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A project submitted pursuant to the regulations in partial fulfillment for the award of:
© 2015
AUTHORS
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DATE: DATE:
This project has been submitted for examination as partial satisfaction of B.Sc. Mechanical &
Manufacturing Engineering with my approval as the student’s supervisor.
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DATE:
We are humbled and grateful to all the people who supported us in the successful completion of this
project.
We wish to pass our sincere gratitude to the Department of Mechanical Engineering under the
leadership of Dr. J.M Ogolla, the Workshop Staffs headed by Mr. Aduol for being of great assistance
to us.
In a special way we appreciate our project supervisor Mr. S. M. Kabugo for his guidance and support
throughout this project.
We would also wish to appreciate our colleagues and lectures that were not reluctant to give us both
constructive advice and criticism in the course of the project.
Concrete is a composite mixture of aggregate, water and cement. When mixed together in specific
ratios, they form a mass fluid which can be easily molded into different shapes for various functions.
After exposure to air, it forms a hard matrix like structure that resembles stone that is widely used for
infrastructure and construction. In order to attain the specific required strengths, concrete needs to be
free of entrapped air and voids. This is done by consolidation of concrete.
Consolidation is the process of removing entrapped air from freshly placed concrete. Several methods
and techniques are available, the choice depending mainly on the workability of the mixture, placing
conditions, and degree of air removal desired thus in the process inducing a closer arrangement of the
solid particles in freshly mixed concrete or mortar, some form of vibration is usually employed in
effort to achieve proper consolidation. Many of these products require the use of a vibration table in
order to remove air and water trapped within the concrete. Removal of these voids improves the
outside surface of the molded concrete, and also allows the use of a lower water to cement ratio,
allowing a much stronger finished product.
This project is tasked with the mandate of designing a concrete vibrating table that effectively ensures
consolidation of concrete to give a better finished product. These concrete can be used for producing
roof tiles and concrete paving bricks from the concrete molds. There are several existing vibrating
tables, however, our task was to design from scratch and possibly fabricate an improved vibrating
table from readily available local materials.
1.1INTRODUCTION
Concrete vibrating tables are used to reduce the porosity of concrete and enhancing its bond to the
reinforcement. Concrete quality is directly dependent on the consolidation of the concrete. A freshly
prepared batch of concrete is honeycombed, with entrapped air. If allowed to harden in this condition,
the concrete will be non-uniform, weak, porous, and poorly bonded to the reinforcement. It will also
have a poor appearance. The mixture must be consolidated if it is to have the properties normally
desired and expected of concrete.
Consolidation is the process of inducing a closer arrangement of the solid particles in freshly mixed
concrete or mortar during placement by the reduction of voids, usually by vibration, centrifugation,
rodding, tamping, or some combination of these actions; it is also applicable to similar manipulation of
other cementitious mixtures, soils, aggregates.
Drier and stiffer mixtures require greater effort to achieve proper consolidation. By using certain
chemical admixtures, consistencies requiring reduced consolidation effort can be achieved at lower
water content. As the water content of the concrete is reduced, concrete quality (strength, durability,
and other properties) improves, provided it is properly consolidated. Alternatively, the cement content
can be lowered, reducing the cost while maintaining the same quality. If adequate consolidation is not
provided for these drier or stiffer mixtures, the quality of the in place concrete drops off rapidly.
Equipment and methods are now available for fast and efficient consolidation of concrete over a wide
range of placing conditions. Concrete with relatively low water content can be readily molded into an
unlimited variety of shapes, making it a highly versatile and economical construction material. When
good consolidation practices are combined with good formwork, concrete surfaces have a highly
pleasing appearance.
The overall project is to design an adjustable vibration table with a rigid tabletop and suspension
9 system .This will be used locally to create employment for people constructing in relatively remote
areas. The table will be used in an important step in producing concrete paving bricks and roof tiles
from molds. Vibrating the concrete reduces the number of voids in the mixture, which in turn reduces
1.2 BACKGROUND
Our initial research consisted of finding existing vibration tables that might perform the task of this
consolidating concrete. From our research, several different categories of table design emerged. For
suspension, three different types were present. These categories are springs, rubber mounts and air
cushions. The springs were used in two different configurations, including hanging springs (in tension)
and vertically aligned compressed springs designs that used springs in tension generally allowed
vibrations in the horizontal plane, while the compressed springs allowed for vertical vibrations.
The ASTM standard for concrete vibration states that the tabletop vibrators must operate in the
vertical direction. This standard limits the spring suspension design to vertically compressed springs.
Solid rubber mounts in compression, were less widely used, as they did not allow as much movement
as the other two. However, they are generally the least expensive, and may be used if low amplitude
vibrations are desired. Rubber mounts can also be mounted in such a way as to only experience
shearing forces. The effective spring rate can be calculated from the dimensions of the rubber mount
and the shear modulus of the rubber.
This configuration is also good for low amplitudes of vibration, and when a moderate amount of
damping is required. Rubber mounts used in shear can be seen on the Syntron Vibratory Equipment
1 vibration table. In a few instances, rubber mounts were also used as a centering pivot point for inverted
0 pendulum based vibration tables. This configuration allowed for horizontal movement only and
1 keep the mixture constant between batches in order to have a uniform product. One method to control
1 consistency is the use of a slump cone and associated slump test. Concrete strength is determined
almost entirely by the components in the mixture. Vibration of the concrete is only used to improve
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The design problem in our context is improving the design of a concrete vibrating table such that we
acquire finished product of better quality while ensuring the machine is cost effective and more
durable than the existing vibrating table locally available.
The high speed of operations as well as the excessive vibration of the vibratory table tends to reduce
both efficiency and at the same time allowing excessive noise.
The goal of this project is to create a rigid vibration tabletop and suspension system with adjustable
amplitude. Our design will be used for increasing the lifespan of the molds, reducing the number of
voids in the concrete which consequently reduces the water to cement ratio. This improves the
aesthetics and therefore the life span of the finished product. This vibration allows for an overall better
finished product. The vibration table must have the characteristics stated in the design goals.
Design Goals
Must vibrate the whole tabletop, not just the center
Tabletop must not flex more than 0.4 mm under load
Compatible with wooden crates and molds ranging in size from 300 x 300 mm to 650 x 650
mm
Be able to work in a adverse environmental conditions , including concrete, moisture and dust
Durable; must last without major breakdown for 3-5 years
Must be easily built and repaired using locally available materials and components
(Lathe, drill press, arc welder, and various hand power tools)
Must run for 3-5 work days on one fully charged 12 volt battery
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Concrete Workability
Workability of freshly mixed concrete is that property that determines the ease and homogeneity with
which it can be mixed, placed, consolidated, and finished. Workability is a function of the rheological
properties of the concrete. Workability may be divided into three main aspects:
1. Stability (resistance to bleeding and segregation).
2. Ease of consolidation.
3. Consistency, affected by the viscosity and cohesion of the concrete and angle of internal friction.
Workability is affected by grading, particle shape, proportions of aggregate and cement, use of
chemical and mineral admixtures, air content, and water content of the mixture.
Consistency is the relative mobility or ability of freshly mixed concrete to flow. It also largely
determines the ease with which concrete can be consolidated. Once the materials and proportions are
selected, the primary control over work ability is through changes in the consistency brought aboutby
minor variations in the water content.
The slump test (ASTM C 143) is widely used to indicate consistency of mixtures used in normal
construction. The Vebe test is generally recommended for stiffer mixtures.
Workability requirements;
The concrete should be sufficiently workable so that consolidation equipment, properly used, will give
adequate consolidation.
A high degree of flowability may be undesirable because it may increase the cost of the mixture and
may reduce the quality of the hardened concrete. Where such a high degree of flowability is the result
of too much water in the mixture, the mixture will generally be unstable and will probably segregate
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Manual methods
Some consolidation is caused by gravity as the concrete is deposited in the form. This is particularly
true for well proportioned flowing mixtures where less additional consolidation effort is required.
Plastic or more flowable mixtures may be consolidated by rodding. Spading is sometimes used at
formed surfaces—a flat tool is repeatedly inserted and withdrawn adjacent to the form. Coarse
particles are shoved away from the form and movement of air voids and water pockets toward the top
surface is facilitated, thereby reducing the number and size of bug holes in the formed concrete
surface. Hand tamping may be used to consolidate stiff mixtures.
The concrete is placed in thin layers, and each layer is carefully rammed or tamped. This is an
effective consolidation method, but laborious and costly. The manual consolidation methods are
generally only used on smaller nonstructural concrete placement.
Under some conditions, a combination of two or more consolidation methods gives the best results.
Internal and external vibration can often be combined to advantage in precast work and occasionally in
cast-in-place concrete. One scheme uses form vibrators for routine consolidation and internal vibrators
for spot use at critical, heavily reinforced sections prone to voids or poor bond with the reinforcement.
Conversely, in sections where the primary consolidation is by internal vibrators, form vibration may
also be applied to achieve the desired surface appearance.
Vibration may be simultaneously applied to the form and top surface. This procedure is frequently
used in making precast units on vibrating tables. The mold is vibrated while a vibratory plate or screed
working on the top surface exerts additional vibratory impulses and pressure.
Vibration of the form is sometimes combined with static pressure applied to the top surface. Vibration
under pressure is particularly useful in concrete block production where the very stiff mixtures do not
react favorably to vibration alone. Centrifugation, vibration, and rolling may be combined in the
production of concrete pipe and other hollow sections.
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Vibratory motion
A concrete vibrator has a rapid oscillatory motion that is transmitted to the freshly placed concrete.
Oscillating motion is basically described in terms of frequency (number of oscillations or cycles per
unit of time) and amplitude (deviation from point of rest).
Rotary vibrators follow an orbital path caused by rotation of an unbalanced weight or eccentric inside
a vibrator casing.
The oscillation is essentially simple harmonic motion, Acceleration, a measure of intensity of
vibration, can be computed from the frequency and amplitude when they are known. It is usually
expressed by gravity which is the ratio of the vibration acceleration to the acceleration of gravity.
Acceleration is a useful parameter for external vibration, but not for internal vibration where the
amplitude in concrete cannot be measured readily.
For vibrators other than the rotary type, reciprocating vibrators for example, the principles of harmonic
motion do not apply. However, the basic concepts described here are still useful.
Process of consolidation
When low-slump concrete is deposited in the form, it is in a honeycombed condition, consisting of
mortar-coated coarse-aggregate particles and irregularly distributed pockets of entrapped air. It is seen
that the volume of entrapped air depends on the workability of the mixture, size and shape of the form,
amount of reinforcing steel and other items of congestion, and method of depositing the concrete.
It is generally in the range of 5 to 20 percent. The purpose of consolidation is to remove practically all
1 of the entrapped air because of its adverse effect on concrete properties and surface appearance.
7 Consolidation by vibration is best described as consisting of two stages—the first comprising
subsidence or slumping of the concrete, and the second a desecration (removal of entrapped
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Internal vibrators
Internal vibrators, often called spud or poker vibrators, have a vibrating casing or head. The head is
immersed in and acts directly against the concrete. In most cases, internal vibrators depend on the
cooling effect of the surrounding concrete to prevent overheating.
All internal vibrators presently in use are the rotary type
The vibratory impulses emanate at right angles to the head.
This type of vibrator is probably the most widely used. The eccentric is usually driven by an electric or
pneumatic motor, or by a portable internal combustion engine.
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For the electric motor-driven type, a flexible drive shaft leads from the electric motor into the vibrator
head where it turns the eccentric weight. The motor generally has universal, 120 (occasionally 240)
volt, single-phase, 60 Hz alternating- current characteristics. Fifty Hz AC current is used in some
countries. The frequency of this type of vibrator is quite high when operating in air—generally in the
range of 12,000 to 17,000 vibrations per min (200 to 283 Hz) (the higher values being for the smaller
head sizes). However, when operating in concrete, the frequency is usually reduced by about one-fifth.
Frequency is given in hertz in the For the engine-driven types, both gasoline and diesel, the engine
speed is usually about 3600 revolutions per min (60Hz). A V-belt drive or gear transmission is used to
step up this speed to an acceptable frequency level. Another type of unit uses a 2-cycle gasoline engine
operating at a no-load speed of 12,000 RPM so the need for a step-up transmission is eliminated as
shown in the figure below.
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This unit is portable and is usually carried on a back pack. Again a flexible shaft leads into the
vibrator head. While larger and more cumbersome than electric motor-driven vibrators, engine-driven
vibrators are attractive where commercial power is not readily available.
For most flexible-shaft vibrators, the frequency is the same as the speed of the shaft. However, the
roll-gear (conical-pendulum) type is able to achieve high vibrator frequency with modest electric
motor and flexible shaft speeds. The end of the pendulum strikes the inner housing in a star-shaped
pattern, giving the vibrator head a frequency higher than the shaft driving it. Motor speeds are usually
about 3600 revolutions per min with 60 Hz current (about 3000 revolutions per min with 50 Hz
current). A single induction or three-phase squirrel-cage motor is generally used. The low speed of the
flexible shaft is favorable from the standpoint of maintenance
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Electric motor-inhead vibrators have increased in popularity in recent years (see Fig. below).
Since the motor is in the vibrator head, there is no separate motor and flexible drive to handle. A
substantial electrical cable, which also acts as a handle, leads into the head. Electric motor-in-head
vibrators are generally at least 2 in. (50 mm) in diameter.
This type of vibrator is available in two designs. One uses a universal motor and the other a 180 Hz
(high-cycle) three phase motor. In the latter, the energy is usually supplied by a portable gasoline
engine-driven generator; however, commercial power passed through a frequency converter may be
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used. The design uses an induction-type motor that has little drop-off in speed when immersed in
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concrete. It can rotate a heavier eccentric weight and develops a greater centrifugal force than current
universal motor-in-head models of the same diameter. Vibrator motors operating on 150 or 200 Hz.
School of Engineering | www.uonbi.ac.ke © Emmanuel and Alex
Pneumatic vibrators—Pneumatic vibrators are operated by compressed air, the pneumatic motor
generally being inside the vibrator head. The vane type has been the most common, with both the
motor and the eccentric elements supported on bearings. Bearingless models, which generally require
less maintenance, are also available. A few flexible-shaft pneumatic models, with the air motor outside
the head, are also available.
Pneumatic vibrators are attractive where compressed air is the most readily available source of power.
The frequency is highly dependent on the air pressure, so the air pressure should always be maintained
at the proper level, usually that recommended by the manufacturer. In some cases, it is desirable to
vary the air pressure to obtain a different frequency.
Hydraulic vibrators—Hydraulic vibrators, using a hydraulic gear motor, are popular on paving
machines. Here the vibrator is connected to the paver’s hydraulic system by means of high-pressure
hoses. The frequency of vibration can be regulated by varying the rate of flow of hydraulic fluid
through the vibrator. The efficiency of the vibrator is dependent on the pressure and flow rate of the
hydraulic fluid. It is, therefore, important that the hydraulic system be checked frequently.
Form vibrators are external vibrators attached to the outside of the form or mold. They vibrate the
form, which in turn transmits the vibration to the concrete. Form vibrators are self-cooling and may be
of either the rotary or reciprocating type.
Concrete sections as thick as 24 in. (600 mm) and up to 30 in. (750 mm) deep have been effectively
vibrated by form vibrators in the precast concrete industry. For walls and deeper placements, it may be
necessary to supplement a form vibrator with internal vibration for sections thicker than 12 in. (300
mm).
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Rotary
Rotary form vibrators produce essentially simple harmonic motion. The impulses have components
both perpendicular to and in the plane of the form. This type may be pneumatically, hydraulically, or
electrically driven.
In the pneumatically and hydraulically driven models, centrifugal force is developed by a rotating
cylinder or revolving eccentric mass (similar to internal vibrators). These vibrators generally work at
frequencies of 6000 to 12,000 vibrations per min (100 to 200 Hz). The frequency may be varied by
adjusting the air pressure on the pneumatic models or the fluid pressure on the hydraulic models.
The electrically driven models have an eccentric mass attached to each end of the motor shaft.
Generally, these masses are adjustable. In most cases, induction motors are used and the frequency is
3600 vibrations per min (60 Hz AC, or 3000 vibrations per min for 50 Hz AC). Higher frequency
vibrators operating at 7200 or 10,800vibrations per min (120or 180 Hz) are also available (6000, 9000,
or 12,000 vibrations per min [100, 150, or 200 Hz] in Europe). These higher frequency vibrators
require a frequency converter. There are also electric form vibrators with frequencies of 6000 to 9000
vibrations per min (100 to 150 Hz) that are powered by single-phase universal motors.
The manufacturer’s catalog should include physical dimensions, mass, and eccentric moment. For
pneumatically driven models, frequency in air and approximate frequency under load should be given.
For electric models, the frequency at the rated electric load should be stated. The centrifugal force at
the given frequency values should be provided. In addition, the catalog should provide data needed for
proper hookup of the vibrators.
Reciprocating
In reciprocating vibrators, a piston is accelerated in one direction, stopped (by impacting against a
steel plate), and then accelerated in the opposite direction. This type is pneumatically driven,
A vibrating table normally consists of a steel or reinforced concrete table with external vibrators
rigidly mounted to the supporting frame. The table and frame are isolated from the base by steel
springs, neoprene isolation pads, or other means.
The table itself can be part of the mold. However, a separate mold usually rests on top of the table.
Vibration is transmitted from the table to the mold and thence to the concrete.
There is a difference of opinion as to the advisability of fastening mold to the table. Low frequency
(below 6000 vibrations per min [100 Hz]), high amplitude (over 0.005 in. [0.13 mm]) vibration is
normally preferred, at least for stiffer mixtures.
The effectiveness of table vibration is largely a function of the acceleration imparted to the concrete by
the table. Accelerations in the range of 3 to 10 g (30 to 100 m/sec2) are generally recommended, the
higher values being needed for the stiffer mixtures. In addition, the amplitude should not be less than
0.001 in. (0.025 mm) for plastic mixtures, or 0.002 in. (0.050 mm) for stiff mixtures.
Acceleration of the table is a function of the vibrational force as related to the mass of form and
concrete activated. The following empirical formulas have been useful in estimating the required
centrifugal force of the vibrators
1. Rigid vibrating table or vibrating beams, with form
placed loosely on the table: Centrifugal force = (2 to 4) [(mass
of table) + 0.2 (mass of form) + 0.2 (mass of concrete)].
2. Rigid vibrating table, with form attached to the table:
Centrifugal force = (2 to 4) [(mass of table) + (mass of form)
+ 0.2 (mass of concrete)].
3. Flexible vibrating table, continuous over several supports:
Centrifugal force = (0.5 to 1) [(mass of table + 0.2
2 (mass of concrete)].
5 The choice of vibrators and spacing should be based on the preceding formulas and previous
experience. Frequency and amplitude should be checked at several points on the table, with a
As our design team consists of two members, working together has shown, in many project tasks, to
have the highest efficiency and create the highest quality product. However there have been several
areas of the design process that dividing the work load has worked best if. These areas include the
CAD drawings, initial calculations for our respective design concepts, in-depth calculations for
subsystems of our selected design, and construction of the prototype. The schedule of our time
management plan and project flow path in an easy to read format which displays the order in which
the various tasks must be completed, which tasks are related to each other, important due dates, and
projected amount of time allocated for individual tasks.
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2 tabletop vibrator
7 (www.themouldstore.com)
The first of the designs was a rigid tabletop that had a cam directly attached to the motor shaft. This
design would have the benefit of keeping constant amplitude of vibration for any load size. After
refining our background research we found that the amplitudes of the tabletop should be between 0.3
and 0.4 mm. From this we determined that machining a cam for that range of amplitudes would be
extremely difficult and no longer a viable design solution with the given tools available. The next two
brainstorming ideas involved the tabletop sliding horizontally on glide bearings positioned on the top
of the frame. These designs have the advantage of taking the preload from the concrete off of the
springs. The first design consisted of one vertically aligned car spring in tension. A positive aspect of
this design was that the amplitude could be change easily. This spring would act in the transverse
direction, so a transverse spring constant equation, based on the physical dimensions of the spring,
could be seen from Castigliano’s Theorem.
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Helical spring
Pre-load adjustment
2 The horizontal design ideas showed to be viable design solutions. Further background research of
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conventional standards for tabletop concrete vibrators ruled out both of the designs, stating that
tabletop vibrations are required to act in the horizontal direction. From this analysis we acquired a
3.2 TABLETOP
Although angle iron reinforcements were not implemented into the final design choice for modified
design, the following section summarizes the analysis performed on the reinforced tabletop design that
is common between the three/ four corner suspension type design options. The tabletop for our design
has to be very rigid because the amplitudes of vibration are between 0.3 and 0.4 mm. Since the
amplitudes are so small, the flex of table due to the forces from the eccentricity coupled with the
weight of concrete and acceleration forces must be limited to less than 0.2 mm. This is to ensure that
the tabletop does not vibrate only the center of the table, as with the previous design. To accomplish
this required rigidity and to minimize cost, we decided to keep the existing tabletop thickness of 4 mm,
while adding angle steel structural supports in an optimized location.
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The second option uses the same eccentricity as the previous vibrating table but with slightly different
dimensions. This option is not adjustable but is fine tuned to work with the other chosen design
variables (tube height, shaft speed, or Damping Mass).
Rheostat:
Another available option which will change the amplitude of the tabletop is a rheostat. A rheostat
(variable resistor) can be connected in series with the motor in order to provide a different voltage
drop through the line. This voltage drop means the motor itself will receive less than 12 V. Therefore,
even though the battery is outputting a constant voltage, the motor will only be able to use a certain
percentage of it, due to the voltage drop across the rheostat. By manually changing the resistance
across the rheostat, the motor will be able to change from a rated speed of 4500 RPM to about 500
RPM (based upon the max resistance available on the rheostat). By changing the speed, the amplitude
of vibration of the tabletop will also change.
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Damping Mass:
Additional mass can also be used to change the amplitudes of the tabletop. By varying the size of the
mass hanging from the bottom of the tabletop depending on the mold size, the effective mass that the
tabletop sees can be maintained to a relatively constant value. For instance if the tabletop were
designed to reach the desired amplitude and frequency for a 40 kg mold, the operator would add 15 kg
to the tabletop when a 25 kg mold is vibrated. Therefore, for each case the vibrator will respond
similarly. For each case, small amplitude variations will result from differences in weight distribution.
Testing will determine the minimum number of masses and their respective sizes needed in order to
maintain the amplitudes within specification for all mold sizes.
Hard-drawn wire:
This is cold drawn, cheapest spring steel. Normally used for low stress and static load. The material is
not suitable at subzero temperatures or at temperatures above .
Oil-tempered wire:
It is a cold drawn, quenched, tempered, and general purpose spring steel. However, it is not suitable
for fatigue or sudden loads, at subzero temperatures and at temperatures above .
When we go for highly stressed conditions then alloy steels are useful.
Chrome Vanadium:
This alloy spring steel is used for high stress conditions and at high temperature up to . It is
good for fatigue resistance and long endurance for shock and impactloads.
Chrome Silicon:
This material can be used for highly stressed springs. It offers excellent service for long life, shock
loading and for temperature up to .
Music wire:
This spring material is most widely used for small springs. It is the toughest and has highest tensile
strength and can withstand repeated loading at high stresses. However, it cannot be used at subzero
temperatures or at temperatures above .
Normally when we talk about springs we found that the music wire is a common choice for springs.
3 Stainless steel:
6 Widely used alloy spring materials.
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Figure 1 figure 2
From the free body diagram, we have found out the direction of the internal torsion T and internal
shear force F at the section due to the external load F acting at the centre of the coil.
The cut sections of the spring, subjected to tensile and compressive loads respectively, are shown
separately in the Fig. below. The broken arrows show the shear stresses ( ) arising due to the torsion
T and solid arrows show the shear stresses due to the force F. It is observed that for both tensile
loads as well as compressive load on the spring, maximum shear stress ( ) always occurs at the
inner side of the spring. Hence, failure of the spring, in the form of crake, is always initiated from the
inner radius of the spring. As indicated on the sketched figures below,
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If d is the diameter of the coil wire and polar moment of inertia, , the shear stress in the spring
OR
phenomenon is termed as curvature effect. So more is the spring index (C= ) the lesser it will be the
curvature effect. For example, the suspensions in the railway carriages use helical springs.
These springs have large wire diameter compared to the diameter of the spring itself. In this case
curvature effect will be predominantly high.
To take care of the curvature effect, the earlier equation for maximum shear stress in the spring wire is
modified as,
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0 Where, is Wahl correction factor, which takes care of both curvature effect and shear stress
correction factor and is expressed as,
(B)
(A)
Fig. (A) and Fig. (B) Show a schematic view of a spring, a cross section of the spring wire and a small
spring segment of length dl. It is acted upon by a force F. From simple geometry we will see that the
deflection, d, in a helical spring is given by the formula,
Where, N is the number of active turns and G is the shear modulus of elasticity. The force F cannot
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1 just hang in space, it has to have some material contact with the spring. Normally the same spring wire
e will be given a shape of a hook to support the force F. The hook etc., although is a part of the spring,
The rotation, will cause the end of the spring O to rotate to O', shown in
Fig.(A). From geometry, O-O' is given as,
O-O'=
However, the vertical component of O-O' only will contributes towards spring deflection. Due to
symmetric condition, there is no lateral deflection of spring, i.e., the horizontal component of O-O'
gets cancelled.
The vertical component of O-O', d , is given as,
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The above equation is used to compute the deflection of a helical spring. Another important design
Here we conclude on the discussion for important design features, namely, stress, deflection and
spring rate of a helical spring.
Example Problem
A helical spring of wire diameter 6mm and spring index 6 is acted by an initial load of
800N.
After compressing it further by 10mm the stress in the wire is 500MPa. Find the number of active
coils. G = 84000MPa.
Solution:
OR
Hence, K=14N/mm
Or,
4 Hence,
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The eccentricity itself is a U-bolt which allows for an easy way to add mass and or change eccentric
radius. This is accomplished by adding bolts to the free end of the U-bolt, and then using the threads to
change the distance to the center.
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Final design for the concrete vibrating table.
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5.1 CONCLUSION
A study of the various methods of consolidation of concrete was done from which the design of a
concrete vibrating table was done. A few modifications were taken into consideration such as damping
of the noise by use of rubber mountings, use of adjustable speed motor and attaching an adjustable
eccentric load to the motor. This enabled increase or decrease of the vibratory motion depending on
the load. The whole table top vibrated and not just the center as per our design objectives.
As per the initial design goals, we were able to meet all the deign objectives.
5.2 RECCOMENDATION
With regards of the project design, the modifications made can easily be implemented and fabricated.
Unfortunately, we did not manage to fabricate the concrete vibrating table due to time constraints.
However, the design is feasible and to prevent experiencing the shortcomings we experienced, we
recommend that prior to implementation adequate funds should be set aside for fabrication in a
university setting. However, in a factory setting, the design implementation is fairly simple as the
funds are present and the materials are all readily and locally available. The vibrating concrete table
can be widely used in rural areas to produce paving blocks and roofing tiles for better structural
finishes.
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Tattersall, G.H. and Baker, P.H. 1989 – Importance of An investigation on the effect of vibration on
the workability of fresh concrete.
Zhu, W. Bartos, P.J.M. , 2003 - Cement and Concrete Research- Permeation properties of self-compacting
concrete
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