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Encyclopedia of

Water
Science Second Edition

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 Volume I –II
Encyclopedia of

Water
Science Second Edition

Stanley W. Trimble

Boca Raton London New York

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© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Trimble, Stanley Wayne.

Encyclopedia of water science / author, Stanley W. Trimble. ‑‑ 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978‑0‑8493‑9627‑4 (alk. paper) ‑‑ ISBN 978‑0‑8493‑9617‑5 (alk. paper) ‑‑ ISBN 978‑0‑8493‑9616‑8 (alk. paper) 1.
Water‑supply, Agricultural. 2. Water in agriculture. 3. Irrigation efficiency. I. Title.

S494.5.W3E54 2007
627.03‑‑dc22 2007035897

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 Encyclopedia of Water Science, Second Edition

Stanley W. Trimble
Editor-in-Chief
Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.

Editorial Advisory Board

Wil Burns Biological & Agricultural Engineering,
Co-Chair, International Environmental Law University of California, Davis,
Group, American Society of International Law, California, U.S.A.
El Cerrito, California, U.S.A.

Andrew Goudie Clarence W. Richardson

St. Cross College, Oxford, U.K. Laboratory Director, Grassland Soil
and Water Research Laboratory,
Mary Beth Kirkham Agricultural Research Service,
Professor, Department of Agronomy, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, Temple, Texas, U.S.A.
Kansas, U.S.A.

Miguel A. Marino Dennis Wichelns

Distinguished Professor of Hydrology, Rivers Institute at Hanover College,
Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Hanover, Indiana, U.S.A.

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Contributors

S.G.K. Adiku = Department of Soil Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Laj R. Ahuja = U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
J. David Aiken = Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agriculture and
Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.
Tony Allan = King’s College London and School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS),
London, U.K.
Richard G. Allen = Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly, Idaho, U.S.A.
Leon Hartwell Allen Jr. = Crop Genetics and Environmental Research Unit, Agricultural
Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
Lal Khan Almas = Agricultural Business and Economics, West Texas A&M University, Canyon,
Texas, U.S.A.
Faye Anderson = School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.
Michael A. Anderson = Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California–Riverside,
Riverside, California, U.S.A.
Randy L. Anderson = Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory (NGIRL), Agricultural
Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Brookings,
South Dakota, U.S.A.
A. N. Angelakis = Regional Foundation for Agricultural Research, National Foundation of
Agricultural Research, Heracleion, Greece
Ramón Aragüés = Agronomic Research Service, Diputacion General de Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
Jeffrey G. Arnold = Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), Temple, Texas, U.S.A.
Francisco Arriaga = Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison,
Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Brent W. Auvermann = Texas A&M System Agriculture Research and Extension Center,
Amarillo, Texas, U.S.A.
James E. Ayars = U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Parlier, California, U.S.A.
James L. Baker = Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
John M. Baker = Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Allah Bakhsh = Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Khaled M. Bali = Cooperative Extension Imperial County, University of California–Davis,
Holtville, California, U.S.A.
Javier Barragan = Department d’Enginyeria Agroforestal, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
Dorothea Bartels = Botanisches Institut der Universitat, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Philip J. Bauer = U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Florence, South Carolina, U.S.A.
R. Louis Baumhardt = U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Bushland, Texas, U.S.A.
Steven Bednarz = Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), Temple, Texas, U.S.A.

vii

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 viii

M.H. Behboudian = College of Sciences, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University,

Palmerston North, New Zealand
Fethi BenJemaa = Office of Water Use Efficiency, California Department of Water Resources,
Sacramento, California, U.S.A.
Joseph K. Berry = W.M. Keck Visiting Scholar in Geosciences, University of Denver, Denver,
Colorado, U.S.A.
Stephen F. Blanchard = Office of Surface Water, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),
Reston, Virginia, U.S.A.
George W. Bomar = Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
Derek B. Booth = Center for Water and Watershed Studies, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, U.S.A.
John Borrelli = Department of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, U.S.A.
David D. Bosch = Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service
(USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tifton, Georgia, U.S.A.
Thierry Boulard = Unit Plante et Systemes Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
(INRA), Avignon, France
Vince Bralts = Agricutural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana, U.S.A.
James R. Brandle = School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.
Erik Braudeau = Se´questration du C dans les sols tropicaux, L’institut de Recherche pour le
developpement-Montpellier, Fort de France, Martinique, France, and Centre de cooperation
international en recherche agronomique pour le de´veloppement, Montpellier, France
D. R. Bray = Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
David D. Breshears = Environmental Dynamics and Spatial Analysis Group, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S.A.
Sherry L. Britton = Plant Science and Water Conservation Research Laboratory (PSWCRL),
Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Michael S. Brown = Division of Agriculture, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas, U.S.A.
Gary D. Bubenzer = Department of Biological Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Graeme D. Buchan = Centre for Soil and Environmental Quality, Lincoln University,
Canterbury, New Zealand
Gerald W. Buchleiter = Water Management Research, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
Robert D. Burman = Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Wyoming,
Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A.
Charles M. Burt = BioResource and Agricultural Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State
University, San Luis Obispo, California, U.S.A.
Tim P. Burt = Department of Geography, Science Laboratories, University of Durham, Durham, U.K.
Amnon Bustan = Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev,
Beer-Sheva, Israel
Keith C. Cameron = Centre for Soil and Environmental Quality, Lincoln University,
Canterbury, New Zealand
Kenneth L. Campbell = Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
Carl R. Camp Jr. = Coastal Plains Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Florence, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Lucila Candela = Departmento Ingenieria del Terreno, Technical Univiersity of Catalonia – Universitat
Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
Peter S. Carberry = Sustainable Ecosystems, Agricultural Production Systems Research Unit
(APSRU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO),
Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 ix

Jesús Carrera = Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain

Dipankar Chakraborti = School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Calcutta,
West Bengal, India
J. W. Chandler = Department of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Andrew C. Chang = Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California–Riverside,
Riverside, California, U.S.A.
Andre Chanzy = Unite´ de Recherche Climat, Sol et Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique (INRA), Avignon, France
Philip Charlesworth = Davies Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, Queensland, Australia
Alexander H.-D. Cheng = Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mississippi,
University, Mississippi, U.S.A.
George M. Chescheir = North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Uttam Kumar Chowdhury = School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Calcutta,
West Bengal, India
Gary A. Clark = Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A.
Sharon A. Clay = Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings,
South Dakota, U.S.A.
Albert J. Clemmens = U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service
(USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A.
Wayne Clyma = Water Management Consultant, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
Gretchen C. Coffman = Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Bonnie G. Colby = Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Arizona,
Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
W. Arden Colette = Agricultural Business and Economics, West Texas A&M University,
Canyon, Texas, U.S.A.
Ray Correll = Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide,
South Australia, Australia
Dennis L. Corwin = U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Riverside, California, U.S.A.
John E. Costa = U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Vancouver, Washington, U.S.A.
Robin K. Craig = College of Law, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A.
Richard Cruse = Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
Seth M. Dabney = National Sedimentation Laboratory, Upland Erosion Processes Research,
Mid South Area, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Oxford, Mississippi, U.S.A.
Jacob H. Dane = Department of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, U.S.A.
Phillipe Debaeke = Unite d’Agronomie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA),
Castanet-Tolosan, France
Sherri L. DeFauw = University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, U.S.A.
Jorge A. Delgado = Soil Plant Nutrient Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
G. R. Diak = Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Peter Dillon = Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide,
South Australia, Australia
Anisa Joy Divine = Resources Planning and Management Department, Imperial Irrigation District,
Imperial, California, U.S.A.
Pay Drechsel = West Africa Office, Cantonments, International Water Management Institute (IWMI),
Accra, Ghana
Tom L. Dudley = Marine Science Institute, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A.

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 x

William A. Dugas = Blackland Research and Extension Center, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station,
Temple, Texas, U.S.A.
Michael D. Dukes = Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
Tim Dybala = Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), Temple, Texas, U.S.A.
Simon O. Eching = California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, California, U.S.A.
Gabriel Eckstein = International Water Law Project, Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.A.
Bahman Eghball = Soil and Water Cons Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.
Laura J Ehlers = Water Science and Technology Board, National Research Council, Washington,
District of Columbia, U.S.A.
F. A. El-Awar = Office of the Humanitarian Coordinator for Iraq (UNOHCI)—Baghdad,
United Nations, New York, New York, U.S.A.
Robert O. Evans = Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Steven R. Evett = Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Bushland, Texas, U.S.A.
Norman R. Fausey = Soil Drainage Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Bruce K. Ferguson = School of Environmental Design, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, U.S.A.
Charles W. Fetter Jr. = C. W. Fetter, Jr. Associates, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Floron C. Faries Jr. = College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas, U.S.A.
Martin V. Fey = Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland,
Stellenbosch, South Africa
Guy Fipps = Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas, U.S.A.
Markus Flury = Center of Multiphase Environmental Research, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.
Graham E. Fogg = Hydrology, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources (LAWR),
University of California–Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A.
James L. Fouss = Soil and Water Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Kent Frame = California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, California, U.S.A.
Thomas G. Franti = Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.
Gary W. Frasier = U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
James R. Frederick = Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Pee Dee Research and
Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Marcel Fuchs = Environmental Physics and Irrigation, Volcani Center, Institute of Soil, Water and
Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Bet-Dagan, Israel
Stuart R. Gagnon = University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.
Devin Galloway = U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Sacramento, California, U.S.A.
Anja Gassner = Institute of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, Malaysia
David K. Gattie = Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, College of Agricultural and
Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
Glendon W. Gee = Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, U.S.A.
Timothy R. Ginn = Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California–
Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A.

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 xi

George Di Giovanni = Department of Plant Pathology and Mircobiology, Texas A&M University System
Agriculture Research and Extension Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A.
David A. Goldhamer = Kearney Agricultural Center, University of California, Parlier,
California, U.S.A.
Noel Gollehon = Resource Economics Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Washington,
District of Columbia, U.S.A.
Andrew S. Goudie = St. Cross College, Oxford, U.K.
William L. Graf = University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Stephen R. Grattan = Hydrologic Sciences, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources (LAWR),
University of California–Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A.
John R. Gray = Office of Surface Water, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Reston, Virginia, U.S.A.
Patricia K. Haan = Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
Ardell D. Halvorson = Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS-SPNRU), U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
Dorota Z. Haman = Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
Joel R. Hamilton = Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, U.S.A.
Clayton L. Hanson = U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Boise, Idaho, U.S.A.
Gregory J. Hanson = Plant Science and Water Conservation Research Laboratory (PSWCRL),
Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stillwater,
Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Mohamed M. Hantush = National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (US-EPA), Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
Michael J. Hayes = National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.
Phillip D. Hays = Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, U.S.A.
John V. Headley = Aquatic Ecosystem Research Protection Branch, National Water Research Institute,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Richard W. Healy = U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Lakewood, Colorado, U.S.A.
David L. Higgit = Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Robert W. Hill = Biological and Irrigation Engineering Department, Utah State University,
Logan, Utah, U.S.A.
Curtis H. Hinman = School of Agricultural, Human and Natural Resource Sciences,
Washington State University, Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A.
Michael C. Hirschi = University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Kyle D. Hoagland = School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.
Laurie Hodges = Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln,
Nebraska, U.S.A.
Arjen Y. Hoekstra = Department of Water Engineering and Management, University of Twente,
Enschede, The Netherlands
Glenn J. Hoffman = Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.
James E. Hook = NESPAL, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, U.S.A.
Jan W. Hopmans = Department of Land, Air and Water Resources (LAWR), University of
California–Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A.
Terry A. Howell = Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service
(USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bushland, Texas, U.S.A.
Joel M. Hubbell = Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEL),
Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S.A.
Paul F. Hudak = Department of Geography, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, U.S.A.
Paul F. Hudson = Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, Texas, U.S.A.

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 xii

Ray G. Huffaker = Department of Agricultural Economics, Washington State University, Pullman,

Washington, U.S.A.
Rodney L. Huffman = Department Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Frank J. Humenik = National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.
John Hutson = School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide,
South Australia, Australia
Keith E. Idso = Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.
Sherwood B. Idso = U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.
W. Jabre = Department of Soils, Irrigation and Mechinization, American University of Beirut,
Beirut, Lebanon
C. Rhett Jackson = Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, U.S.A.
Sharad K. Jain = National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Bruce R. James = Natural Resource Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.
A. D. Jayakaran = Belle Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Georgetown,
South Carolina, U.S.A.
Dan Jaynes = National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
Kevin Jeanes = ASK Laboratories, Inc., Amarillo, Texas, U.S.A.
Gregory Jennings = Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Blanca Jimenez = Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Me´xico,
Mexico City, Mexico
Gregory L. Johnson = National Water and Climate Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA),
Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
Ordie R. Jones = Amarillo, Texas, U.S.A.
Rameshwar Kanwar = Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
Fawzi Karajeh = Office of Water Use Efficiency, California Department of Water Resources,
Sacramento, California, U.S.A.
Andreas J. Karamanos = Laboratory of Crop Production, Agricultural University of Athens,
Athens, Greece
Timothy O. Keefer = Southwest Watershed Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA),
Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
Keith A. Kelling = Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison,
Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Rami Keren = Volcani Center, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences,
Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Bet-Dagan, Israel
Dennis C. Kincaid = Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, Pacific West Area, Agricultural
Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, Idaho, U.S.A.
M. B. Kirkham = Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A.
Peter Kleinman = Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture,
University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Klaus Kümmerer = Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology,
University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Rai Kookana = Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO),
Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
John Kost = Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
Andrey G. Kostianoy = Ocean Experimental Physics Laboratory, P.P. Shirshov Institute of
Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 xiii

Demetris Koutsoyiannis = Department of Water Resources, School of Civil Engineering,

National Technical University of Athens, Zographou, Greece
Jacek A. Koziel = Texas A&M System Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Amarillo,
Texas, U.S.A.
Timothy P. Krantz = Salton Sea Database Program, University of Redlands, Redlands,
California, U.S.A.
William L. Kranz = Northeast Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska,
Norfolk, Nebraska, U.S.A.
Tore Krogstad = Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway,
Aas, Norway
William P. Kustas = Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Beltsville, Maryland, U.S.A.
John M. Laflen = Purdue University, Buffalo Center, Iowa, U.S.A.
Rattan Lal = School of Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Freddie L. Lamm = Research and Extension Center, Kansas State University, Colby, Kansas, U.S.A.
Matthias Langensiepen = Department of Modeling Plant Systems, Institute of Crop Science,
Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Robert J. Lascano = Texas A&M University, Lubbock, Texas, U.S.A.
Brian Leib = Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman,
Washington, U.S.A.
Jay A. Leitch = College of Business Administration, North Dakota State University, Fargo,
North Dakota, U.S.A.
Rick P. Leopold = National Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA),
Bryon, Texas, U.S.A.
Delphis F. Levia = Department of Geography and Center for Climatic Research, University of
Delaware, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A.
Daniel G. Levitt = Science and Engineering Associates, Inc., Sante Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A.
Vincenzo Levizzani = National Council of Research, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and
Climate, Bologna, Italy
Hong Li = Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, U.S.A.
K.F. Andrew Lo = Department of Natural Resources, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
Sally D. Logsdon = National Soil Tilth Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA),
Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
Hugo A. Loáiciga = Department of Geography, University of California–Santa Barbara,
Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A.
Guy H. Loneragan = Feedlot Research Group, Division of Agriculture, West Texas A&M University,
Canyon, Texas, U.S.A.
Birl Lowery = Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison,
Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Richard Lowrance = Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service
(USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tifton, Georgia, U.S.A.
Xi Xi Lu = Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Stephan J. Maas = Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, U.S.A.
Babs Makinde-Odusola = Riverside Public Utilities, Riverside, California, U.S.A.
Joseph R. Makuch = Water Quality Information Center, National Agricultural Library,
Beltsville, Maryland, U.S.A.
Kyle R. Mankin = Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A.
Thomas Marek = Texas A&M System Agriculture Research and Extension Center,
Amarillo, Texas, U.S.A.
Miguel A. Marino = Hydrology, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Biological & Agricultural
Engineering, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A.

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Dean A. Martens = Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
Luciano Mateos = Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientıficas,
Córdoba, Spain
Donald K. McCool = Pacific West Area, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.
Kevin B. McCormack = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), Washington,
District of Columbia, U.S.A.
Richard McDowell = AgResearch Ltd., Invermay Agricultural Research Centre,
Mosgiel, New Zealand
Marshall J. McFarland = Texas A&M University, Stephenville, Texas, U.S.A.
W. Allan McGinty = Texas A&M University System Agriculture Research and Extension Center,
San Angelo, Texas, U.S.A.
Gregory McIsaac = Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana,
Illinois, U.S.A.
Dan E. Mecklenburg = Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Soil and Water
Conservation, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Mallavarapu Megharaj = Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO),
Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Tessa Marie Mills = Environment and Risk Management Group, Horticulture and Food Research
Institute of New Zealand, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Paramjit Singh Minhas = Integrated Water Management, Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR), Pusa, New Delhi, India
M. Monirul Qadar Mirza = Adaptation and Impacts Research Group (AIRG), University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
J. Kent Mitchell = Agricultural Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Steven B. Mitchell = School of the Environment, University of Brighton, Brighton, U.K.
Rabi H. Mohtar = Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A., and Centre de coope´ration international en recherche
agronomique pour le de´veloppement, Montpellier, France
Philip A. Moore Jr. = Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA), Fayetteville, Arkansas, U.S.A.
M. Susan Moran = Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
James M. Morgan = Tamworth Centre for Crop Improvement, Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia
James I.L. Morison = Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K.
John R. Morse = Land Management and Water Conservation Research Unit, Agricultural Research
Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington State University, Pullman,
Washington, U.S.A.
Miranda Y. Mortlock = Office of Economic and Statistical Research (OESR), Brisbane,
Queensland, Australia
Saqib Mukhtar = Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
Rafael Muñoz-Carpena = Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
Ranjan S. Muttiah = Blackland Research and Extension Center, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station,
Temple, Texas, U.S.A.
Mahmood H. Nachabe = Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
South Florida, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A.
Ravendra Naidu = Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO),
Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Mark A. Nearing = Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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David E. Nelson = Irrigation Engineering, P.E., Billings, Montana, U.S.A.

Jerry Neppel = Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
Mary Nichols = Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
John Nimmo = U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Menlo Park, California, U.S.A.
Janet G. Norris = Sterling C. Evans Library, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
Takashi Oguchi = Center for Spatial Information Science, Division of Spatial Information Analysis,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Iwao Ohtsu = Department of Civil Engineering, Nihon University College of Science and
Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Derrick M. Oosterhuis = Altheimer Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, U.S.A.
Bill Orts = Cereal Processing Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA), Albany, California, U.S.A.
James D. Oster = Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California–Riverside,
Riverside, California, U.S.A.
Waite R. Osterkamp = Desert Laboratory, National Research Program, Water Resources
Discipline (WRD), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
Lloyd B. Owens = Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Coshocton, Ohio, U.S.A.
Ioan Paltineanu = Paltin International, Inc., Laurel, Maryland, U.S.A.
Charalambos Papelis = Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas,
Nevada, U.S.A.
David B. Parker = Division of Agriculture, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas, U.S.A.
Henry (Hank) S. Parker = North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Dov Pasternak = International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Niamey, Niger
Kunal Paul = School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
William A. Payne = Crop Stress Physiology, Texas A&M System Agriculture Research and
Extension Center, Amarillo, Texas, U.S.A.
Kurt D. Pennell = School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Alain Perrier = Physique de l’Environnement et Régulations Biologiques des Echanges,
Institut National Agronomique de Paris-Grignon (INAPG-INRA), Paris, France
Kerry M. Peru = Environment Canada, National Hydrology Research Center (NWRI-NHRC),
National Water Research Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Steven P. Phillips = U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Sacramento, California, U.S.A.
Joseph L. Pikul Jr. = Northern Grain Insect Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service
(USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Brookings, South Dakota, U.S.A.
Suresh D. Pillai = Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
Zvi Plaut = Volcani Center, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences,
Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Bet-Dagan, Israel
Daniel H. Pote = Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Agricultural Research Service
(USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Booneville, Arkansas, U.S.A.
G. Erick Powell = Brockway Engineering, PLLC, Twin Falls, Idaho, U.S.A.
Manzoor Qadir = Integrated Water and Land Management Program, International Center for
Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria, and International
Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka
Quazi Quamruzzaman = Dhaka Community Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Nancy N. Rabalais = W. J. DeFelice Marine Center, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium,
Chauvin, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Nageswararao C. Rachaputi = Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Kingaroy,
Queensland, Australia

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 xvi

David E. Radcliffe = Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, U.S.A.
Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman = School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University,
Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Liqa Raschid-Sally = West Africa Office, Cantonments, International Water Management
Institute (IWMI), Accra, Ghana
John C. Reagor = Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas, U.S.A.
Kenneth G. Renard = Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service
(USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
John A. Replogle = U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A.
Marty B. Rhoades = Feedlot Research Group, West Texas A&M University,
Canyon, Texas, U.S.A.
Mark J. Roberson = Keller-Bleisner Engineering, LLC, Sacramento, California, U.S.A.
Paul D. Robillard = Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Brett H. Robinson = Environment and Risk Management Group, Horticulture and Food Research
Institute of New Zealand, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Clay A. Robinson = Division of Agriculture, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas, U.S.A.
David A. Robinson = Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
Mark Robinson = Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Oxfordshire, U.K.
Renee Rockiki = Center for Modeling Hydrologic and Aquatic Systems, University of South Florida,
Tampa, Florida, U.S.A.
Judy A. Rogers = University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, U.S.A.
William J. Rogers = Department of Life, Earth and Environmental Science, West Texas A&M
University, Canyon, Texas, U.S.A.
Wes Rosenthal = Blackland Research and Extension Center, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station,
Temple, Texas, U.S.A.
James F. Ruff = Engineering Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado, U.S.A.
Loret M. Ruppe = Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
California–Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A.
John Ryan = Natural Resource Management Program, International Center for Agricultural Research
in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria
D. W. Rycroft = Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southampton University,
Southampton, U.K.
Edward John Sadler = Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, Agricultural Research
Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Florence, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Kyoji Saito = Department of Geography, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
R. Sakthivadivel = International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka
Hilmy Sally = International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka
Gary Sands = Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Minnesota,
St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Jan van Schilfgaarde = U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
Arland D. Schneider = Hedges Engineering and Consulting, Sumner, Washington, U.S.A., and
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Bushland, Texas, U.S.A.
Steven Schultz = Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, North Dakota State University,
Fargo, North Dakota, U.S.A.
Lawrence J. Schwankl = Department of Land, Air and Water Resources (LAWR), University of
California–Davis, Davis, Californina, U.S.A.
Linda Schweitzer = Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, U.S.A.

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Mark S. Seyfried = Northwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Boise, Idaho, U.S.A.
Muhammad Siddique Shafique = Office for Project Services, United Nations, Lahore, Pakistan
Michael C. Shannon = George E. Brown Jr. Salinity Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), Riverside, California, U.S.A.
Andrew N. Sharpley = Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture,
University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Brenton S. Sharratt = Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.
Roger Shaw = University of California–Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A.
John Sheehy = Crop, Soil and Water Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute,
Manila, Philippines
F. Douglas Shields Jr. = National Sedimentation Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service
(USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oxford, Mississippi, U.S.A.
Adel Shirmohammadi = Biological Resources Engineering Department, University of Maryland,
College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.
Clinton C. Shock = Malheur Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Ontario, Oregon, U.S.A.
Thomas R. Sinclair = Crop Genetics and Environmental Research Unit, U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
Vijay P. Singh = Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
James ‘‘Buck’’ Sisson = Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEL),
Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S.A.
Gaylord V. Skogerboe = Utah State University, Ogden, Utah, U.S.A.
Jeffrey G. Skousen = West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.A.
Douglas R. Smith = National Soil Erosion Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA),
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
James E. Smith = School of Geography and Geology, McMaster University, Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada
Jim T. Smith = Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester,
Dorset, U.K.
Matt C. Smith = Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Coastal Plain Experiment
Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, U.S.A.
Sean M. Smith = Ecosystem Restoration Center, Maryland Department of Natural Resources,
Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A., and Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.
Richard L. Snyder = Department of Land, Air and Water Resources (LAWR), and Atmospheric
Sciences, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A.
Robert E. Sojka = Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA), Kimberly, Idaho, U.S.A.
Ken H. Solomon = BioResource and Agricultural Engineering Department, California Polytechnic
State University, San Luis Obispo, California, U.S.A.
Bretton Somers = Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Marios A. Sophocleous = Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.
Roy F. Spalding = Water Science Laboratory, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.
James L. Starr = Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, National Resources Institute (NRI),
Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Beltsville, Maryland, U.S.A.
Jean L. Steiner = Grazinglands Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, El Reno, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
B. A. Stewart = Dryland Agriculture Institute, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas, U.S.A.

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 xviii

Richard J. Stirzaker = Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO),

Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Claudio Osvaldo Stockle = Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University,
Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.
Jeffry Stone = Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS),
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
David A. Stonestrom = U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Menlo Park, California, U.S.A.
David E. Stooksbury = Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
Rosemary Streatfeild = Owen Science and Engineering Library, Washington State University,
Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.
Scott J. Sturgul = Nutrient and Pest Management, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison,
Wisconsin, U.S.A.
I.H. (Mel) Suffet = Environmental Science and Engineering Program, University of
California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Nicola Surian = Dipartimento di Geografia, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
John M. Sweeten = Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
(TAES), Amarillo, Texas, U.S.A.
D. L. Tanaka = Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory (NGIRL), Agricultural Research Service
(USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Mandan, North Dakota, U.S.A.
Kenneth K. Tanji = Department of Land, Air and Water Resources (LAWR), University of
California–Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A.
Mark Patrick Taylor = Department of Physical Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney,
New South Wales, Australia
Robert Teeter = Library, Santa Clara Valley Water District, San Jose, California, U.S.A.
Bekele Temesgen = California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, California, U.S.A.
Daniel L. Thomas = Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Coastal Plain Experiment
Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, U.S.A.
Thomas L. Thurow = Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie,
Wyoming, U.S.A.
Jeanette Thurston-Enriquez = Soil and Water Cons Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.
Judy A. Tolk = Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Bushland, Texas, U.S.A.
Desiree Tullos = Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, U.S.A.
Neil C. Turner = Centre for Mediterranean Agricultural Research, Plant Industry,
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Wembley,
Western Australia, Australia
Ronald W. Tuttle = U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Chantilly, Virginia, U.S.A.
Andree Tuzet = Environnement et Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
(INRA-INAPG), Thiverval Grignon, France
Melvin T. Tyree = Aiken Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A.
Darrel N. Ueckert = Texas A&M System Agriculture Research and Extension Center, San Angelo,
Texas, U.S.A.
Paul W. Unger = Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service
(USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bushland, Texas, U.S.A.
John Van Brahana = Division of Geology, Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, Arkansas, U.S.A.
H. H. Van Horn = Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida, U.S.A.

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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R. Scott Van Pelt = Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit, Cropping Systems
Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Big Spring, Texas, U.S.A.
George F. Vance = Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wyoming, Laramie,
Wyoming, U.S.A.
Curtis J. Varnell = Environmental Dynamics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, U.S.A.
Oleg Voitsekhovitch = Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Kiev, Ukraine
Joseph C. V. Vu = Crop Genetics and Environmental Research Unit, Agricultural Research
Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
H. Jesse Walker = Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Wynn R. Walker = Biological and Irrigation Engineering Department, Utah State University,
Logan, Utah, U.S.A.
Desmond E. Walling = Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, U.K.
Ivan A. Walter = Ivan’s Engineering, Inc., W.W. Wheeler, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.
Dong Wang = Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,
Minnesota, U.S.A.
Pao K. Wang = Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison,
Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Ynuzhang Wang = Academy of Yellow River Conservancy Science, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
Anderson L. Ward = Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, U.S.A.
Andrew D. Ward = Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Ashley A. Webb = Research and Development Division, Forests NSW, Coffs Harbour Jetty,
New South Wales, Australia
Ole Wendroth = Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
Kentucky, U.S.A.
Walter W. Wenzel = University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Hal Werner = Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University,
Brookings, South Dakota, U.S.A.
Mark E. Westgate = Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
French Wetmore = French & Associates, Ltd., Park Forest, Illinosis, U.S.A.
Norman K. Whittlesey = Department of Agricultural Economics, Washington State University,
Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.
Dennis Wichelns = Rivers Institute at Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana, U.S.A.
Penny E. Widdison = Department of Geography, Science Laboratories, University of Durham,
Durham, U.K.
Keith D. Wiebe = Resource Economics Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA),
Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A.
Bradford P. Wilcox = Department of Rangeland Ecology and Management, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
Mark Wilf = Hydranautics, Oceanside, California, U.S.A.
Donald A. Wilhite = National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln,
Nebraska, U.S.A.
Lyman S. Willardson = Department of Biological and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State University,
Logan, Utah, U.S.A.
Dennis E. Williams = Geoscience Support Services, Inc., Claremont, California, U.S.A.
Jonathan Witter = Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
David A. Woolhiser = Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.

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Stephen R. Workman = University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.

Jon M. Wraith = Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana, U.S.A.
Graeme C. Wright = Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Farming Systems Institute,
Kingaroy, Queensland, Australia
I. Pai Wu = College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Laosheng Wu = Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California–Riverside,
Riverside, California, U.S.A.
Richard T. Wynne = National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), Amarillo, Texas, U.S.A.
Youichi Yasuda = Department of Civil Engineering, Nihon University College of Science and
Technology, Tokyo, Japan
C. Dean Yonts = Biological Systems Engineering, Panhandle Research and Extension Center,
University of Nebraska, Scottsbluff, Nebraska, U.S.A.
Michael H. Young = Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas,
Nevada, U.S.A.
Robert A. Young = Colorado State University, Estes Park, Colorado, U.S.A.
Bofu Yu = School of Environmental Engineering, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
Xinhua Zhou = School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.
Yifei Zhu = Gemune LLC., Fremont, California, U.S.A.
Zixi Zhu = Henan Institute of Meteorology, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Contents

Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Topical Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
Preface to Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii
Preface to First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlv

Academic Disciplines = Joseph R. Makuch and Paul D. Robillard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Acid Rain and Precipitation Chemistry = Pao K. Wang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
African Market Garden = Amnon Bustan and Dov Pasternak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Agricultural Runoff: Characteristics = Matt C. Smith, Daniel L. Thomas and David K. Gattie . . . 13
Agroforestry: Enhancing Water Use Efficiency = James R. Brandle, Xinhua Zhou
and Laurie Hodges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Alluvial Fan = Takashi Oguchi and Kyoji Saito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Ancient Greece: Agricultural Hydraulic Works = Demetris Koutsoyiannis and A. N. Angelakis . . . 24
Ancient Greece: Hydrologic and Hydraulic Science and Technology = A. N. Angelakis and
Demetris Koutsoyiannis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Ancient Greece: Urban Water Engineering and Management = Demetris Koutsoyiannis and
A. N. Angelakis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Antitranspirants: Film-Forming Types = Zvi Plaut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Antitranspirants: Stomata Closing Types = Zvi Plaut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Aquifers = Miguel A. Marino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Aquifers: Artificial Recharge = Steven P. Phillips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Aquifers: Ogallala = B. A. Stewart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Aquifers: Recharge = John Nimmo, David A. Stonestrom and Richard W. Healy . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Aquifers: Transmissivity = Mohamed M. Hantush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Aral Sea Disaster = Guy Fipps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Arctic Hydrology = Bretton Somers and H. Jesse Walker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Boron = Rami Keren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Bound Water in Soils = Sally D. Logsdon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Brahmaputra Basin = Vijay P. Singh and Sharad K. Jain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Canal Automation = Albert J. Clemmens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Chemical Measurement = Kevin Jeanes and William J. Rogers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Chemigation = William L. Kranz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chernobyl Accident: Impacts on Water Resources = Jim T. Smith and Oleg Voitsekhovitch . . . . . . 96
Chesapeake Bay = Sean M. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chromium = Bruce R. James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Conservation: Tillage and No-Tillage = Paul W. Unger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Consumptive Water Use = Freddie L. Lamm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Crop Coefficients = Richard G. Allen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Crop Development Models = Peter S. Carberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

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