied the
Pharaoes to the battle field and recorded their achievements. The �Rosetta stone�
is its classic example. By deciphering it the French palaeographer Champollion had
discerned many facts regarding the Egyptian civilisation. The history of different
royal dynasties is known due to this historiography. Thus, the ancient Egyptians
were trend setters of history writing.
Agriculture and Irrigation:

In the field of agriculture the Egyptians also excelled. They were skilled
agriculturists. They had invented plough and hoe. By a device called �Shadur they
could carry the water of Nile to the canals which helped in irrigation. The chief
crops grown by them were wheat, barley flax. They also produced fruits like orange,
date-palm, melon etc.
Navigation, Trade and Commerce:

The Egyptians first used boat in case of trade and commerce. Egypt became a centre
of trade in the entire Mediterranean region. In due course of time, they
established trade relation with Nubiya, Sudan Janjibar, Persia, Crate and Phonesia.
They exported ivory, gold, the feather of Ostrich and slaves.
They imported cattle, fish and wine from Asia; Precious red stones from Persia and
copper from Senai. By utilising navy for the first time, the Egyptians have
enriched the human civilisation.
Craftsmanship:

The Egyptians were also expert in craftsmanship. They knew the art of melting
together copper with tin to make bronze. They made brick, cement and plaster of
Paris. They also manufactured glazed pottery and coloured glass. They were also apt
in the carving of wood. From Papyrus plants they made ropes, mats and sandals. The
Egyptian workmen developed the art of enamelling and varnishing. Thus, their
skilled craftsmanship was widely recognised in the world.
System of Administration:

The Pharaoes of Egypt were administrations of superb calibre. They were very
powerful. They commanded respect from their subjects. In many cases divinity was
attached to the Pharaoes. They discharged efficient administration due to the help
of ministers, provincial administrators and royal officers. This efficient
administration was recognised all over the world.
Infact, the contribution of Egyptians to human civilisation was immense. Egypt, the
�land of Pyramid� allured the attention of millions due to its splendid art and
architecture. In the field of writing, religion, science, administration trade and
commerce etc. the ancient Egyptians had left their indelible marks on the sea shore
of time.