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Formal Derivatives
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Aura Polynomials
Let R be a ring that may or may not be commutative, and let y be an indeterminant. The aura
polynomials R[y] call upon a function δ from R into R, such that y*a = a*y+δ(a). Thus the coefficients
can always be moved to the left. A "normalized" term in an aura polynomial is something in R times
a power of y.
By the distributive law, y*(a+b) = ya+yb. Therefore δ(a+b) = δ(a)+δ(b). In other words, δ is a group
homomorphism that respects addition in R.
Conversely, assume δ is a function from R into R with these two properties. Build the aura
polynomials as described above, and prove the result is a ring. The properties of δ make
multiplication associative and distributive, thus producing a ring. I'll leave the details to you.
Noetherian
If R is noetherian, is the aura ring R[y]/δ also noetherian? I believe so, but I don't have a solid proof.
Perhaps some variation of hilbert's basis theorem will do the trick.
Weyl Algebra
Let R[x,y] be the ring of polynomials in x and y, with coefficients in R, where x and y do not
commute. However, R commutes past x and y. Mod out by the relation yx = xy+1 to get the weyl
(<biography>) algebra over R.
A polynomial is in normal form if each term is a coefficient in R, times a power of x, times a power of
y. When two such terms are multiplied, normalize the result by pulling powers of y past powers of x.
Thus xy2 times 3xy = 3x2y3 + 6x2y2.
Imagine multiplying y by p(x), where p is a polynomial in R[x]. By the distributive law, we can
approach this term by term. Start with yxn and replace yx with xy+1 n times. The result is xny +
nxn-1. Therefore yp = py + p′, where p′ is the formal derivative of p with respect to x.
View this as an aura polynomial in R[x][y], where δ implements differentiation. If p and q are two
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Weyl Algebra http://www.mathreference.com/ring-fd,weyl.html
polynomials in R[x], δ(p+q) = δ(p) + δ(q), and δ(pq) = δ(p)q + pδ(q). These are the standard rules for
differentiating a sum and product. Since δ has the required properties, the result is a valid ring. The
weyl algebra is indeed a ring.
Note that R is a subring that commutes with x and y. If R is commutative, the weyl algebra meets the
technical definition of an R algebra.
There is a symmetry here. Normalize ynx and get xyn + nyn-1. Thus a polynomial in y is
differentiated, when multiplied by x on the right, just as a polynomial in x is differentiated, when
multiplied by y on the left.
Let H be an ideal in the weyl algebra. Let t be a term of a polynomial in H. Note that yt-ty = t∂x, and
xt-tx = t∂y. The ideal H is closed under partial differentiation.
Simple Rings
Let R be a simple ring of characteristic 0. Consider a nonzero ideal H in the weyl algebra. Let p be a
nonzero polynomial in H of least degree. Both p∂x and p∂y produce polynomials of lesser degree.
By minimality, these are 0, hence p is a constant. The contraction of H to R yields a nonzero ideal in
R, which is all of R. Thus H contains 1, and is the entire algebra. Therefore the weyl algebra, like R,
is a simple ring.
Notice the chain of descending left ideals generated by the powers of y. If the simple ring were left
artinian it would be the n by n matrices over a division ring. Obviously this is not the case. This is an
example of a noetherian simple ring that is not artinian.
If R has characteristic p, multiply by xp on the right. This differentiates, with respect to y, p times. At
some point a multiple of p is introduced as a coefficient, and the result is 0. Therefore xp commutes
with everything, and generates a proper ideal. The same holds for yp. This is valid even if R is
simple, e.g. Zp.
Domain
Let R be a domain, and multiply two polynomials together. Concentrate on the terms of highest
degree. After normalization, the result is what you would expect if x and y commute, plus some other
terms, i.e. derivatives, of lower degree. The result is nonzero, and the weyl algebra is a domain.
Note that x is not invertible, hence the result is not a division ring.
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