The Hospital

If you look at the front of large, modern hospital, you , may notice that there
are two separate entrances. One is for patients in need of immediate treatment, it is
the emergency entrance. Here ambulances are seen pulling up at any hour of the day
or night. The other is the hospital main entrance.
In the ground floor inside main entrance there are a reception area, waiting
room, and also office. On the floors above and below are the numerous floors will be
a maternity section for mother and their babies. Their rooms are usually kept separate
from the rest of the hospital, so that the babies do not catch other people’s illness.
The rooms from other patients are usually on the higher floors. There are
small rooms for just one patients, slightly larger rooms for two. There or four patients
may lie in rows of beds. On other floors are the operating room s. called operating
theatres, and special departments such as the radiography departments, where x-rays
are taken and developed.
In the laboratories, special tests are carried out on body tissues and fluids to
find out patients’ disease. The pharmacy supplies the drugs to treat patients. Near the
operation theatres is the blood bank to store blood for transfusions. Here too are the
sterilizing theatres and the wards which are cleaned and made free from germs.

`Cameroon is a West African country of ten million people which has been
very successfully grown food for at people, unlike many other West African
countries. Since 1971 it has doubled its output of major foodstuffs such as maize and
potatoes. Now it is one of the few African countries that able to feed it self. This was
not the case five years ago when the country was only 75-80% self-sufficient in food.
Although isolated pockets of hunger still remain, the World Bank nowadays gives
Cameroon money to sustain, not to achieve, self-sufficiency in food production.

Cassava is the staple food of million of people in Africa, Asia and Central
America. Its swollen tuberous root can be boiled and mashed or grated to produce a
meal, known as ‘farinha’ in Brazil and ‘garri’ in Nigeria, which can be cooked in
small cakes. The root is also the source of the manufactured commodity, tapioka, a
small field planted with cassava can be insurance against famine, because the crop
can be left in the ground for two or three years with out deterioration of the tubers.
But recent finding suggest that cassava may be responsible for birth defects.
It has other serious disadvantages. The tubers consist almost entirely of starch
and are particularly low in protein, so dependanse on cassava leads to serious
malnutrition. To make matter worse, some varieties, when grown under certain
conditions of soil and climate, develop a high acid content and become extremely
poisonous to people and livestock if eaten raw. These tubers have to be well-prepared
for consumption by prolonged and repeated boiling.
 New danger has emerged over the past few years in Nigeria. Doctors have
begun to suspect that cassava, if eaten in large amounts during pregnancy, may cause
deformities in the developing fetus. There appears to be a correlation between the
eating of cassava by pregnant women and the occurance of various kinds of brain or
other neuronal malformations in their babies.

Measles, a childhood disease, has caused suffering to mankind for thousand of

years. However, the search for an effective measles vaccine was lasted two hundred
years and has finally ended in success. Now, for the first time, measles is a
preventable disease. You my ask, “How is this important to children?”
Every year measles kills twice as many Americans as polio now does. More
children die from measles than from any other common childhood disease. Also
complications of some degree occur including pneumonia and ear disorders. Another
after-effect of measles-brain damage is less common, but it can have such serious
consequences that it deserves special attention.
Brain damage due to measles sound like something far away from our
experience. In reality, like any other injury, damage to the brain can be very slight or
very severe. It is quite possible that we have never seen or heard a child who has
severe brain damage – the child would either have died or would be in an institution.
However, in medical researches a relationship has been found between measles and
such things behave our problems, personality changes and dulling of mental ability.
For example, a child may be bad-tempered or a little slow to learn after he has
recovered from measles.

A process is gradually being made in the fight of cancer. In the early 19000s,
few cancer patients had hope of long-term survival. In the 1920s, the ratio was one in
four. Currently, the ratio is down to one in three. The gain from one in four to one in
three represents about 58,000 lives each year.

Both the sun and the moon appear larger when they are rising or setting,
although they are no real difference in the distance they are from the earth. This
perceptional phenomenon, known as the “Moon illusion” has been studied over the
years. Various explanations, including the muscle strain for the person looking up and
the comparison of the moon with other things on the horizon that make it appear
larger, have been disputed by scientists, but thus far there is no widely accepted
explanation of the phenomenon.

Forest are important to supply human needs. They are also important for
keeping soil fertile and for preventing floods. The leaves which have fallen on the
ground become a substance, which is called humus. Humus is a fertilizer to the soil. It
holds rain water during the wet season, stores it and then the humus being washed
away by the rain. The additional water that comes from the forests in dry season
means that the same land can be cultivated two or three times a year. Thus, the field
can produce more crops.
For many years people have not been obeying the government regulation and
have been cutting down the trees carelessly. As a result, we lost thousand hectares of
our forests. Such careless practices should be a stopped, otherwise the remaining
forest wick be in great dangers. People who cut the forest trees carelessly think very
little of the future danger that we might face without forests, nothing prevents the
water from running down to the lower land. If it happens, the rushing water will wash
away the soil and the humus into the rivers. As a result the rivers will be full of mud.
In the wet season this will cause floods which will destroy the farmlands and villages.

If the germs of a disease are easily passed from person to person, such a
disease is a contagious disease. The word “contagious” comes from a latin word for “
contact”. The disease is caught by a healthy man when he comes into contact with a
sick one. We also say that such a disease is catching. Sometimes a contagious
diseases are whooping cough. Tuberculosis, pneumonia, typhus, thypoid fever,
syphilis etc.

The Digestive System

When you’re hungry and you smell dinner, your mouth waters. This is the first
step in changing the food you eat into the kind of food that cells can use. This change
is called digestion, and it begins in the mouth.
Suppose you are eating sandwich. Your front teeth cut and tear the sandwich.
The molars grind it, saliva, the juice in the mouth, gets everything moist.
Saliva also contains a type of chemical called an enzyme. It starts breaking
down the starch of the bread into sugar.
The moist ball of the food is carried to the back of the mouth by the tongue.
Muscles force the food into to esophagus, behind the windpipe. Other muscles force
the food to esophagus. They do their work so well that the food would travel along
even if the person were doing a headstand.

Our Body

In some ways our body is like a machine. A machine, such as a car engine,
needs energy to do its work. The engine burns fuel, usually petrol. The fuel is
combined with oxygen from the air. Energy is released.
There are many like ness between a machine and the human body. But there
are some the differences that make us better than machine. For example, our body can
change food into living material and it can grow. Machine cannot do these things.
They cannot fel or see and they cannot think and learn as human beings do. The
human body can repair worn-out parts. It can even produce new human beings. There
is something very special about the human body. It is alive, but machines are not.
 The human body has many kinds of organs. For example, it has the skeleton
to hold the body. Erect. It has muscles to move the body. It has blood to carry food to
all parts of the body. Our body has the brain to think with. It has the nervous sistem to
control the muscles though our senses. Our senses are windows in the word about us.
We learn everything through our senses. Information comes to us through our eyes,
ears, nose, tongue, skin, and some other senses. These senses tell us what is going on
inside our body.

Lake Toba, which is situated in the centre of bukit barisan mountain range, is
an interesting mountain resort which samosir island in the centre of the lake. It boats
many modern hotels and has facilities for water sport such as boating, water skiing
and swimming.
In west Sumatra, the centre of culture and tourism is bukit tinggi, situated in
the highlands north of the provincial capital of padang. West Sumatra is a land of
scenic beauty with green lakes and blue mountains.
Java has a great number of attractions, including the world renowned
botanical gardens in bogor, and the wildlife reserve of ujung kulon in the south-west
of the island. There is also Borobudur, a gigantic Buddhist shrine, is situated 42
kilometers north-west of Yogyakarta.
The Ijen crater lies in east java and provides hot springs, waterfalls and free
roaming deers as well as a sulphur crater. A three hour drive from Surabaya and a
pony ride from the village of Ngadisari will take you a mount bromo, which is an
active volcano with sulphur fumes and smoke emited from its depths. The inhabitants
of the surrounding area belive in the God of Bromo and Bring offerings to his deity.
Bali is different from the rest of Indonesia because if its unique from of
Hinduism called “Hindu Dharma.” Religion is the main source of traditional costoms
in family and community life. Religion is the soul of a Balinese and it finds its
expression in art. Many articles and books have been written on bali.